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Topic: Sex selective abortion

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	Sex-selective abortion and infanticide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sex-selective abortion is the practice of aborting a fetus after a determination (usually by ultrasound but also rarely by amniocentesis or another procedure) that the fetus is an undesired sex, typically female.
		Sex-selective abortion was rare before the late 20th century because of the difficulty of determining the sex of the fetus before birth.
		Sex selective infanticide is the practice of selective infanticide against infants of an undesired sex, again, typically female.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sex_selective_abortion (1147 words)

	Sex-selective abortion: A relational approach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sex-selective abortion (hereafter referred to as SSA) depends on the ability of a physician or technician to determine the sex of the fetus before birth, something that could not be done reliably before the advent of ultrasound and amniocentesis.
		Given that SSA is made possible by these two procedures, the conflicts and contradictions that surround both the justifications for and the condemnations of SSA also "rebound" upon the use of ultrasound and amniocentesis as sex-predictors.
		When it comes to assessing responsibility for SSA, however, a practice that she does regard as an "evil" (albeit a morally acceptable evil and often the lesser of two evils), she introduces contextual features of the situation that she views as largely responsible for the decision to undergo SSA in the first place.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /rt21/medicalization/WEISS_Sex-selective.html (4912 words)

	Sex-selective abortion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sex-selective abortion is the practice of aborting an otherwise-desired fetus after a determination (usually by ultrasound but also rarely by amniocentesis or another procedure) that the fetus is of an undesirable sex.
		It is believed to be responsible for at least part of the skewed birth statistics in favor of males in Mainland China, India, Taiwan, and South Korea.
		Parents may wish for a male child because in many cultures only a male will carry on the family name, because they believe that a male is needed for work, or because they wish a male to earn an income needed to support the parents in their old age.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/s/se/sex_selective_abortion.html (214 words)

	II Journal: Son Preference and Premature Death in Korea
		The effects of sex preference on fertility are usually detected by examining the sex ratio of newborns -- the number of boys born per 100 girls born.
		Before the advent of sex-selective abortion, a sex ratio at birth of greater than 107 was interpreted as evidence of substantial female infanticide, neglect of young female babies, or concealment of female births.
		In 1993, the masculine sex ratio at birth in Korea for all newborns was 115.6, and in China the reported sex ratio for 1990 was 115.4.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/journal/vol4no1/sonpref.html (996 words)

	Ban Sex-Selective Abortions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These are abortions in which the fetus is destroyed solely because it is a little boy or a little girl.
		Sex-selective abortions should be outlawed in the United States of America by vote of Congress.
		A public debate over sex-selective abortion will produce much-needed dialogue and reach the majority of Americans who feel that abortion is wrong but should not be outlawed in all cases.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~dcl/essays/sex-select.html (562 words)

	Sex-selective infanticide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sex selective infanticide is the practice of selective infanticide generally against female infants.
		There is a strong imbalance sex ratios in Mainland China as well as South Korea India and Taiwan but these appear to be the of sex selective abortion.
		Sex selective infanticide also occurs in many of India where girls are still discriminated in many rural areas.
	www.freeglossary.com /Sex-selective_infanticide (186 words)

	The Social Context of Sex Selection and the Politics of Abortion in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1901, the sex ratio for all of India (female/1000 males) was 972; in 1971 the ratio had declined to 930 and after a small climb in 1981 to 936 the ratio in 1991 was 929.
		Therefore, in a perfect world where both sexes are treated equally, and the only reason for differential survival is the sex-linked biological ability to survive in the same environment, the sex ratio will approach unity with the possibility of a slightly higher female survival rate.
		The expansion of medical technological in the service of sex selection threatens to concentrate our efforts in the area of advocating for restrictions, diverting political capital from changing the existing social structures and norms that encourage son preference and daughter neglect.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /rt21/medicalization/BALAKRISHNANSocial_Context.html (6036 words)

	e-Ethics May 2002
		Requests for prenatal sex determination as a potential prelude to sex-selective abortion have surfaced among Indian immigrants in the United States and Canada.
		Abortion for the purpose of sex selection is widely practiced in India.
		Sex selection and sex-selective abortion are not unique to India and immigrants from India.
	www.parkridgecenter.org /ethics_may02.html (829 words)

	China bans abortion based on baby's gender
		China says it will strictly ban selective abortion of female foetuses in an attempt to reverse a disastrous imbalance in the ratio of newborn boys to girls.
		Dr Zhao blamed the imbalance on the traditional preference for boys, which remains strong in the countryside despite campaigns emphasising sex equality, and a poor rural social security system which forces people to become dependent on their children in old age.
		The arrival of new technologies, especially ultrasound scanning, has made it possible for Chinese couples to know the sex of their unborn baby and, in many cases, have an abortion if it it a girl.
	www.prisonplanet.com /articles/july2004/160704bansabortion.htm (289 words)

	Sex selective abortion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sex-selective abortion is the practice of aborting anotherwise-desired fetus after a determination (usually by ultrasound but alsorarely by amniocentesis or another procedure) that the fetus is of anundesirable sex.
		Sex-selective abortion was rare before the late 20th century because ofthe difficulty of determining the sex of the fetus before birth.
		Parents may wish for a male child because in many cultures only a male will carry on the family name, because they believethat a male is needed for work, or because they wish a male to earn an income needed to support the parents in their old age.
	www.therfcc.org /sex-selective-abortion-29047.html (202 words)

	Beloo Mehra's Blog - Beloo Mehra web blogs, Beloo Mehra blogger in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sex ratios at birth (SRBs), refer to the ratio of male to female children born in a specific period, such as a year, or among all the children ever born to cohorts of women.
		The skewed sex ratio in the child population is of concern to anthropologists as a physical manifestation of patriarchal ideologies.
		It also appears that the human sex ratio is prone to fluctuations; one well documented example is the increased number of male births recorded during and after the first and second world wars, among the populations of those countries directly involved in the conflict (MacMahon and Pugh, 1954).
	www.sulekha.com /column.asp?cid=305802 (11801 words)

	Population Council \| News Release \| Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex-selective Abortion in Central China
		The claim that sex-selective abortion is an important factor in China's rising sex ratio at birth has not been based on evidence, notes Chu, but on speculation about residuals: sex-selective abortion must be responsible because the abnormal sex ratio cannot be fully explained by the underreporting of female births and excess female infant mortality.
		The sex ratio of births reported by the women in the survey was much higher than the biological norm of about 105-107 males per 100 females.
		"Prenatal sex selection was probably the primary cause, if not the sole cause, for the continuous rise of the sex ratio at birth in the study area in the past decade," Chu maintains.
	www.popcouncil.org /mediacenter/newsreleases/pdr27_2chu.html (732 words)

	rediff.com: Bharat Jhunjhunwala on abortion and choice
		Their choice is further expanded if they can select the sex of their child.
		The question of abortion should therefore be adjudged on the touchstone of evolution of consciousness rather than any one of the three principles.
		If a couple has an irresistible desire to have a child of a particular sex and is not able to overcome that desire, then it would be justified for them to have the foetus aborted.
	www.rediff.com /news/2001/apr/20bharat.htm (1125 words)

	Female Demographic Disadvantage in India 1981-1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Most women who took the test were more interested in the sex of the child than in possible genetic anomalies, and those who already had two or more daughters and who learnt that their expected child was female, had an abortion.
		Despite the bans facilities still operate in many states, and sex selection may be the major use of prenatal diagnosis in India.
		Sex selective abortion is shown by the occurrence of abnormally masculine SRB’s (those greater than or equal to 107 males per 100 females, since normal SRB’s are 104-106 males per 100 females).
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /organizations/healthnet/gender/docs/sudha.html (3210 words)

	China to ban sex-selective abortions - World - www.smh.com.au
		China is to outlaw the selective abortion of female foetuses to correct an imbalance in the ratio of boys to girls that has grown since the one-child policy was introduced more than 20 years ago.
		Sex-selective abortion is already banned but technologies such as ultrasound have made it easier to know a baby's gender in advance, increasing the chances for aborting girls.
		Despite a desire to curb the sex imbalance and a relaxation in recent years that allows rural families to have two children if the first is a girl, China has shown no sign of abandoning the one-child policy and cracks down on those who advocate against it.
	www.smh.com.au /news/World/China-to-ban-sexselective-abortions/2005/01/07/1104832293898.html (508 words)

	IFRL Daily News - Christian Science Monitor Examines Rise in Number of Sex-Selective Abortions in India, Resulting ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		(Kaisernetwork) The Christian Science Monitor on Wednesday examined the rise in the number of sex-selective abortions in India and the resulting gender imbalance in the population.
		Now, many couples -- with the aid of medical technology, "weak" enforcement of laws banning abortion based on a fetus's gender and the cooperation of "unethical" physicians -- choose to terminate pregnancies if the fetus is female, worsening India's already "awkwardly skewed gender ratio," according to the Monitor.
		In 1981, there were 962 girls under age six for every 1,000 boys of the same age in India, but that disparity had widened even further by 2001, with 927 girls per 1,000 boys.
	www.ifrl.org /IFRLDailyNews/050209/4 (264 words)

	China Travel Lodge - China bans selective abortion to fix imbalance
		China will strictly ban selective abortion of female foetuses in an attempt to reverse a gender imbalance in the ratio of newborn boys to girls, official said Thursday.
		Zhao blamed the imbalance on the traditional preference for boys, which remains strong in the countryside despite campaigns emphasising sex equality, and a poor rural social security system which forces people to become dependent on their children in old age.
		President Hu Jintao earlier this year said that bringing China's newborn sex ratio back to a normal level had become one of the country's important goals in the coming 10 years, Xinhua said.
	www.travellodge.info /china_travel/selective-abortion.htm (537 words)

	Women's History Month Events
		Sex-selective abortion, as perceived by the West, is abhorrent, because sex discrimination against girls in the West is perhaps more subtle.
		With legal abortions, women have the power to take control of their own bodies and decide whether or not they wish to bear a child.
		Through sex-selective abortion, abortion becomes synonymous with an anti-woman sentiment when abortion itself is and has always been fundamentally pro-woman.
	www.gwu.edu /~wstu/newsletter/spring98/history.htm (1447 words)

	ABORTION IS BAD KARMA: HINDU PERSPECTIVES
		An Injury to One Is an Injury to All: the Case of Sex Selective Abortion
		Anti-abortion activists consider abortion the ultimate form of child abuse, and claim that child-abuse rates have risen dramatically since abortion was legalized.
		Some Hindus are actively seeking to break the cycle of violence involved in abortion through the measures of education and marriage reform suggested by Dr. Siva, as well as through the Indian government's 1996 ban on sex-selection.
	www.fnsa.org /fall98/murti1.html (2044 words)

	Abortion Example Essays.com - Over 101,000 essays, term papers and book reports!
		Coping with Abortion In the book “Arranged Marriage” by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni one chapter talks about a story of an Indian women having to run from her family because they wanted her to have an abortion.
		In this paper I will be explaining sex-selective abortions, referring to Dr. Retherford, Dr. Rita Patel, and Dr Joe Hubbard’s articles and journals, introduce the chapter in the book “Arranged Marriage” that is related to sex selective abortions.
		Sex-selective abortion depends on the ability of a physician or technician to determine the sex of the fetus before birth, which is something that could not be done reliably before the invention of ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling.
	www.exampleessays.com /viewpaper/89554.html (279 words)

	For India's daughters, a dark birth day \| csmonitor.com
		The consequence of female infanticide and, more recently, abortion is India's awkwardly skewed gender ratio, among the most imbalanced in the world.
		Infanticide is illegal in India (though never prosecuted), and laws are also in place to stop sex- selective abortions.
		That doesn't count the growing number of abortions there to ensure a girl baby won't be carried to term.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0209/p11s01-wosc.html (1221 words)

	CHINA: Beijing's ban on sex-selective abortion - 26 February 2005
		Their silence is an extension of the silence they observe on China's official one-child policy, which since 1979 has forced women who have more than one child (or two children in many rural areas) to undergo sterilisation or forced abortion.
		India criminalised it to no effect: her sex imbalance at birth has not improved.
		After all, 98 per cent of abortions in America are elective by even pro-choice medical standards.
	www.newsweekly.com.au /articles/2005feb26_a.html (984 words)

	SEX-SELECTIVE ABORTION RAMPANT IN CHINA
		Luo, a delegate to the conference revealed the situation in China saying: ``Quite a number of people, even very poor ones, would pay for tests so that they could abort their female offspring if they needed to''.
		Private clinics and laboratories have sprung up everywhere to offer sex detection tests, even though doctors are supposedly forbidden by law from disclosing the sex of children in the womb.
		Academics at the conference also warned of the dangers of the practice of sex selective abortions.
	www.lifesite.net /ldn/1997/oct/97101603.html (263 words)

	Chinese Lawmakers Propose Criminalizing Detection of Fetal Sex for Nonmedical Reasons To Prevent Sex-Selective Abortion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to the latest government statistics, 119 boys are born for every 100 girls in the country, and the disparity is even wider in some rural areas.
		Although sex-selective abortion is banned in China, the increasing availability of technologies such as ultrasound procedures have made it easier to learn the sex of a fetus early in pregnancy (Kaiser Daily Reproductive Health Report, 1/10).
		Jiang Zhuping, a member of the Standing Committee of China's legislature, said that the law should specifically state that sex-selective abortion and nonmedical embryo testing are illegal and clarify that licensed physicians may face criminal prosecution for violating the law (Wang, South China Morning Post, 2/28).
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=20562&nfid=mnf (333 words)

	China Bans Sex-Selective Abortion
		Faces with a growing imbalanced sex ratio among newborns -- current figures suggest that 119 boys are born for every 100 girls -- China announced this month that it is banning sex-selective abortion.
		As a new measure, the commission will start drafting revisions to the Criminal Law in order to effectively ban foetus gender detection and selective abortion other than for legitimate medical purposes.
		Family planning officials also plan to launch a "Care for Girls" public relations campaign to convince families to value girls as much as boys.
	www.equityfeminism.com /archives/years/2005/000008.html (162 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| China acts to protect baby girls
		A senior government official said that trafficking and abandonment of girls would be severely punished, and a ban on selective abortion reinforced.
		"Illegal sex determination and sex-selective abortion must be strictly banned," said Zhao Baige, the deputy director of China's National Population Commission.
		Zhao Baige said a project called Girl Care was being set up with the aim of protecting female children.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/asia-pacific/3896669.stm (308 words)

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