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Topic: Sex assignment

	Pediatric Ethics And The Surgical Assignment Of Sex
		Pediatric Ethics and the Surgical Assignment of Sex
		Because this evidence is lacking, the surgical assignment of sex remains an experimental procedure: one in which the results cannot be properly assessed until at least 20 years after the intervention.
		But gender assignment has to be provisional, subject to revision by the intersexual child as he or she matures.
	www.hawaii.edu /PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/ethics.html (7208 words)

	Sex assignment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sex assignment refers to the assigning of sex at the birth of a baby.
		Criteria for assignment in these cases have evolved over the decades, as our understanding of the biological factors and our diagnostic tests have improved, as surgical techniques have changed and potential complications have become clearer, and in response to the outcomes and opinions of adults who have grown up with various intersex conditions.
		A large proportion of XY infants born with cloacal exstrophy and raised as female from early infancy have requested reassignment to male gender in late childhood and adolescence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sex_assignment (2080 words)

	Fetal anatomic sex assignment by ultrasonography during early pregnancy - Patent 4986274
		A method and apparatus are disclosed for fetal anatomic sex assignment by ultrasound during early pregnancy based on pattern recognition that allows identification of external genitalia during the gestational age range of 12 to 14 weeks.
		Fetal anatomic sex assignment can be performed by ultrasound early in pregnancy, that is, during the twelfth to fourteenth weeks from the last menstrual period of the mother, yet the results are as accurate as those obtained by chromosome analysis from genetic amniocentesis which can be safely performed only after the sixteenth week of pregnancy.
		Ultrasonic fetal anatomic sex assignment during early pregnancy was originally developed in mothers undergoing an ultrasound examination in conjunction with a medically indicated genetic amniocentesis in the gestational age range of 16 to 18 weeks.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4986274.html (7085 words)

	Assignment #1: Sex and gender
		Sex is the actual physical difference between male and female humans, while gender is the set of cultural expectations that are associated with this physical difference.
		The careful definition of the terms 'sex' and 'gender' also points out the possibility of genders beyond man and woman which may be difficult to grasp in our modern Western culture but which must be considered as well.
		Clearly the assignment of rigid personality types and roles in society is a bias archaeologists must be careful to avoid.
	www.angelfire.com /space/astralland/essay26.htm (913 words)

	Abnormal Sex Differentiaton - Endocrine Treatment
		Although difficult for parents, it is important not to assign a sex to an affected newborn until after proper diagnosis is agreed upon by the parents and team of doctors.
		While we recommend that sex assignment be postponed until after a diagnosis is made for a newborn with an intersex syndrome, older infants or children will have already lived as either a boy or girl regardless of diagnosis.
		Sex hormone therapy is usually initiated at puberty and glucocorticoids are administered when appropriate much earlier, usually at the time of diagnosis.
	www.hopkinschildrens.org /specialties/categorypages/intersex/sd6.html (805 words)

	Sex Offender Typology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Assessment of sex offenders by means of (i) examination of their files, and (ii) a semi-structured interview by which personality data, data of the offense(s) and diagnostic variables presumably relevant for a classification will be collected.
		The questions were focused on the current "state of art" of sex offender treatment in Germany, the identification of different types of sex offenders according to the experts professional experience, and the specification of the treatability of offenders.
		Secondly, even though experts of sex offender treatment use same terms such as cognitive-behavioral approach, or social skills training it is presumably not warranted that they really talk about the same; they may use the same word but with a different understanding of the connotation of this term.
	www.iuscrim.mpg.de /forsch/krim/woessner_e.html (2114 words)

	MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN WITH INTERSEX CONDITIONS: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
		There have been challenges to all aspects of traditional practice, including sex assignment, genital surgery, the role of the patient and parents in decision-making, disclosure of medical details, the composition of the treatment team, and nomenclature.
		Sex assignment for an intersex child is one of the most difficult decisions made by parents and health professionals, though it is natural to seek simple solutions.
		First, sex assignment cannot be based on the assumption that gender identity is determined by either sex of rearing or degree of fetal androgen exposure.
	www.gghjournal.com /volume19/19_1/articles/beren.htm (2564 words)

	Ablatio Penis: Psychosexual Followup
		Thus, it was concluded that gender identity is suficiently incompletely differentiated at birth as to permit successful assignment of a genetic male as a girl, in keeping with the experiences of rearing.
		First, in our case, the decision to reassign the patient to te female sex occurred approximately between 2 and 7 months of age; in the other case, it occurred only at 17 months, and surgical castration and vaginoplasty were performed at 21 months.
		Sex assignment in the neonate with intersex or inadequate genitalia.
	www.cirp.org /library/complications/bradley (4400 words)

	IJ TRANSGENDER - HORMONAL SEX REASSIGNMENT
		Fundamental to sex reassignment treatment of transsexuals is the acquisition of the sex characteristics of the other sex to the fullest extent possible.
		In male-to-female transsexuals the previous effects of androgens on the skeleton (the average greater height, the size and shape of hand, feet, jaws, and of the male type pelvis) cannot be reversed by hormone treatment.
		In view of the sex difference in prevalence of cardiovascular disease these studies are, at face value, quite convincing, but only long-term prospective studies in transsexuals using genuine clinical endpoints (cardiovascular morbidity/mortality) can establish their reliability.
	www.symposion.com /ijt/ijt990301.htm (2418 words)

	Hermaphroditism - New Treatments, May 2, 2006
		Although ultimate sex assignment may be based on phenotypic appearance, the gonadal sex helps the clinician rule in or out a clinically urgent situation, such as salt wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
		Sex assignment should be made as soon as possible after adequate information is obtained.
		Sex assignment should be based on what would be the most appropriate sex of rearing.
	www.ccspublishing.com /journals4a/hermaphrodite.htm (670 words)

	GID.info \| Gender Identity Disorder Information
		Five participants (24%) reported dissatisfaction with their male sex of rearing, 1 of whom preferred to think of himself as intersex and 1 reassigned her gender to that of a woman in early adulthood.
		Among the dissatisfied women, 1 reported that her female homosexual orientation was an obstacle and as a result she would have preferred a male sex of rearing, and 1 subject reassigned his sex to that of an intersexed man in early adulthood.
		The result of this practice of choosing a sex shortly after birth has been that, inevitably, for some of the children the sex the doctors and/or parents chose was not in sync with the child's gender identity.
	www.hemingways.org /GIDinfo/intersex.htm (5868 words)

	Boy With No Penis
		First in Baltimore, and then with the local therapists prior to the sex reassignment, Joan's expressed feelings of not being a girl would draw ridicule and she would be told something like: "All girls think such things when they are growing up".
		The sex reassignment of John to Joan only attended to the gender patterns, and gender roles to which he would be subject with the expectations his identity and other levels would follow.
		The sex reassignment thus obviously failed in the area in which it was most designed to succeed.
	www.cirp.org /library/psych/diamond (5966 words)

	Sex Differences Assignment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An important task in childhood is learning what gender appropriate behaviors are, and how to interact appropriately with the other sex (i.e., in accordance with cultural norms).
		After you have described each example comment on what "message" you think a child seeing that particular advertisement or seeing that character portrayal in a film or on TV may be receiving.
		Discuss what impact that message might have on the child's notion of what is sex appropriate as well as on the child's notion of the basis for close relationships.
	srv2.lycoming.edu /~kelley/devassgn7.html (426 words)

	Project Owlnet - Sex Criteria for Northern Saw-whet Owls - Boundaries for assignment of sex in Northern Saw-whet Owls - ...
		The blue line is the boundary of 95% certainty for the separation of males from unknown sex individuals and females; all points to the left of and below the blue line are considered male.
		Finally, for anyone taking blood samples to verify the validity of the sex criteria, the most interesting owls to sample would be long-winged males (upper left corner), short-winged females (lower right corner), unknown sex owls (between the blue and green lines), and those owls very near the green and blue lines.
		Taking blood samples for sex determination from owls solidly in the male and female regions will generally be a waste of effort and money because very little additional knowledge is likely to be gained from these reliably male/female owls.
	www.projectowlnet.org /sexsmpl.htm (630 words)

	Patricia L. Martin, Moving Toward An International Standard In Informed Consent: The Impact Of Intersexuality And The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When the sex of an individual had to be determined, lawyers or judges, the "primary arbiters of intersexual status" made the distinction.
		Two major factors in sex assignment were the "adequacy of the phallus in the male, potential fertility in the female and the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed genitalia."
		The parents agreed to the sex assignment as a female and removal of the testes to avoid possible malignancy.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/djglp/articles/gen9p135.htm (13504 words)

	UroToday - Sex Assignment for Newborns with Ambiguous Genitalia and Exposure to Fetal Testosterone: Attitudes and ...
		Questions asked were in reference to sex assignment, timing of surgery, decision-making process, and the respondent's demographics.
		From this paper, the group concluded that pediatric urologists are in strong consensus about sex assignment for newborns with ambiguous genitalia from CAH.
		In regards to cloacal exstrophy, there was a remarkable difference in sex assignment centering on the reconstruction and functionality of the penis with cautions of imprinting.
	www.urotoday.com /58/browse_categories/pediatric_urology/sex_assignment_for_newborns_with_ambiguous_genitalia_and_exposure_to_fetal_testosterone_attitudes_and_practices_of_pediatric_urologists.html (359 words)

	Pediatric Ethics and the Surgical Assignment of Sex
		It is conservatively estimated that 1 in 2000 newborns are found to have ambiguous external genitalia [22] that 100-200 pediatric surgical sex reassignments are performed in the United States annually, and that, globally, thousands of these procedures have been done since the initial publication of the twins case (estimate by Dr. William Reiner in Colapinto).
		K.I. Glassberg, "The intersex infant: Early gender assignment and surgical reconstruction." Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 11 (1998): 151-154.
		M.M. Grumbach, and F.A. Conte, "Disorders of sex differentiation." in Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, eds.
	www.ukia.co.uk /diamond/ped_eth.htm (7054 words)

	Intersexuality
		When assignment is based on the most likely outcome, most children will adapt and accept their gender assignment and it will coincide with their sexual identity.
		In the majority of cases this sex of assignment will indeed be in concert with the appearance of the genitalia (e.g., in A.I.S. In certain childhood situations, however, such assignment will be counter to the genital appearance (e.g., for reductase deficiency [9].
		Many intersex or sex reassigned individual's have felt they were not consulted about their use and effects and regretted the results.
	www.the-clitoris.com /f_html/intersexuality.htm (3590 words)

	yax-160 CNA special assignment: sex education part 1
		By keeping sex unspeakable, by insisting that the family is the appropriate place -- implying that the school is too public a place to discuss something as intimate (read: embarrassing) as sex -- is to continue to keep the issue illicit and thus a breeding ground for ignorance.
		They ignore the fact that sex is visible everywhere in modern media, and that just because teachers are tight-lipped and parents frigid about it doesn't mean the kids haven't had a thought about it yet.
		Sex is not a fun thing you do in your spare time.
	www.yawningbread.org /arch_1999/yax-160.htm (3505 words)

	WHO \| Gender and Genetics
		The issues of gender assignment, gender verification testing, and legal definitions of gender are especially pertinent to a discussion on the ELSI of gender and genetics.
		An important consideration with respect to sex assignment is the ethics of surgically altering the genitalia of intersex children to “normalize” them.
		Despite the fact that medical experts gave testimony to the effect that the individual in question was psychologically and psychiatrically female before and after the sex reassignment surgery, the court held that chromosome complement, and not sex reassignment surgery, outward gender characteristics, nor psychosocial self-identification, determine a person’s gender.
	www.who.int /genomics/gender/en/index1.html (2322 words)

	Project Owlnet - Sex Criteria for Northern Saw-whet Owls - Boundaries for assignment of sex in Northern Saw-whet Owls - ...
		The remark is: Sex determined using the wing-mass DF available from Project Owlnet.
		There is no way to identify these individuals short of a blood test and genetic analysis to determine their sex.
		Boundaries for assignment of sex in Northern Saw-whet Owls*
	www.projectowlnet.org /df.htm (960 words)

	Sex or Gender Assignment
		Sex refers to a biological statement of fact … "biological statement of fact" is taken to reference claims-making in the social construction of sex … sex, while focused on the biological, is also a matter of social construction … small but very real portion of the population are born with ambiguous genitalia.
		Our culture conceives sex anatomy as a dichotomy: humans come in two sexes … However, developmental embryology … Anatomic sex differentiation occurs on a male/female continuum … Genetic sex, or the organization of the “sex chromosomes” …; However, something like 1/500 of the population have a karyotype other than XX or XY.
		The decision to reassign the infant boy to the female sex and to rear him as a girl was made at 17 months, with surgical castration and initial genital reconstruction occurring at 21 months … the girl was described as having may “tomboyish” behavioral traits, a female gender identity had apparently differentiated.
	ibis-birthdefects.org /start/hermaphr.htm (5090 words)

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