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	Sextus Empiricus's Outlines of Pyrrhonism
		Sextus Empiricus was a Greek philosopher who lived in Alexandria and in Athens during the late second and early third century A.D. His best-known work, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, described a school of thought which was named after the philosopher Pyrrho of Elis (c.
		Sextus Empiricus says that there are three approaches to epistemology (the study of the nature, origin, extent, and validity of human knowledge).
		Sextus Empiricus does not say that there must be a sufficient degree of uncertainty about a proposition to cause suspension of judgment.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/skepticism.html (991 words)

	Sextus Empiricus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sextus Empiricus advocates a form of Pyrrhonic skepticism: that is, that we know very little (if anything) about which beliefs are true or false.
		Sextus proposes that we should suspend judgement about almost all beliefs, that is, to neither affirm them as true or deny them as false.
		Sextus did not think such a general suspension of judgment to be impractical, since we may live without any beliefs, acting by habit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sextus_Empiricus (801 words)

	Ancient Skepticism
		Sextus Empiricus, who flourished at the end of the second century A.D., describes the “skeptic” (from a Greek verb meaning “to examine carefully”) as an “investigator” (a “zetetic”).
		According to Sextus, “when we question whether the external object is such as it appears, we grant that it does appear, and we are not raising a question about the appearance but rather about what is said about the appearance; this is different from raising a question about the appearance itself.
		Sextus has a pronounced interest in radical positions of this sort, for they can be exploited for skeptical ends, both because they contradict other philosophical opinions, and because they raise radical doubts about all things.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/skepticism-ancient (9235 words)

	Ancient Greek Skepticism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Sextus Empiricus (Outlines of Pyrrhonism [generally referred to by the initials of the title in Greek, PH] 1.232) and Plutarch (Adversus Colotes 1120C) also attribute the suspension of judgment about everything to him.
		According to Sextus Empiricus, most people divide the Academy into three periods: the first, the so-called Old Academy, is Plato's; the second is the Middle Academy of Arcesilaus; and the third is the New Academy of Carneades.
		Sextus Empiricus discusses one such group, the Ten Modes, in some detail (PH 1.35-163, M 7.345, see also Diogenes Laertius' account of the Ten Modes at 9.79-88, and the partial account in Philo of Alexandria, On Drunkenness 169-205, and see Annas and Barnes [1985] for detailed and critical discussion of all ten modes).
	www.iep.utm.edu /s/skepanci.htm (11197 words)

	Agrippa the Sceptic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Agrippa was a Sceptic philosopher who probably lived towards the end of the 1st century A.D. He is regarded as the author of the five tropes which are purported to establish the impossibility of certain knowledge.
		These tropes are given by Sextus Empiricus, in his Outlines of Pyrrhonism.
		According to Sextus, they are attributed only "to the more recent skeptics" and it is by Diogenes Laertius that we attribute them to Agrippa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Agrippa_the_Sceptic (225 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.02.30 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Another and indisputable feature of Sextus' work is that his discussions of dogmatic philosophy are mostly directed against the Stoics, and to some extent the Epicureans, of the last centuries B.C. Barnes suggests the reason: the texts copied by Sextus "were written at a period when Stoicism was the dominant philosophy" (xvi).
		Sextus copied from old Pyrrhonian texts, probably of the 1st century B.C. The main authors are likely to have been Aenesidemus and Agrippa.
		Sextus is different from Aenesidemus (as far as we can tell), and that difference can be explained by positing other influences on Sextus.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2001/2001-02-30.html (2116 words)

	This is Life!: Revolutions Around the Cruciform Axis: Ethics and Sextus Empiricus
		Sextus Empiricus lived in the late second, early third centuries AD.
		In the Outlines, Sextus' criticism of ethics comes in his account of the tenth of the ten modes (at Book I Chapter XIV/146-163) and in his examination of the good, the bad and the indifferent (at Book III Chapters XXI-XXIII/168-187).
		Sextus issues his criticisms on two fronts: on the strength of the conflict of different ethical accounts, and on the inability to actually define the essence of the good, bad or indifferent are and to determine whether things are good, bad, or indifferent by nature.
	www.chattablogs.com /aionioszoe/archives/023524.html (1321 words)

	Oxford University Press: Sextus Empiricus: Luciano Floridi
		The subject is Sextus Empiricus, one the chief sources of information on ancient philosophy and one of the most influential authors in the history of skepticism.
		Sextus' works have had an extraordinary influence on western philosophy, and this book provides the first exhaustive and detailed study of their recovery, transmission, and intellectual influence through Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance.
		Of particular note are the sharp and principled distinctions drawn between the reception of Sextus in the medieval tradition, in the Renaissance, and in the seventeenth century.
	www.us.oup.com /us/catalog/24172/subject/AmericanPhilologicalAssociationT/~~/c2Y9YWxsJnNzPWF1dGhvci5hc2Mmc2Q9YXNjJnBmPTIwJnZpZXc9dXNhJnByPTEwJmJvb2tDb3ZlcnM9eWVzJmNpPTAxOTUxNDY3MTk= (644 words)

	Generalia (Bibliography of Skepticism in the Ancient World)
		___, "Sextus Empiricus and the Peripatetics," in Elenchos, Vol.
		Brunschwig, Jacques, "Sextus Empiricus on the Kritêrion: the Skeptic as Conceptual Legatee," in The Question of "Eclecticism": Studies in Later Greek Philosophy, John M. Dillon, and A. Long (editors), Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988, pp.
		Sextus Empiricus Against Aelius Aristides: the Conflict Between Philosophy and Rhetoric in the Second Century A., Dimitrios Panag Karadimas, Lund, Sweden, Lund University Press, 1996.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/richard_carrier/gen.html (3557 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.08.28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The discussion of the fortuna of Sextus' works in Antiquity is well-informed, but it contains nothing really new on the subject (but there is not much to say about it, and some interesting observations are postponed in the next section).
		Sextus deserves probably more credit as a philosopher and not just as an intelligent secondary source, but this debatable question is arguably outside the scope of this book.
		Sixthly, the progressive increase in the number of Sextus manuscripts available was paralleled by a geographical shift from Italy toward northern Europe, particularly France, where skeptical doctrines found their most favorable reception during the first half of the sixteenth century (35-51).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2002/2002-08-28.html (1507 words)

	Skeptic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Sextus Empiricus attempted to list a series of arguments and then suspended judgment on them, but Hume misinterpreted Sextus’s position as dogmatically holding that all questions are unanswerable.
		Sextus questioned the criterion of truth, which at first glance is self-defeating, because there would be no criterion for Sextus to deny other people’s criteria.
		Although Sextus Empiricus was considered an ally of empiricism, logical positivism, and anti-realism, philosophers in those camps would rather call themselves empiricist, logical positivist or anti-realist than skeptic.
	seamonkey.ed.asu.edu /~alex/education/hps/skeptic.htm (6503 words)

	Footnotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This rendering of the passage may be deduced from Sextus Empiricus.
		The parenthetical words are taken from Sextus Empiricus, as introduced into his text by the Abbe Cruice.
		Schneidewin alludes to the passage in Sextus as proof of some confusion in Hippolytus' text, which he thinks is signified by the transcriber in the words, "I think there is some deficiency or omissions," which occur in the MS.
	www.ccel.org /fathers2/ANF-05/footnote/fn5.htm (799 words)

	Rhetoric, Skepticism and Sextus Empiricus
		The writings of Sextus contain not only an exposition of Scepticism but also a critique of the doctrines of "the Dogmatists." The main task of the Sceptic is, in fact, to expose the folly of every form of positive doctrine; and consequently the bulk of these works of Sextus is controversial.
		It has been suggested that Sextus has misunderstood or misrepresented Aenesidemus; or that Aenesidemus did ultimately pass over from the Sceptical to the Dogmatic position; or that his apparent Dogmatism can be explained away, as no real surrender of Scepticism but rather an unconscious yielding to the Eclectic influences of his intellectual environment.
		Sextus was mainly a compiler: he drew freely on the writings of his predecessors, especially Aensidemus, Cleitomachus (for Carneades), and Menodotus.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/8607 (16383 words)

	Amazon.com: Outlines of Pyrrhonism: Sextus Empiricus (Great Books in Philosophy): Books: R. G. Bury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Outlines, like the other extant works of Sextus Empiricus, is largely a recording of teachings attributed to a Greek philosopher of the 4th c.
		Sextus is unbelievably straightforward and easy to understand, especially if you have any experience reading other works of skepticism.
		Second, it is deeply false to call Sextus the "founder of the 'skeptic' school of thought." Though no one is sure when Sextus lived, it was several centuries after Pyrrho, and even Pyrrho couldn't be called the founder of Skepticism.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0879755970?v=glance (1530 words)

	Skepticism
		The first is devoted to Sextus Empiricus, Montaigne and what might be called the positive defense of skepticism.
		Sextus writings are a late (2nd century A.D.) compilation of doctrines handed down (and probably altered and distorted) from thinkers such as Pyrrho, Timon, Aenesidemus and members of various academies (Arcesilaus, Carneades), etc. The orientation to the topic of knowledge is far closer to our own than that of any of the materials just discussed.
		Sextus' view is that although we must conduct our lives on the basis of how things appear to us, it is both harmful and unnecessary to assent to beliefs about how things really are.
	www.ditext.com /clay/h2.html (1680 words)

	Skepticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Sextus reminds us that while incest, adultery or sodomy was acceptable in certain cultures; in others these activities were considered immoral.
		We have already seen in the text, that Sextus is adamant about the language that skeptics should use when making philosophical pronouncements, precisely because he wishes them to be careful not to inadvertently make dogmatic pronouncements.
		According to Sextus, the quest for certainty can only lead to doubt, which in turn leads us to be perturbed; and someone, who is perturbed, he believes, can never be happy.
	www.molloy.edu /academic/philosophy/SOPHIA/ancient_lit/happiness/skepticism1.htm (4357 words)

	Introductions (Bibliography of Skepticism in the Ancient World)
		Ethics and Epistemology in Sextus Empiricus, Tad Brennan, Princeton University, 1993.
		Sextus Empiricus and Ancient Scepticism, Madeleine Pepin Keys, Austin, TX, University Of Texas at Austin, 1990, 259 p.
		Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism, Mary Mills Patrick, Cambridge, D. Bell, 1899, 163 p.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/richard_carrier/introd.html (1032 words)

	Opacity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		I was re-reading Sextus Empiricus (hint: “Empirica was named after him) and it hit me that much of modern ideas of skepticism attributed to Hume came wholesale from him.
		If anything, Sextus is more general than Hume as the latter was concerned with enumerative induction (and cause and effects) rather than just the notion of generality and universality.
		Sextus uses the obvious argument that in deduction the “premises” are based on some inductive statements.
	www.fooledbyrandomness.com /probability.htm (3793 words)

	Sextus Empiricus -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		As a major exponent of Pyrrhonistic “suspension of judgment,” Sextus elaborated the 10 tropes of Aenesidemus and attacked syllogistic proofs in every area of speculative knowledge.
		Considered the greatest elegiac poet of ancient Rome, Sextus Propertius is remembered best for his love poems dedicated to Cynthia.
		He flashed on the Roman world when he was 20 with a volume of passionate colorful poems celebrating his love for the capricious “Cynthia.” A gentler and more refined young poet was Tibullus, in whom grace and melodiousness took the place of Propertius' fire.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9066998 (486 words)

	Sextus: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Sextus Empiricus (very roughly 150–225 AD) gained his name because of his association with the ‘empirical’ school of medicine, which held that remedies should be based on past experience, and not on theories about how the body works.
		I omit chapters 15–17, in which Sextus discusses ways of reducing the principles of scepticism to a smaller number of modes.
		Interestingly, Sextus uses Greek terms which were later used by Kant for the same distinction: phenomona and noumena.
	www.philosophy.leeds.ac.uk /GMR/hmp/texts/ancient/sextus/sextusintro.html (539 words)

	History of Medieval Philosophy 077 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Sextus attacks both the formal methods of science and its real contents.
		Even Ethics itself is not a science: the contradictory views of philosophers on the nature of the good, are enough to show that nothing is good in itself.
		All these theses are supported by prolix commentaries, of unequal value, in which Sextus very often merely repeats the views of Aenesidemus and of the New Academy.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/homp077.htm (263 words)

	SEXTUS EMPIRICUS (2nd1... - Online Information article about SEXTUS EMPIRICUS (2nd1...
		SEXTUS EMPIRICUS (2nd1and 3rd centuries A.D.), physician and philosopher, lived at See also:
		des Sextus Empiricus (Berlin, 1875); Jourdain, Sextus Empiricus (Paris, 1858) ; See also:
		Patrick, Sextus Empiricus and the Greek Sceptics (1899, with trans.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SCY_SHA/SEXTUS_EMPIRICUS_2nd1and_3rd_ce.html (243 words)

	SEXTUS EMPIRICUS - LoveToKnow Article on SEXTUS EMPIRICUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		His works are two, the Pyrrhonian Hypotyposes and Against the Mat lzematici (ed.
		See Brochard, Les Sceptiques grecs (1887); Pappenheim, Lebensverhdltnisse des Sextus Empiricus (Berlin, 1875); Jourdain, Sexius Empiricus (Paris, 1858); Patrick, Sexius Empiricus and the Greek Sceptics (1899, with trans.
		To properly cite this SEXTUS EMPIRICUS article in your work, copy the complete reference below:
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SE/SEXTUS_EMPIRICUS.htm (140 words)

	Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, page 580 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He is the author of a collection of Greek maxims of a monotheistic and ascetic character, a Christianized Latin translation of which, written in the second half of the 4th century by the presbyter Ruflnus, is still extant.
		Sextus Empirlcns (so called because he belonged to the empirical school of medicine).
		A Grecian philosopher, a follower of the Sceptical school, who lived at the beginning of the 3rd century a.d.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /seyffert/0583.html (553 words)

	Sextus Empiricus - OneLook Dictionary Search
		SEXTUS EMPIRICUS : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info]
		Sextus Empiricus : Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names [home, info]
		Sextus Empiricus : FOLDOP - Free On Line Dictionary Of Philosophy [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=Sextus+Empiricus (115 words)

	Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hence it seems reasonable to hold that the main types of philosophy are three: the Dogmatic, the Academic, and the Sceptic.
		The main basic principle of the Sceptic system is that of opposing to every proposition an equal proposition; for we believe that as a consequence of this we end by ceasing to dogmatize.
		And it would seem that this regulation of life is fourfold, and that one part of it lies in the guidance of Nature, another in the constraint of the passions, another in the tradition of laws and customs, another in the instruction of the arts.
	www.molloy.edu /academic/philosophy/sophia/ancient_lit/outlines_txt.htm (2426 words)

	Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism by Mary Mills Patrick
		Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism by Mary Mills Patrick
		Sextus is known to the world as a Sceptic, and not as a physician.
		He was classed in later times with Pyrrho, and his philosophical works survived, while his medical writings did not, but are chiefly known from his own mention of them.
	manybooks.net /titles/patrickm1755617556-8.html (107 words)

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