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Topic: Sexist language

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	Encyclopedia: Non-sexist language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gender-neutral language (gender-generic, gender-inclusive, non-sexist, or sex-neutral language) is language that attempts to refer neither to males nor females when discussing an abstract or hypothetical person whose sex cannot otherwise be determined, as opposed to more traditional language forms, which may use male or female pronouns in such a context.
		Likewise, if a woman states that she is dating someone; a system of non-sexist language might deem it inappropriate to ask her, "Who is he?"; rather, one should ask, "Whom are you dating?" to allow for the possibility that she might be dating a woman.
		Esperanto is accused of being inherently sexist, because the generic form of nouns is the same as the male form and different from the female form.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Non_sexist-language (4732 words)

	Peterssen
		This impasse is later resolved during the third phase, as later feminist theory draws law and language together to identify the continuing detriment to women in the use of male terms.
		Language too is a medium of representation, and not surprisingly the sexism of many conventional usages was challenged by feminists early on.
		It was a sexist principle encoded in the language by males and which today exerts a considerable influence over thought and reality by preserving the categories of male and minus male.
	www.lawsite.ca /WLSC/Petersson_w.htm (5505 words)

	Sexism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sexist beliefs are a species of essentialism, which holds that individuals can be understood (and often judged) based on the characteristics of the group to which they belong—in this case, their sex group (male or female).
		It has been argued that language plays a part in sexism, though it is disputed whether certain language causes sexism or sexism causes certain language (see the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis).
		Another example is gender-neutral language — the avoidance of gender-specific job titles, non-parallel usage, and other usage that is felt by some to be sexist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sexism (553 words)

	5. Gender. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996
		And unlike other political language reforms, which tend to be limited to individual names for ethnic groups, gender reforms involve basic grammatical components like pronouns, basic grammatical rules like pronoun agreement, and basic words like man, father, male and female.
		Finally, it is important to remember that avoiding sexist terms and constructions is no guarantee that what you have written will be free of gender bias.
		Sexist stereotypes, such as the assumption that all nurses are women or that all executives are men, can seem like the status quo—the way the world “is”—especially when you are distracted by a deadline or concerned about some other feature of your writing, such as its organization or its tone.
	www.bartleby.com /64/5.html (690 words)

	Gender-neutral language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gender-neutral language (gender-generic, gender-inclusive, non-sexist, or sex-neutral language) is language that attempts to refer neither to males nor females when discussing an abstract or hypothetical person whose sex cannot otherwise be determined.
		In languages where the gender of a noun also affects the formation of other words in a sentence, such as gender-defined adjectives, pronouns, or verbs, this can lead to repetitive or complicated sentences if both terms are used, as the sentence must essentially be repeated twice.
		The various forms of the Chinese language are remarkably gender-neutral due to its underlying structure, and possesses few linguistic markers of gender, even though Chinese society has historically been shown to have significant degree of male dominance in the social structure as well as education and written literature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Non-sexist_language (6726 words)

	Against the Theory of "Sexist Language"
		Such defensiveness accompanies the widely held conviction that the theory of "sexist language" and the program to institute "gender neutral" language are absolutely fundamental to the social and political project of feminism.
		The theory of "sexist language," however, is no credit to feminism, for it is deeply flawed both in its understanding of the nature of language and in its understanding of how languages change over time.
		Historically, if a language possesses a gender system and distinguishes between "he" and "she," then one or the other will also tend to be the common gender for when both genders are involved.
	www.friesian.com /language.htm (2938 words)

	Sexist Langauge: Compelementary Solutions in Spanish and English
		Sexist language in both English and Spanish is perhaps most evident in the use of third person pronouns and terms that identify individuals by occupation.
		Sexist language in English is most evident in the use of third person pronouns and terms that identify individuals by occupation.
		Sexist usage can be identified in student composition and the ensuing correction may be a valuable lesson in vocabulary and morphology, as well as a lesson in culture.
	faculty.weber.edu /tmathews/articles/majlp.htm (3275 words)

	Non-Sexist Language Policy
		Language is sexist if it discriminates because of one's sex; reinforces the idea of one sex's superiority; or perpetuates sex and gender role stereotypes.
		Language that ignores, limits, or trivializes women and girls, and language that excludes or belittles women's values, perspectives, and experiences is sexist, as would be comparable language related to men and boys.
		Language that reinforces sexism can arise from imprecise word choices that may be interpreted as biased, discriminatory, or demeaning, even if they are not intended to be.
	www.umaine.edu /wic/both/language.htm (297 words)

	Canadian Broadcast Standards Council
		Sexist language is language that unnecessarily excludes one sex or gives unequal treatment to women and men.
		Such language may perpetuate attitudes or representations of persons which tend to attribute particular roles and characteristics on the basis of their gender, without taking them into consideration as individuals.
		Examples of non sexist language are the use of occupational titles such as “fire fighter” instead of “fireman” and avoiding the exclusive use of masculine words in making general references, e.g.
	www.cbsc.ca /english/codes/sexrole/sexrole.htm (2517 words)

	The Writing Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
		Our language and society reflect one another, so it is important for us as communicators to recognize and respect change in the meaning and acceptability of words.
		Concern about the use of sexist language is part of our increased awareness that the perceived meanings of some words have changed in response to the changing roles of men and women in our society.
		Gender-fair language minimizes unnecessary concern about gender in your subject matter, allowing both you and your reader to focus on what people do rather than on which sex they happen to be.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/llc/writecenter/web/genderfair.html (846 words)

	Linguistic Sexism in Business Writing Textbooks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		While publishers may be “acutely aware of sexist language” and, in many cases, have developed their own in-house guidelines for avoiding such language, authors and publishers of business writing textbooks, on the whole, are not providing comprehensive instruction for avoiding sexist language.
		Sex-biased language is still a problem in our culture; thus, it is necessary to sensitize students to the problems of sexist language and to provide in-depth instruction in using language so they do not arbitrarily stereotype or delimit the potential of either sex.
		Only seven of the fourteen texts mention sexist language in the end-of-chapter problems, ranging from a few discussion questions to a limited number of sentences or memos that students are asked to rewrite to eliminate sexist language.
	jac.gsu.edu /jac/8/Articles/7.htm (3981 words)

	Hamilton College - Writing Center - Alternatives to Sexist Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sexist language can creep into a sentence in many different ways.
		Another way to erase sexist language is to substitute a noun subject instead of a pronoun.
		Some terms are inherently sexist, such as "mankind" and "policeman." These terms ignore the female gender in categories that should include both men and women.
	www.hamilton.edu /academics/resource/wc/AlternToSexistLang.html (1274 words)

	Non-sexist language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Non-sexist or gender-neutral language is writing or speech which avoids perpetuating what is perceived as sexism.
		Calling this type of language "non-sexist language" is a loaded term, as it implies that failure to use this type of language is automatically sexist.
		People who believe that 'non-sexist language' is a good thing, use it themselves, but do not wish to enforce it on everyone else.
	www.eurofreehost.com /no/Non-sexist_language.html (281 words)

	ch.ch : the public administration on-line: Gender-sensitive language - non-sexist language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Acting on this fact, the authorities have resolved to encourage the use of non-sexist language as much as possible to take into account women's place, status and role in society.
		As for legislative and administrative language, the Confederation and many cantons and communes have already adopted directives to impose equal treatment of women and men in language.
		The gender equality office of Canton Jura has issued a French-speaking guidebook for the use of non-sexist language in administrative and legislative texts.
	www.ch.ch /urn:ch:en:ch:ch.02.12.03.13:01 (173 words)

	Non Sexist Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The goal is to keep the language as inoffensive as possible, similar to the idea of political correctness.
		However, many terms advocated or proposed by advocates of non-sexist language, such as Ms, firefighter, or he or she, have entered the common lexicon (in some cases, before advocacy of non-sexist language began), and may be used by those who do not have any particular feeling about the subject.
		In each Romance language, for instance, grammatical genders are assigned to all nouns — even to unsexed objects, or in opposition the biological sex (as authorité = "authority" in French, guardia = "policeman" in Italian, and virildad = "masculinity" in Spanish, which all have feminine gender).
	www.wikiverse.org /non-sexist-language (3044 words)

	Non-Sexist Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The practice of assigning masculine gender to neutral terms comes from the fact that every language reflects the prejudices of the society in which it evolved, and English evolved through most of its history in a male-centered, patriarchal society.
		In the language used in acts of Parliament, the new law said, "words importing the masculine gender shall be deemed and taken to include females." Although similar language in contracts and other legal documents subsequently helped reinforce this grammatical edict in all English-speaking countries, it was often conveniently ignored.
		If you anticipate working within any of these contexts, you will need to be able to express yourself according to their guidelines, and if you wish to write or speak convincingly to people who are influenced by the conventions of these contexts, you need to be conscious of their expectations.
	www.stetson.edu /artsci/history/nongenderlang.html (1819 words)

	Publications: Guidelines for Non-Sexist Use of Language
		For several reasons we, as philosophers, should be particularly sensitive to the issue of nonsexist language--that is, language whose "use creates, constitutes, promotes, or exploits an unfair or irrelevant distinction between the sexes" (Mary Vetterling-Braggin, 1981, p.3).
		Some empirical data on sexist language indicate that if women are not specifically included (e.g., through using females in examples, or the term "he or she"), even genuinely gender-neutral prose (e.g., using plural pronouns) tends to be heard as referring to males only.
		Topics include: the definition of sexism and sexist language; the moral significance of using sexist language; the generic 'he' and 'man'; 'Ms.'; a comparison of sexist and racist language.
	www.apa.udel.edu /apa/publications/texts/nonsexist.html (2677 words)

	Against the Theory of "Sexist Language"
		Thus the American Philosophical Association offers "Guidelines for Non-Sexist Use of Language," which it says is, "A pamphlet outlining ways to modify language in order to eliminate gender-specific references" -- as though that is an unproblematic goal.
		Since Greek and Latin are languages were every noun has gender, like French, Hebrew, etc., there is actually no grammatically "gender neutral" expression possible, as there is in English.
		Serious intellectual dispute on any issue always must focus on what the speaker means by what is said, not on theories about how it is said compels certain unintended meanings, especially when such theories are clearly mere features of certain political and ideological systems of interpretation.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/articles/against.html (2610 words)

	Non-sexist language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Some feminists are dismissive of these ideas, viewing 'non-sexist language' as window-dressing which merely hides, not changes, sexist attitudes.
		Some opponents of 'non-sexist language' argue that a change in language should evolve organically from changing public attitudes towards gender issues, rather than be achieved either by enforcement, or by persuasion.
		Other critics argue that non-sexist language violates the rules of proper grammar and style.
	www.eurofreehost.com /no/Non-sexist_language_3.html (452 words)

	ReadWriteThink Lesson Plan: Avoiding Sexist Language by Using Gender-Fair Pronouns
		As we use language to communicate with one another, we also reveal much about the ways that we think and view; for what we know is revealed in the ways that we talk about the world around us.
		Turn to the way that language has shaped these assumptions, what the choice of "he" rather than "she" communicates about our ways of thinking about the world around us.
		Distribute information on the use of gender-fair language such as the Purdue OWL's handout on non-sexist language, or point students' attention to similar information in their texts.
	www.readwritethink.org /lessons/lesson_view.asp?id=201 (1166 words)

	LEO Gender-free Writing
		If your language is free of bias, it should offend no one; ideally, no one should even notice that you have made an effort to reduce sexually biased words and phrases." [1]
		Therefore, gender free language is a requirement of the workplace and the university.
		It may be easy to avoid gender-biased nouns by replacing sexist nouns with more neutral ones: chairman with chair, mailman with paper carrier, and congressman with senator or representative.
	leo.stcloudstate.edu /style/genderbias.html (636 words)

	Non-sexist language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Non-sexist language (gender-generic, gender-inclusive, gender-neutral, or sex-neutral language) is language that attempts to refer neither to male nor female when discussing an abstract or hypothetical person whose sex cannot otherwise be determined, as opposed to sexist language, which attempts to refer to males.
		However, in written language there is a distinction between the three, and the female-only form of the pronoun "ta", written with the radical for 'female', but pronounced the same as the neutral "ta" in speech.
		In each Romance language, for instance, grammatical genders are assigned to all nouns even to unsexed objects, or in opposition the biological sex (as autorité = "authority" in French, guardia = "policeman" in Italian, and virilidad = "masculinity" in Spanish, which all have feminine gender).
	members.aol.com /psybt/rsc/cog/lang/langd/nonsex_many_lang.html (4251 words)

	Diana Hacker: Language Debates: Sexist language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		During the early years of the women’s movement, sexist language was a hotly debated topic.
		Many people, both men and women, felt there was nothing wrong with using he to mean he or she or with using words like mankind—and they resented being asked to change their ways.
		In addition, feminists argued that sexist language has a powerful negative impact on women: It makes women invisible, reinforces stereotypical gender roles, and limits women’s opportunities and even their aspirations.
	www.dianahacker.com /writersref/subpages_language/sexist.html (200 words)

	O p e n W i k i - Sexist Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		"Sexist Language" has nothing to do with anything X-rated.
		The term refers to language that is biased by gender, such as when people use "mankind" to mean both men and women.
		"Sexist Language" has absolutely nothing to do with pornography.
	www.openwiki.com /ow.asp?p=SexistLanguage&a=print (74 words)

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