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Topic: Severn Tunnel

	Severn Tunnel -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Prior to the building of the tunnel, communications between the (An industrial city and port in southwestern England near the mouth of the River Avon) Bristol area and South Wales were primarily by boat.
		With the coming of the railway, services were forced to either take a long detour via (A city in southwestern England in Gloucestershire on the Severn) Gloucester, or to transfer their passengers and cargo onto a (A boat that transports people or vehicles across a body of water and operates on a regular schedule) ferry.
		The tunnel was completed during 1885 and a goods train passed through it on January 9, 1886, but regular services had to wait until the pumping systems were complete.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/se/severn_tunnel.htm (499 words)

	TUNNEL - LoveToKnow Article on TUNNEL
		As instances of ancient tunnels through soft ground and requiring masonry arching, reference may be made to the vaulted drain under the south-east palace of Nimrod and to the brick arched tunnel, 12 ft. high and 15 ft. wide, under the Euphrates.
		The pair of tunnels for this railway from near the Monuniesit to Stockwell, from 10 ft. 2 in.
		This tunnel is one of fiftytwo single-line tunnels, with a gradient of I in 40, on the main line between Florence and Bologna, built by Thomas Brassey.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TU/TUNNEL.htm (7096 words)

	burrow - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about burrow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Large-section tunnels are often driven in two stages; a pilot heading is excavated in advance which is afterwards enlarged to the full section of the main tunnel.
		The various shots in the tunnel face, constituting the complete round, explode either instantaneously or with a time lag of 2, 3, or 4 seconds according to their position in the rock face.
		Bentonite slurry under pressure is being used to drive sewer tunnels in Hamburg, West Germany, and Warrington, Cheshire; this new development ensures the stability of the ground about to be excavated, and provides lubrication to help with pushing the tunnelling mole forwards.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /burrow (1029 words)

	River Severn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The two Severn Bridges carrying roads (opened in 1966 and 1996) link Wales with the southern counties of England and are among the most important in Britain.
		The Severn is bridged at many places, and many of these bridges are notable in their own right, with several designed and built by the engineer Thomas Telford.
		A curious phenomenon associated with the lower reaches of the Severn is the tidal phenomenon known as the bore.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Severn (546 words)

	The Severn Tunnel
		This railway, with its ferry piers, was the forerunner of the Severn Tunnel.
		The tunnel was designed to have a depth sufficient to enable the building of a roof 30 ft. thick (subsequently increased to 50 ft. between the top of the arch and the lowest part of the river bottom).
		To explore the strata that would be met with in the excavation of the tunnel, a shaft 15 ft. in diameter was sunk to a depth of 200 ft. on the Monmouthshire or west side of the Severn at Sudbrook Cliff.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r086.html (3620 words)

	TUNSTALL, C. - LoveToKnow Article on TUNSTALL, C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The tunnel is thus cleared out about 2j times each night and the air is left in the same condition as it is outside.
		Samples of the air in the tunnel taken when the fan was not running contained 7-07 parts of carbonic acid in 10,000, while the air of a full car contained 10-7 parts.
		In the case of the East Boston tunnel, the air leaving the tunnel under the middle of the harbour is carried to the shore through longitudinal ducts (fig.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TU/TUNSTALL_C_.htm (2460 words)

	River Severn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The two bridges of the Severn crossing carrying roads (opened in 1966 and 1996) link Wales with the southern counties of England and are among the most important in Britain.
		The Severn is bridged at many places, and many of these bridges are notable in their own right, with several designed and built by the engineer Thomas Telford.(See List of Severn bridges for more.)
		According to some sources, the name "Severn" is derived from the name Sabrina (or "Sabern"), based on the mythical story of the drowning of a nymph in the river.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/River_Severn (542 words)

	The Severn Railway Tunnel of the Great Western Railway
		The normal method of tunnelling at this time was to drive headings, 7 to 9 feet square in a position close to the bottom of the the finished tunnel and then open out, or break-up as it was known, to the full size of the tunnel by removing material upwards and sideways.
		After Hawkshaw's decision to lower the tunnel by 15 feet, the original headings were positioned near to the top of the tunnel, which meant material was removed downwards in addition to upwards and sideways.
		In the opened-out tunnels, the rails were carried on decking about 2 feet above the bottom of the tunnel, but in the 7 feet headings, the roof of the heading was increased in height for clearance.
	www.greatwestern.org.uk /severn5.htm (1295 words)

	The Severn Railway Tunnel of the Great Western Railway
		The tides in the Severn estuary are the highest in Europe and are only surpassed in height by the tides of the Petitcodiac River in New Brunswick.
		Before the Great Western gave their support for the tunnel, Richardson was asked to seek the approval of a distinguished engineer, to which John Hawkshaw came to Richardson's aid.
		In his design of the tunnel, Richardson included cuttings at a gradient of 1 in 100 of which the cutting on the English side would be 60 feet at its deepest and 6,000 feet long.
	www.greatwestern.org.uk /severn1.htm (685 words)

	Modern Severn Bridges
		The bridge is not far from the line of the Severn tunnel, which was a great feat of engineering, built from 1874 to 1886.
		This new Severn bridge is quite close to the ferry crossing that was used by the Romans in the days of the empire, illustrating, as many Severn bridges do, that the number of good crossing points is limited, and that people will use them during long periods of time.
		The river Severn passes under this viaduct at the eastern end; east of the river span there is only a span over the steep bank of the river.
	www.brantacan.co.uk /modern_severn_bridges.htm (3344 words)

	The Tunnel Link Page 2, edited by Gunnar Lotsberg
		The driving of a submarine tunnel is generally accompanied by great difficulties, but no undertaking of the kind has taxed the resource and courage of engineer and contractor more than did the Severn Tunnel, which is remarkable as being the longest submarine tunnel in the world (1886).
		The longest tunnel in New Zealand, and indeed the longest in the southern hemisphere, is the 8879 m long Kaimai tunnel at Apata on the East Coast Main Trunk Line.
		The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel is located on the Portage Glacier Highway, and this highway connects the city of Whittier and Prince William Sound to the Seward Highway and the rest of Southcentral Alaska.
	home.no.net /lotsberg/link_2.html (1939 words)

	Rivers
		The Severn is connected with the rivers Trent and Mersey via the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, and with the canal network around Birmingham via the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, which joins the Severn at Worcester.
		Crossings Between 1873 and 1885, a rail tunnel was dug underneath the Severn near Chepstow, running for a distance of 7.2 km / 4.4 miles, from New Passage to Portskewett; this crossing greatly facilitated travel between Bristol and the Welsh capital Cardiff.
		The chief tunnels under the Thames are the Thames Tunnel, completed by Brunel in 1841, now used by the East London Line of the London Underground; the Blackwall Tunnel (1897) from East India Dock Road to East Greenwich, the Rotherhithe Tunnel (1918) from Shadwell to Rotherhithe, and the Dartford tunnel completed in 1963.
	www.fatbadgers.co.uk /Britain/rivers.htm (3832 words)

	British Rivers Including Pictures
		The Severn is navigable by larger ships (of around 8,000 tonnes) as far as Sharpness, and by smaller vessels (up to 700 tonnes) to Gloucester, while barges of 350 tonnes capacity can negotiate its upper reaches as far as Stourport.
		The Severn is connected with the rivers Trent and Mersey via the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal.
		Crossings Between 1873 and 1885, a rail tunnel was dug underneath the Severn near Chepstow, running for a distance of 7.2 km / 4.4 miles, from New Passage to Portskewett.
	www.montegodata.co.uk /Educate/rivers.htm (3850 words)

	Gloucestershire description and travel
		The forest section is much the smallest of the three, lies on the W side of the Severn, consists chiefly of the Forest of Dean, and is varied throughout with hill and dale.
		The chief rivers, besides the Severn, the Thames, the Chum, the Coin, and the Wye, are the Upper or Warwickshire Avon, the Lower Avon, the Frome or Stroud-water, the Windrush, and the Leadon.
		Subsidiary branches are from Kemble to Cirencester, and to Tetbury; from Severn Tunnel Junction along the Wye Valley to Monmouth and Coleford; and from Cheltenham to Chipping Norton, connecting with the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton section and extending to Banbury.
	www.uk-genealogy.org.uk /england/Gloucestershire/gazetteer.html (1534 words)

	Cotswold Canals Trust Sapperton Tunnel Page
		In the limestone sections the tunnel is carved out of the greater oolite rock and is unlined.
		After this section of the Thames and Severn Canal was abandoned in 1927 roof falls in the brick lined sections blocked the tunnel near the Daneway end and in the middle.
		At the Coates end the tunnel passes through solid limestone for over 1km (half a mile) and it is from here that the boat trips operate on winter Sundays.
	www.cotswoldcanals.com /Sapperton/sapptunn.htm (414 words)

	GENUKI: Totley Tunnel, Grindleford, Derbyshire
		The Severn Tunnel was under construction between 1873 and 1886, and the Totley Tunnel between 1888 and 1893.
		The building of both the Severn and Totley Tunnels was dependent largely on the efforts of men, and horses, with the assistance of steam driven pumps, drilling machines driven by compressed air, and explosives.
		The tunnel was necessary to carry a branch of the Midland Railway between Sheffield and Manchester, and the Railway had let two main contracts for its construction: Thomas Oliver and Sons of Horsham, was responsible for the first 10½ miles, which included Totley Tunnel, and the remainder was the responsibility of J. Edwards of Chester.
	www.wishful-thinking.org.uk /genuki/DBY/Grindleford/TotleyTunnel.html (1054 words)

	Building the Severn Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the mid-1880s, when the Great Western rail link was established between London and South Wales, the construction of the Severn Tunnel was hailed as a major feat of engineering, the longest undersea tunnel anywhere in the world.
		Two enormous bungs or "shields" were constructed to plug the source of the flow, one to block the heading which led from the base of the shaft towards the water source and a second to block the facing tunnel.
		A drainage ditch had been constructed on either side of the tunnel, so it was difficult to follow the line of the wall.
	www.divernet.com /history/severn999.htm (1673 words)

	The Severn Railway Tunnel
		A double track, brick lined tunnel with long approach cuttings and carrying the trains under the estuary of the River Severn between Pilning and the Severn Tunnel Junction.
		There was to be a lot of jealousy during the period of construction between both the tunnel and bridge companies until the bridge was finally opened in 1879.
		Every Sunday the tunnel is closed to allow teams of engineers in to carry out vital work to ensure the safety of the passengers that use it.
	www.severnbore.ndirect.co.uk /tunnel.htm (554 words)

	GOOCH - LoveToKnow Article on GOOCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He agreed to the proposal, and was so successful in restoring its prosperity that in 1889, at the last meeting over which he presided, a dividend was declared at the rate of 71/2%.
		Under his administration the system was greatly enlarged and consolidated by the absorption of various smaller lines, such as the Bristol and Exeter and the Cornwall railways; and his appreciation of its strategic value caused him to be a strenuous supporter of the construction of the Severn Tunnel.
		His death occurred on the f5th of October 1889 at his residence, Clewer Park, near Windsor.
	35.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GO/GOOCH.htm (462 words)

	House of Commons - Welsh Affairs - Minutes of Evidence
		The Severn Tunnel is four miles and 629 yards long and links the English and Welsh sections of the Paddington-South Wales main line.
		Much work was essential in the tunnel in the late 1990's and the maintenance engineers gained some notoriety for closing the tunnel frequently and at short notice, causing serious delays to and disruption of regular services.
		The pair of tunnels in close parallel would offer greatly increased flexibility of operation and maintenance as well as increased capacity, with segregation by speed and power generally leading to passenger trains normally using the modern tunnel and the original tunnel restricted to freight traffic.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmwelaf/458/3111708.htm (2151 words)

	down the line page 3
		A short, barrel-chested man described by a contemporary as a 'pocket Hercules', Lambert became a national hero when, in 1880, a tunnel being driven under the Severn River, in the UK, flooded.
		Although the water depth was not great, any diver attempting the task had first to descend 200 feet down a shaft and then make his way in the darkness towards the door situated 1,000 feet along the tunnel.
		Three years later, Lambert's services were again in demand when the Severn tunnel flooded for a second time.
	e-nekton.com /archive/edition1/page25.html (248 words)

	Sapperton Tunnel Trips - 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Apart from its vital role in commercial transport, the tunnel has always been attractive to the curious and adventurous.
		A superb description of what it used to be like to travel through Sapperton Tunnel is here: Chapter Excerpt: Hornblower and the "Atropos" by C. Forester.
		Despite its great age, the eastern (Coates) end of the Sapperton Tunnel is still in very good and safe condition (and is checked regularly).
	www.aardvark-world.org.uk /canals/sapperton/st002.htm (306 words)

	BBC Online - Bristol - News - Weekend work closes Severn Tunnel
		The Severn tunnel is to close this weekend and most weekends until the end of May as Railtrack begins work to improve the track.
		The investment is part of a £6m programme of works by Railtrack this year on the tunnel.
		Errol Jones from Railtrack said the work on the tunnel is vital if it is to stay open during the week.
	www.bbc.co.uk /bristol/content/news/2001/03/30/news1/severn_tunnel.shtml (270 words)

	Severn - Severn Savings Bank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Restoring the Stroudwater Navigation and Thames and Severn Canal for the benefit of the public.
		Severn Trent Services is a leading provider of water and wastewater treatment solutions.
		THE WELSH PORTAL of the Severn Tunnel is 4 miles 624 yards from the Gloucestershire entrance, and of this distance 2¼ miles are underneath the River Severn.
	www.globalinfogroup.com /glig/severn.html (316 words)

	Hydraulic to the Principality
		As on the Paignton trip in April, the locomotive was driven hard and the noise in the first coach was at the level of a Motorhead gig - especially in the Severn tunnel when in both directions as the train levelled out full power was applied to the chorus of "My Lords!" from all present.
		The Severn Tunnel in particular showed what a strong engine D1015 is, plus the way it easily beat all the scheduled point to point timings.
		It is probable that the timings reflect Class 47 performance and it may be that these will need to be looked at as it is now quite obvious that D1015 is MUCH faster than a Class 47.
	www.dreadful.org.uk /hydraulic_to_the_principality.htm (566 words)

	BBC News \| WALES \| Rail delays expected as tunnel closes
		Railtrack will be spending £6m this year on improving the track inside the tunnel, renewing two miles of ballast and sleepers.
		It is hoped the project will be complete by June 2002 and that trains will be able to travel through the tunnel at 100mph, instead of the present limit of 75mph.
		Built by Charles Richardson between 1873 and 1886, the Severn tunnel is the mainline link between south Wales and London Paddington.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/wales/697553.stm (282 words)

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