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Topic: Sex segregation

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Segregation

Cairo Metro

Sexism

Earl Warren

	Occupational sex segregation. Inefficiency, rigidity and discrimination
		When presenting or interpreting statistics on occupational segregation by sex, it is important to take into consideration the details of the occupational data being analyzed, since the level of occupational segregation by sex observed is very sensitive to the occupational classification being used.
		Segregation levels are also relatively high in other developing countries, whereas levels in OECD and European transition economy countries tend to have rather average levels for the world.
		It is clear that occupational sex segregation and the existence of separate segmented labour markets for men and women are important manifestations of this discrimination.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/region/ampro/cinterfor/temas/gender/doc/pacto/sexseg.htm (1065 words)

	Sex segregation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sex education in public schools is often sex segregated.
		Private schools are sometimes entirely sex segregated or contain an entirely sex segregated student body.
		Gender segregation is a controversial policy, with the strongest critics contending that in most or all circumstances it is a violation of human rights, and strong supporters holding that it is necessary to maintain decency, sacredness, modesty, or the family unit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sex_segregation (1694 words)

	Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy
		Although education influences pay, the amount of education is largely irrelevant to the sex gap in pay, since the average man and woman in the labor force have completed an equal number of years of schooling.
		Occupational sex segregation, the tendency of women and men to work in different jobs, is an important factor in the pay gap.
		Segregation, in turn, is explained by two factors: (1) sex role socialization, that leads men and women to choose different jobs, and (2) discrimination by employers, in hiring and placement.
	udallcenter.arizona.edu /publications/initiative/5-1fellows.html (1024 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU Single-Sex Notice of Intent Comments to the Department of Education
		Sex segregation is prevalent in career guidance, where more than 90% of girls are clustered in programs that train them for the traditionally female fields of teaching, health care, and office technology.
		Therefore, establishing classes or schools for the different sexes that are "comparable" to each other, as that term may be defined by each school district, moves away from the standard set by the Supreme Court for ensuring educational equality between the sexes.
		Sex segregation is especially detrimental in education because it suggests that skills, abilities, and characteristics are associated with a particular sex.
	www.aclu.org /womensrights/edu/13156leg20020708.html (3579 words)

	Feminist Majority Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The 1975 Title IX regulations permit some sex segregated education, such as single-sex schools and classes when they are needed to overcome the effects of gender discrimination.
		The October, 2006 changes to the Title IX regulations allow K-12 non vocational single sex schools, classes, and extracurricular activities in elementary and secondary schools for a variety of vague purposes such as “the achievement of an important governmental or educational objective”.
		Unless the voluntary sex segregation is totally equitable, the responsible institution is likely to face a sex discrimination lawsuit perhaps using the 14 th Amendment or State laws.
	www.feminist.org /education/SexSegregation.asp (596 words)

	[No title]
		Sex segregation is a bit lower in the Pacific region, but the consistency throughout the rest of the country is quite striking.
		Segregation by sex across majors tends to be lower at elite colleges and universities, public institutions, and Historically Black institutions.
		The level of segregation is markedly higher among master's and doctoral degree recipients because of the greater concentration of African Americans in the field of education among master's and doctoral degree recipients.
	www.ssc.upenn.edu /~jjacobs/mellon.html (15603 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Summary: There are two lines of thinking regarding occupational sex segregation: the human capital perspective suggests that free capitalism will eventually do away with segregation while structuralist views suggest sex segregation is an effort to maintain patriarchy.
		However, when the agricultural sector and child labor were eliminated from the analysis, there is a slow decline in the non-farm occupations in segregation by sex (in 1910, D = 74.3; in 1970, D = 67.5; and in 1980, D = 59.7).
		Sex segregation in non-farms occupations declined by roughly one point per decade b/w 1910 and 1970.
	home.uchicago.edu /~btm1/prelim_03-04/Jacobs.doc (449 words)

	Sex Segregation in Voluntary Associations - Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		We analyze the sex composition of 815 face-to-face voluntary organizations in 10 communities to determine the extent of sex integration produced by voluntary affiliation.
		The sex segregation in these groups is substantial; nearly one-half of the organizations are exclusively female, while one-fifth are all male.
		We conclude that there is little support for the sex integration hypothesis in these data, although the sex heterogeneity of instrumental groups (especially those which are job-related) indicates that this pattern may change as women move into the labor force in increasing numbers.
	www.soc.duke.edu /~mcphersn/ab_mm86.htm (186 words)

	Job Search and Sex Segregation: Does Sex of Social Contact Matter? Sex Roles: A Journal of Research - Find Articles
		Our analysis shows that women are significantly less likely to find jobs in female-dominated occupations when their social contact is a man rather than a woman and this holds true regardless of the strength of the tie to the social contact or whether or not the social contact is work-related.
		Twenty years of research clearly document the persistence of sex segregation in the workplace and its attendant consequences.
		It is beyond the scope of this paper to specify all the job matching mechanisms that contribute to a model explaining job sex segregation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2294/is_2000_May/ai_65306523 (695 words)

	[No title]
		Within the occupational segregation literature, a number of studies have examined the impact of race and sex segregation on wages (England 1992; Tomaskovic-Devey 1993; Huffman and Velasco 1997; Browne et al.
		Similarly, there is little longitudinal work on occupational race and sex segregation, and the major study of this kind analyzed the influence of race-gender compositions on wage deterioration (Catanzarite 2003).
		Charles and Grusky (2004), however, found that occupational sex segregation was highest in gender-egalitarian societies, although egalitarianism did undermine some forms of segregation in the nonmanual sector.
	www.uvm.edu /~bmintz/mintz/race_10_6_2005.doc (8776 words)

	SSRN-Separating Equals: Educational Research and the Long Term Consequences of Sex Segregation by Nancy Levit
		Rarer still is any consideration of the effect of educational segregation in a society that is already relentlessly segregated by sex.
		While the educational research regarding the efficacy of single sex schools is mixed at best, the sociological research is absolutely clear that separation on the basis of identity characteristics creates feelings of individual inadequacy and instills beliefs about group hierarchy.
		Proponents also argue that sex segregated education is a temporary remedy for educational inequities visited on girls.
	papers.ssrn.com /soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=933653 (447 words)

	Human rights and sex segregation
		Although sex segregation can be either forced or volontary, its detrimental effects on opportunity structures are the same.
		The only sex freed relationship outside a girl's own sex in a sex segregated world is that with her father (sometimes also with brothers).
		Sex segregated languages (mainly Indo-European and Semitic) are trapped in the s/he confusion.
	klevius.info /sexsegregation.html?1078668068612 (1682 words)

	Mother blaiming and the fight for and against sex segregation
		Both movements - in fact one and the same movement as opposed to the suffragette/equal rights-movement's emphasis on equality - were born through the same vagina, namely the confused aftermath of the destruction of the rigidly sex segregated pre-modern world.
		The separation and dissimilarity of the sexes in the period from 1880 to 1890 was sharper than today.
		From Freud to bin Laden: Sex segregated and hysteric birth of psychoanalysis
	klevius.info /sexsegrpro.html?1078690462897 (2126 words)

	[No title]
		Since occupational segregation reflects the disparate opportunities and rewards available to men and women in the labor market, most studies on the determinants of occupational sex segregation are conducted within the stratification and work literatures (Abrahamson and Sigelman 1987; Lorence 1992).
		However, occupational segregation remains an important source of inquiry, particularly at the aggregate level, because macro-level occupational segregation and micro-level job segregation are distinct issues that have independent consequences.
		We find that 18.2 percent of the variation in occupational sex segregation across counties is attributable to differences between the states (with variance components of.000294 and.001319 for states and counties, respectively).
	www.socanth.uncc.edu /smoller/mollerli.doc (7055 words)

	Book reviews, Monthly Labor Review Online, Oct. 1999
		Vertical segregation is when men and women in the same occupation hold different jobs in terms of rank and pay.
		Second, occupational segregation by sex in the Asia/Pacific region is also decreased by the high number of women working in export-oriented production occupations.
		He reveals that occupational segregation by sex has decreased for the world as a whole over the past two decades.
	www.bls.gov /opub/mlr/1999/10/bookrevs.htm (1803 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Scotland \| Action call over sex segregation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It also identified gender segregation as a major contributor to the pay gap between men and women, which stands at 15% for full-time employees in Scotland.
		"Segregation in the workplace benefits no-one - it limits individuals choices and damages the Scottish economy by failing to make use of the potential workforce," she said.
		There was also a class divide, with segregation more apparent in manual trades than in areas like medicine and law.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4281423.stm (503 words)

	Segregation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geographical segregation, separation of groups from a large population into different areas.
		Mendel's law of segregation, a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics
		Segregate (taxonomy), when a grouping of organisms is created by the division of another grouping
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Segregation (134 words)

	Single-Sex Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Separated by Sex stressed that the long-term impact of single-sex education on girls or boys was unknown and that more research was needed.
		Schools do not have to justify segregation and can identify any range of objectives for why segregation is necessary.
		Because schools do not have to justify their use of classrooms or school segregation in advance, they will be vulnerable to 14 th Amendment claims.
	www.aauw.org /issue_advocacy/actionpages/positionpapers/singlesex.cfm (1736 words)

	Press release: EOC welcomes publication of report on sex segregation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		As our own investigation has found, sex segregation in training and work is holding individuals back from fulfilling their ambitions and potential, leading to lower pay for women.
		Action to tackle sex segregation to be put at the heart of broader strategies to raise skills and productivity.
		The EOC was set up under the Sex Discrimination Act in 1975 and since then has been working to achieve equality between women and men.
	www.eoc.org.uk /Default.aspx?page=17278 (733 words)

	Gender identity and adjustment in middle childhood Sex Roles: A Journal of Research - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, August, 2003 by Priscilla R. Carver, Jennifer L. Yunger, David G. Perry
		Although full gender constancy is not attained until age 6 or 7, the basic membership knowledge usually achieved by age 3 may be sufficient to set in motion a number of "intergroup processes" that prompt preschoolers to interact predominantly in same-sex groups, a phenomenon known as sex segregation (Maccoby, 1998).
		The sex segregation that derives from these intergroup processes is important, largely because boys' and girls' groups socialize different behaviors and social rules (Maccoby, 1998).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2294/is_3-4_49/ai_106862377 (696 words)

	SOCRES~1.DOC
		When reviewed in its entirety, the study reports "socioeconomic status, not sex, is said to be the best predictor of both grades and test scores (Kaminer, 1998: 25)." Moreover, the AAUW study never advocated single-sex schools as a solution to gender bias.
		Growing antagonism between the sexes is a documented phenomenon of segregation.
		This means when segregation is imposed, it will be a more radical change for females, and consequently they will "learn their gender" more.
	www.drake.edu /artsci/PolSci/ssjrnl/geyerman.html (1411 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : New Education Department Regulations Violate Title IX, Constitution
		The new regulations, however, invite public schools to segregate students by sex, both at the classroom and the schoolhouse level, leaving the door open for school districts to provide very different classroom experiences to boys and girls, on the basis of overbroad and inaccurate gender stereotypes.
		Sex segregation is not the way to achieve this goal.
		These regulations invite public schools to violate the Constitution, which forbids sex segregation in education in almost all instances.
	www.aclu.org /womensrights/edu/27164prs20061024.html (482 words)

	gender notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		SEX is the biological distinction between males and females
		Gender is used as a sorting device, as a tool to control a portion of population, and is a structural feature of the society.
		GENDER SEGREGATION is the restriction of members of each sex group to different statuses and roles (Stockard, 1997).
	www.public.asu.edu /~zeyno217/301/gender.html (1086 words)

	Columns: Single-sex education won't help students in the real world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		But in an odd alliance of conservatives and militant feminists, who believe girls are intimidated into quivering silence by the mere presence of boys, sex segregation has been resurrected.
		Much of the impetus for returning to sex-segregated schooling comes from the simplistic belief that there is a cheap, easy solution to educating the most intractable population of students: children from low-income, minority families.
		While the Harlem academy claims significantly better test scores for its female students relative to the rest of the school district, the achievement is easily understood without considering the chromosome makeup of its student body.
	www.sptimes.com /2002/05/26/news_pf/Columns/Single_sex_education_.shtml (827 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Occupational expectations (i.e., “realistic” judgements about what is possible) [Note: If aspirations are formed in realistic anticipation of the limited opportunities that, by virtue of discrimination, are available to women, then one may conclude that supply-side forces and demand-side forces develop in conjunction with one another] 2.
		Sectoral segregation is explained in terms of preferences b.
		Gradational segregation is explained in terms of expectations B.
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/gjg8/texte/lecture20.doc (934 words)

	Single Sex Doesn't Mean Segregation by Carrie L. Lukas - HUMAN EVENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Segregation’s premise was that the races were different, specifically, that fls were inferior and deserved fewer resources.
		Yet most Americans recognize that offering single-sex classrooms is nothing like forced segregation: there are legitimate reasons why some parents may feel that their sons or daughters will learn better in a single-sex environment.
		She is the author of "The Politically Incorrect Guide to Women, Sex, and Feminism" (published by Regnery, a HUMAN EVENTS sister company).
	www.humanevents.com /article.php?id=17837 (717 words)

	Why do you call yourself a feminist, Judith Butler?
		One of the most anxious aims of desire is hence to elaborate the difference between him and her, and to discover and install proof of that difference (1997:132-137).
		Although gender, seen as an emphasise of a social, cultural or psychological dimension, is usually used in contrast to sex (seen as an emphasis on a biological dimension), there is no agreement on, not only where to draw the line but also on the internal positioning of the concepts.
		Sex ascribed to a living being may be described by assumed reproductive potential or plainly as a visual comparison to what is considered the other sex.
	www.geocities.com /klevius/Butler.html?1101907374328 (1521 words)

	Same-Sex Peers Reinforce Sex Role Behavior In Social Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		WASHINGTON - Young children are socialized by their same-sex peers to conform to typical sex role behavior and the effects are noticeable even within a short time, according to a study involving pre-school and kindergarten children.
		On average, children spend a majority of their social interaction time with peers of the same sex and little with children of the opposite sex.
		Not only do boys' and girls' experiences in their same sex peer groups contribute to stereotypical gender specific interactions and play styles, they also contribute to sex segregation itself.
	www.apa.org /releases/peerplay.html (855 words)

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