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Topic: Sewage

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	Sewage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The physical infrastructure, including pipes, pumps, screens, channels etc. used to convey sewage from its origin to the point of eventual treatment or disposal is termed sewerage, a term often mistakenly used to refer to sewage.
		In some urban areas, sewage is carried separately in sanitary sewers while runoff from streets is carried in storm drains.
		Sewage may drain directly into major watersheds with minimal or no treatment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sewage (421 words)

	Sewage treatment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Typically, sewage treatment is achieved by the initial physical separation of solids from the raw wastewater stream followed by the progressive conversion of dissolved biological matter into a solid biological mass using indigenous, water-borne bacteria.
		Sewage is the liquid waste from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, etc. that is disposed of via sewers.
		In the mechanical treatment, the influx (influent) of sewage water is strained to remove all large objects that are deposited in the sewer system, such as rags, sticks, condoms, sanitary towels (sanitary napkins) or tampons, cans, fruit, etc. This is most commonly done using a manual or automated mechanically raked screen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sewage_treatment (3838 words)

	Ocean Planet:perils-raw sewage
		Sewage contamination has led to outbreaks of hepatitis A and cholera throughout the world §.
		Sewage spills onto a North Sea beach, Hartlepool, England Every day in the early 1990s, 300 million gallons of sewage entered British coastal waters, most of it untreated § §.
		Sewage is a major cause of excess nitrogen in American estuaries §.
	seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov /OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/peril_sewage.html (523 words)

	MSN Encarta - Sewage Disposal
		Sewage Disposal, or wastewater disposal, various processes involved in the collection, treatment, and sanitary disposal of liquid and water-carried wastes from households and industrial plants.
		The issue of sewage disposal assumed increasing importance in the early 1970s as a result of the general concern expressed in the United States and worldwide about the wider problem of pollution of the human environment, the contamination of the atmosphere, rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater by domestic, municipal, agricultural, and industrial waste.
		As the cities expanded and began to provide treatment of sewage, sanitary sewage was separated from storm sewage by a separate pipe network.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565852/Sewage_Disposal.html (1057 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Sewage waters a tenth of world's irrigated crops
		And much of that sewage is raw and untreated, gushing direct from sewer pipes into fields at the fringes of the developing world’s great megacities, reveals the first global survey of the hidden practice of waste-water irrigation.
		Because the stinking, lumpy and pathogen-rich sewage is rich in nitrates and phosphates that fertilise crops free of charge, suggests the survey presented at the Stockholm Water Symposium on Tuesday.
		Sewage is probably the biggest source of water for urban farming, which provides an estimated one fifth of the world’s food, said Scott.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn6297 (509 words)

	Garbage -- Sewage
		In conventional sewage treatment plants, bacteria remove up to 90 percent of biodegradable organic wastes before the sewage moves to a sedimentation tank, where remaining solids and microorganisms settle as sludge.
		Conventional sewage treatment is an expensive process that uses a lot of energy.
		As a taxpayer, you may be asked to fund short-term measures to cope with temporary crises, or to approve longer-term capital outlays for upgrades to your community's sewage system and treatment plant.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/garbage/sewage.html (293 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Op-ed / Don't drink the sewage
		Sewage is normally treated by settling out solid materials, and then through a biological process that kills pathogens.
		Sewage blending will increase shellfish bed closings, drive shellfish growers out of business, and increase the health risks to the population from eating shellfish.
		The proponents of sewage blending are mainly focused on the cost savings they anticipate from using blending to further defer or avoid maintenance, or improvements, to their sewer and rainfall collection systems through this policy.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/05/18/dont_drink_the_sewage (751 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Sewage treatment [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from waste-water or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge.
		To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and infrastructure and the process itself must be subject to regulation and controls.
		In almost all plants there is a sedimentation stage where the sewage is allowed to stand in large tanks so that faecal solids can settle and floating material such as grease and plastics can rise to the surface and be skimmed off.
	encyclozine.com /Sewage_treatment (2634 words)

	Sewage
		Sewage acts as a fertilizer in the marine environment, leading to uncontrolled algae growth and subsequent depletion of dissolved oxygen.
		If your boat discharges sewage directly overboard, you are required to comply with local pollution prevention regulations which may prohibit the use of a toilet in restricted waters.
		Sewage is aerated as soon as it enters the treatment system, and mixes with the aeration liquid already in the aeration chamber.
	www.boatingwa.com.au /toilets.htm (2460 words)

	Key Sewage
		As development expands and the population grows, the aging sewer and septic systems--many of which were originally dug in the 1940s and 1950s--have been pushed beyond their limitations.
		Sewage is leaking from faulty cesspits, septic tanks and sewer systems directly through the porous coral foundation of the islands and into the marine ecosystem.
		According to Bill Krucynski, a Environmental Protection Agency scientist and marine ecologist, the phosphorous and nitrogen found in the sewage foster the growth of algae and choke off oxygen to the sea grasses that are the natural nurseries for a variety of young fish and crustaceans.
	www.acfnewsource.org /environment/key_sewage.html (1104 words)

	NRDC: Swimming in Sewage - Executive Summary
		These raw sewage overflows, occurring primarily during wet weather, spill into our recreational and drinking water, into groundwater, and directly onto private property, often in the form of basement backups.
		Enforce current sewage treatment plant requirements instead of allowing wet weather discharges of inadequately treated sewage: Sanitary sewer overflows are illegal, yet the EPA estimates that the number of these overflows is growing.
		Sewage authorities, local governments, and states with the highest number and volume of overflows nationally or regionally would likely be spurred to action to get out of the public spotlight.
	www.nrdc.org /water/pollution/sewage/execsum.asp (1538 words)

	Aquaculture and Sewage Water Treatment
		Sewage is a dark colored, foul-smelling fluid containing organic and inorganic solids in dissolved and suspended forms.
		Biological treatment of sewage using algal-bacterial associations, macrophytes and fish employ both autotrophic and heterotrophic food chains, rendering the effluent nutrient-deficient and less harmful to the environment into which it is discharged.
		An aquaculture-based sewage treatment plant designed in India has incorporated cultivation of duckweeds prior to application of fish ponds and post-fish culture depuration, with the objectives of refinement of sewage-fed fish culture and sewage treatment through aquaculture practices.
	www.iirr.org /aquatic_resources/p4c20.htm (988 words)

	Earthship Biotecture :: Sewage Systems of an Earthship
		The Earthship sewage system differs from the wetlands approach in that it primarily treats the greywater inside the building and the sewage from the toilet outside of the building, both in smaller areas.
		All household sewage is used and reused in the interior and exterior planters, called botanical cells.
		Water is used to carry away our household sewage in a conventional way such as bathing, washing dishes and for the toilet.
	www.earthship.org /systems/sewage.php (841 words)

	Sewage treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Sewage treatment means removing impurities so that the remaining waste water can be safely returned to the river or sea and become part of the natural water cycle again.
		A sewage treatment works separates solids from liquids by physical processes and purifies the liquid by biological processes.
		In a simple sewage treatment process, micro-organisms are encouraged to grow on stones over which the sewage is trickled.
	www.dcs.exeter.ac.uk /water/sewage.htm (305 words)

	Estrogens from Sewage in Coastal Marine Environments
		Sewage is known to contain natural and synthetic estrogens; however, few studies have quantified steroidal estrogens in natural fresh waters (12-15), and except during a mass coral spawn (16), estrogens have not been measured in seawater.
		Estrogens released into coastal environments with sewage are one component of a diverse mixture of compounds, many of which degrade rapidly, rendering them poor indicators of sewage in the marine environment.
		Estrone increased with proximity to sewage effluent, was low (nondetectable in some cases) in open-ocean seawater, and appears to be relatively stable in the marine environment, making it a useful indicator of the presence of sewage effluent.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2003/5233/5233.html (3726 words)

	Private Sewage Disposal System
		Sewage or sewage effluent shall not be disposed of in any manner that will cause pollution of the ground surface, groundwater, bathing area, lake, pond, water course, or tidewater, or create a nuisance.
		The sewage disposal system permit application is the actual process for obtaining the permit to work on your system, and generally is in conjunction with your building permit.
		The liquid capacity of all septic tanks shall conform to Table 4 as determined by the number of bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies, and the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate or the number of plumbing fixture units as determined from Table 3, whichever is greater.
	www.co.el-dorado.ca.us /emd/reports/sewage_disposal.html (12912 words)

	Sewage Treatment Plants in the Hill Country (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The additional expense is minimal to build a first class sewage plant and take precautions against spills of raw sewage.
		The people of San Marcos rebuilt their sewage plant a few years ago and the San Marcos river downstream of the plant now has clear water that has not been seen in 50 years.
		Sewage plants are a catastrophe waiting to happen and we cannot afford to have spills like this over a karst aquifer formation or anywhere along a river being used for recreation and water supply.
	www.hillcountrywater.org /SewageTreatment.htm (1521 words)

	EPA Set to Weaken Sewage Treatment Standards - Clean Water - Sierra Club
		Effective sewage treatment technologies were developed in the early 20th century and for more than 30 years, the industry standard has been to use sewage technologies that elminate almost all of the viruses and parasites found in sewage.
		Although effective sewage treatment technologies were developed in the early 20th century, as recently as the 1970s, major U.S. cities routinely dumped untreated sewage into the nearest river or lake.
		Current clean water rules allow sewage treatment by-passes only when there is no feasible alternative and the by-passes are necessary to prevent loss of life, injury or severe property damage.
	www.sierraclub.org /cleanwater/sewage (729 words)

	Tufts E-News -- Separating Out The Sewage
		He wrote in the op-ed that current procedure mandates sewage to be treated twice – "by settling out solid materials, and then through a biological process that kills pathogens." Under the new proposal, the biological treatment would not be required as stringently.
		"Sewage blending will increase shellfish bed closings, drive shellfish growers out of business, and increase the health risks to the population from eating shellfish," he wrote in the column.
		The proposal, said Griffiths, is a shortcut – not an answer – to solving problems associated with sewage treatment.
	enews.tufts.edu /stories/060605SeparatingOutTheSewage.htm (377 words)

	Sewage Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The rest receives some form of treatment to improve the quality of the water (which makes up 99.9% of sewage) before it is released for reuse.
		After chlorination to remove its content of bacteria, the effluent from secondary treatment is returned to the local surface water.
		Several techniques are available to remove dissolved salts from sewage effluent, but all are quite expensive.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/SewageTreatment.html (370 words)

	Sewage Spill Reference Guide
		Allowing sewage from your home, business or property to discharge to a gutter or storm drain may subject you to penalties and/or out-of-pocket costs to reimburse cities or public agencies for clean-up and enforcement efforts.
		Sewage spills can be a very noticeable gushing of water from a manhole or a slow water leak that may take time to be noticed.
		Allowing sewage to discharge to a gutter or storm drain may subject you to penalties and/or out-of-pocket costs to reimburse cities or public agencies for clean-up efforts.
	www.ocwatersheds.com /PublicEducation/pe_brochures_sewage_spill.asp (1121 words)

	Sewage Sludge Use And Disposal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Sewage sludge is a by-product of the municipal wastewater treatment process.
		Federal regulations have been developed to ensure that the public health and the environment are protected when sewage sludge is (1) applied to the land as soil conditioner or fertilizer, (2) disposed on land by placing it in a surface disposal site, (3) placed in a municipal solid waste landfill unit, or (4) incinerated.
		Treatment plants without NPDES permits were required to submit limited data regarding their sewage sludge management practices by February 19, 1994, and full permit applications are required to be submitted when requested by EPA or a state with an approved sewage sludge management program.
	www.lgean.org /html/fedregsguide/iid.cfm (567 words)

	Sewage Overflows
		Overflows are sewage spills that occur when sanitary collection pipes are blocked or restricted, causing wastewater to back up in the pipe and flow out through manholes.
		Sewage overflows are not a new problem in this community or in any other, but our goal continues to be zero overflows.
		Customers can help by letting us know if they see or suspect a sewage overflow or spill and by working to eliminate greases from our sewers, which cause more than half of all sewage spills.
	www.charmeck.org /Departments/Utilities/H2O+Help/Sewage+Overflows.htm (283 words)

	On-Site Sewage Treatment Alternatives
		Effective sewage treatment prevents a variety of ailments that can be spread by exposure to pathogens that can be present in untreated sewages, and thus helps prevent disease.
		These include those used in the municipal treatment works that receive sewage discharged to public sewers in the nation's developed areas; conventional on-site sewage treatment that uses a septic tank and soil absorption field commonly used in rural areas; and the alternative on-site technologies that form the focus of this publication.
		Raw sewage to be treated with a peat system undergoes primary treatment in a septic tank with an outlet filter or similar device.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/waterquality/448-407/448-407.html (7764 words)

	Sewage pollution
		All of the sewage in the upper Parramatta River catchment is treated at the North Head Sewage Treatment Plant, Manly.
		The sewage treatment process is called high-rate primary and the effluent is discharged 3.7 km off shore via deep ocean outfalls at a depth of 65 metres.
		A number of indicators are used to test levels of sewage pollution in creeks and rivers.
	www.uprct.nsw.gov.au /water_quality/facts/sewage.htm (1096 words)

	International Market Research - SEWAGE/WASTEWATER TREATMENT-NORTHEAST CHINA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		By 2005, the sewage treatment rate is expected to reach 60% in cities with population over 500,000, and no less than 70% in the provincial capitals and key resort cities.
		The combined municipal sewage handling capacity of the municipal treatment facilities is 207 tons per day (75,555 tons annually), which accounts for 36% of the total annual municipal sewage treatment load.
		In theory, if all the municipal sewage treatment facilities were in full operation, existing facilities would be capable of treating 33% of sewage discharged in Liaoning, 29% in Jilin and 44% in Heilongjiang.
	strategis.ic.gc.ca /epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr111976e.html (2610 words)

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