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Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal

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	Shabdrung - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Bhutan the Shabdrung is revered as the third most important personality behind Guru Rimpoche and the Buddha.
		Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal initiated many important Bhutanese customs including the system of dual government by which power was shared between an administrative leader, the Druk Desi, and a religious leader, the Je Khempo.
		In 1931 when the 6th Shabdrung, Jigme Dorji, made an appeal to Mahatma Gandhi to oust the monarchy, the Shabdrung was assassinated by royalist forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shabdrung (547 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ngawang Namgyal
		The Shabdrung also established the distinctive dual system of government by which control of the country was shared between a spiritual leader (the Je Khempo) and an administrative leader (the Desi Druk), a policy which exists in modified form to this day.
		The Shabdrung ruled the country from the dzong at Punakha until his death sometime in the middle of the 17th century.
		The Shabdrung's body was preserved in a sacred inner chamber in Punakha Dzong and has been under perpetual watch since his death in the 17th century, the task of watching over him being one of the most sacred duties in the kingdom.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal (389 words)

	Ngawang Namgyal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His grandfather was driven out of Tibet by the rival Gelugpa sect under the control of the Dalai Lama, and chose to settle in the Paro valley in western Bhutan, the valley having a close association with his persecuted branch of Tibetan Buddhism, the Kagyupa.
		The Shabdrung ruled the country from the dzong at Punakha until his death in 1651.
		The Shabdrung's body lies preserved in a sacred inner chamber in Punakha Dzong and has been under perpetual watch since his death in the 17th century, the task of watching over him being one of the most sacred duties in the kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal (459 words)

	A BRIEF HISTORY OF BHUTAN
		This is because when the sect of Buddhism, which was later to become the dominant religion in Bhutan was founded by the Shabdrung (see picture on the left) at the Ralung monastery in Tibet, 'a loud roar of the thunder dragon' was heard echoing to the south.
		The greatest event in the history of Bhutan was the arrival of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel from Tibet in 1616.
		Shabdrung set up a dual system of Government with a secular head known as the 'Druk Desi' and a spiritual head known as the 'Je Khenpo'.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/6708/documents/bhutan_hist.html (565 words)

	Explore Bhutan >>> Yangphel Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The half-century following the death of the Shabdrung was one of relative stability and the consolidation and expansion of Drukpa power.
		Although the system established by the Shabdrung proved efficacious in many ways, maintained an ongoing importance and forms the bedrock for numerous contemporary institutional arrangements, it was critically weakened by its over-reliance on an ambiguous leadership.
		Born in 1825 a descendant of the important religious saint Pema Lingpa and distant relative of Shabdrung Jigme Dragpa II (1791-1831), at a young age Jigme Namgyal joined the retinue of the then Tongsa Ponlop and quickly ascended the ranks.
	www.yangphel.com /learn/history/monarchy.html (1063 words)

	Bumthang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was built in 1646 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the first spiritual and temporal ruler of Bhutan; the Dzong continues its age-old function as the seat of the district administration, district court and the monastic body.
		It was the second dzong built by Shabdrung, in 1637, on a strategic junction at the confluence of Pho Chhu and Mo Chhu rivers.
		It served as the seat of Shabdrung's government, several foreign delegations were received here in 18th and 19th century, the election and coronation of the first King was observed 1907 and the Third King convened the first National Assembly in the Dzong.
	www.nirvanaexpeditions.com /programs/discover.htm (3719 words)

	History of Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1616, Shabdrung Nqawang, a Tibetan lama arrived in Bhutan.
		In 1644, Shabdrung defeated Gushi Khan, the Mongul leader.
		Shabdrung practices slowly yielded its power to Druk Desi, who lost control to the Penlops (residential governors).
	tps.dpi.state.nc.us /connectasia/bhutan/historybhutan.htm (666 words)

	Bhutan Mandala Tours
		Perhaps the most dynamic era in Bhutanese history came in the 17th century with the arrival, in 1616, of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the great leader of the Drukpa school of Mahayana Buddhism.
		Starting with the Simtokha Dzong in Thimphu, the Shabdrung (meaning "at whose feet one submits") constructed important dzongs, monasteries, and religious institutions and firmly established Drukpa Kagyu as the state religion.
		The Shabdrung also left as his legacy the dual system of government - the temporal and theocratic - with Je Khenpo (chief abbot) as the religious head and the temporal leader known as the Desi.
	www.bhutanmandala.com /shab.html (372 words)

	Bhutan Government, politics, assembly, judiciary, constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, before the Shabdrung could bring about the unification of Bhutan, he had to fight against enemies from abroad as well as inside the country.
		This dual system of government, choesi, was to be unified and transcended in the person of the Shabdrung and the theocracy lasted until the monarchy took over in 1907.
		Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel also gave the country a legal system based on Buddhist moral principles and customary rules in general use at that time.
	www.bhutan-travels.com /government.php (2007 words)

	History of Bhutan - Keys to Bhutan
		The person who had the greatest impact on the history of Bhutan was Shabdrung Ngwang Namgyel (1594-1651).
		Shabdrung Rimpoche meaning, “the precious jewel at whose feet one submits”, as he is reverently referred to, was a great spiritual personality, and a statesmen and leader of exceptional ability, as well as a great architect and builder.
		The dual system of administration that Ngwang Namgyel established, whereby a spiritual leader looked after the clergy and a temporal ruler looked after the affairs of state, endure until the establishment of hereditary monarchy in 1907.
	www.keystobhutan.com /bhutan/bhutan_history_shabdrung.php (109 words)

	Trip to Bhutan.com ::: Tour Guides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Built in 1646 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the first spiritual and temporal ruler of Bhutan, the Dzong houses the monastic body of Paro, the office of the Dzongda (district administrative head) and Thrimpon (judge) of Paro district.
		Built in 1525, this town temple was formed by Ngawang Chhogyel, one of the prince-abbots of Ralung in Tibet and an ancestor of the Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
		The picturesque three-storey tower and several surrounding buildings were built in the 18th century by the eighth Desi, Druk Rabgye and Shabdrung Jigme Chhogyel added the golden roof in the 19th century.
	www.triptobhutan.com /tourist_destinations.htm (4175 words)

	Bhutan Wonderful Tours & Travels
		Which means victorious fortress was built in 1649 by Shabdrung Ngwang Namgyel to commemorate his victory over the Tibetan invaders, led by Mogolian warlord, Gushri Khan in 1644.
		The monastery was the residence of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel when he first arrived in Bhutan in 1616.
		Built between two rivers in the 17th century by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel served as capital of Bhutan until 1955 and is still the winter residence of the central monk body.
	www.bhutanwonderful.com /destinations.php (2129 words)

	Feature News [The Kathmandu Post (Nepal)]
		Shabdrung Jigme Nawang Namgyal, who died at Vallore last month, was born in a poor family at Tashi Gang in eastern Bhutan.
		In 1986, the Shabdrung was invited to inaugurate the Lakhang monastery in Dzongda of Samdrupzonker district.
		Shabdrung escaped from Bhutan but his followers, who attended the inaugural ceremony, were detained by the Druk regime.
	www.nepalnews.com /contents/englishdaily/ktmpost/2003/may/may06/features.htm (6225 words)

	History of Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Escaping political foes in Tibet he arrived in Bhutan in 1616 and initiated a program of fortification and military consolidation, overseeing the construction of impressive dzongs or fortresses such as Simtokha Dzong which guards the entrance to Thimphu valley.
		An insightful leader, he used cultural symbols as well as military force to establish the Bhutanese identity, including the initiation of a number of sacred dances to be performed in the annual tsechu festivals.
		The Shabdrung also established the dual system of government by which control of the country was shared between a spiritual leader (the Je Khempo) and an administrative leader (the Desi Druk), a polity which exists in modified form to this day.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/h/hi/history_of_bhutan.html (999 words)

	:: Bhutan DNC -Recent Updates :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		After having unified Bhutan by 1637 A.D, the Shabdrung Rinpoche then established the Dual System of governance with the civil administration headed by the Deb Raja on one side and the clergy headed by the Je Khempo on other, while he himself reigned supreme as the spiritual and temporal head of the nation.
		After appointing the Deb Raja in 1651, the Shabdrung went into retreat with instruction to the Deb raja that he was not to be disturbed.
		After the first Shabdrung Rinpoche passed away, his reincarnate could not be located and it was only 70 years later in 1721 that the reincarnate of the Shabdrung was found.
	www.bhutandnc.com /history.htm (1131 words)

	Sakya Dechen Ling - Tibetan Buddhist Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On other occasions she is invoked as one of the three women in the history of Sakya to have transmitted the Lam Dre teachings.
		Since the Luding succession is a blood lineage, and the Luding family was an offshoot of the Sakya Khon family, her aunt and several older family attendants conceived of the plan that she should marry Sey Kushok.
		Leaving the four-year-old Shabdrung Rinpoche behind in the care of his uncles, Jetsun Kushok went with her husband and three young sons to Canada and settled on a farm as laborers in Taber, Alberta in 1971.
	www.sakyadechenling.org /jetsun.html (2057 words)

	Himalaya Journey Treks and Expedition : Touristic Area of Bhutan, Samdrup Jangkhar, Trashigang, Lhuentse, Mongar, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Shabdrung Nawang Namgyel a key figure in the History of Bhutan built the Punakha Dzong and his body is preserved in one of the Dzongs temples, Machen Lhakhang.
		However the popular story has it that the Shabdrung arrived at the river and happened to see a boy building a sand castle.
		He asked for the boy's name, which was Wangdue, and thereupon decided to name the Dzong Wangdue Phodrang or 'Wangdue's Palace.' Wangdue Phodrang Dzong is perched on a spur at the confluence of 02 rivers.
	www.himalayajourneys.com /bhutan/touristic_area.htm (1190 words)

	BHUTAN TOUR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Drukgyal Dzong: The dzong with a delightful village nestling at its foot, was built in 1647 by Shabdrung Nawang Namgyel to commemorate his victory over the Tibetan invaders led by Mongolian warlord, Gushri khan 1644.
		The Dzong was built at the junction of the two rivers in the 17th century by Shabdrung Nawang Namgyel.
		The monastery was later rebuilt as Dzong during the time of Shabdrung after he had firmly established his power in 1646.
	www.elitenepal.com /bhutan/places_btn.htm (1442 words)

	Monarchy and Royal family of Bhutan: Bhutannewsonline.com
		The monk ruler, Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel (1594-1651), a Tibetan native, is considered as the founder of modern Bhutan state.
		Shabdrung established himself as the country's supreme leader.
		Shabdrung Nawang Namgyal, the following became the Shabdrungs or Dharma Raja of Bhutan.
	www.bhutannewsonline.com /monarchy.html (1304 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Core Document - Bhutan
		However, it was not until the seventeenth century that the country was politically unified by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal (1594-1652 A.D.).
		In 1907, the theocracy established by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal ended when the Trongsa Penlop, Ugyen Wangchuck (1862-1926) was elected as the first king of Bhutan by popular consensus.
		The first set of codified laws was promulgated by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel in 1652 A.D. Later, the thirteenth temporal ruler Deb Choegyal Sherub Wangchuck (1744-1764) formulated a complete set of laws.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord2000/documentation/coredocs/hri-core-1-add105.htm (4836 words)

	Etho Metho Tours and Treks
		In 1616 Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal visited Tango and meditated in a cave near the Goemba.
		This Goemba was built by Shabdrung Ngwang Ndamgyal in 1620.
		This site has been recognised as a most sacred place and visited by Shabdrung Ngwang Namgyal in 1646 and now visited by all Bhutanese atleast once in their lifetime.
	www.ethometho.com /visiting/excursions.htm (1319 words)

	:: Places of Interest :: Menlha Adeventures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was built in 1649 by Shabdrung Ngwang Namgayel to commemorate a victory over the Tibetan invaders and to guard the Paro valley against further aggressions.
		In 1641 the Shabdrung acquired the dzong from the descendants of Lama and renamed it as Tashi Chhoe Dzong.
		It was founded by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1620 and he initiated the first monk body.
	www.trekkingbhutan.com /placesOfInterest.htm (2558 words)

	The gateway town to the south of Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Drukgyal Dzong: this dzong with a delightful village nestling at its foot, was built in 1646 by Shabdrung Ngwang Namgyal to commemorate his victory over the Tibetan invaders led by Mongoloid Warlord, Gurshi Khan in 1644.
		The capital of Bhutan, and the center of government, religion and commerce, it is unique city, with an unusual mixture of modern development alongside ancient tradition.
		Tashichhodzong: built in 1641 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal and reconstructed in 1961, by the Late King, His Majesty, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Tashichhodzong (fortress of the glorious religion) houses the main secretariat building, throne room of His Majesty the King of Bhutan.
	www.indiavacationexperts.com /Bhutan_Placesofvisit.htm (2711 words)

	Bhutan Mandala Tours
		PUNAKHA: Punakha dzong was built between two rivers in the 17th century by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel, it served as capital of Bhutan until 1955 and is the winter residence of the central monk body.
		Paro is one of the most fertile valleys in the kingdom producing a bulk of famous red rice from its fields, it is also home to some of Bhutan's oldest temples and monasteries for eg.
		Drugyal Dzong: which means victorious fortress was built in 1647 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel to commemorate his victory over the Tibetan invaders, led by the Mongolian warlord, Gushri Khan in 1644.
	www.bhutanmandala.com /places.html (734 words)

	Bhutan-Bhutan travel, Bhutan tours, Bhutan trekking, Bhutan Tour Operators, Bhutan Travel Agency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This ruin Dzong (Fortress) was built in 1646 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal to commemorate his victory over the Tibetan invaders led by Mongolian warlord, Gushri Khan.
		Druk Choeding built in 1525 by Ngawang Chhogyel, one of the prince-abbots of Ralung in Tibet and an ancestor of the Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
		Wangdue Dzong, Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1638 had built this massive fortress sitting on a hilltop at the confluence of Punakha Chu and Tang Chu Rivers.
	www.bhutanadventure.com /destinations.htm (4642 words)

	Jetsun Kushok Chimey Luding
		Jetsun relates that from the time the Dalai Lama conferred recognition on her brother, "His Holiness and I were constantly in each other's company, and wherever he went, I went and I was always with him." From this time on until they fled to India they received the same teachings and made the same retreats.
		Since the Luding succession is a blood lineage, and the Luding family was an offshoot of the Sakya Khön family, her aunt and several older family attendants conceived of the plan that she should marry Sey Kushok.
		Leaving the four-year-old Shabdrung Rinpoche behind in the care of his uncles, Jetsun Kushok went with her husband and three young sons to Canada and settled on a farm as labourers in Taber, Alberta in 1971.
	www.sakyanamgyal.com /jetsunma.html (2200 words)

	THE KATHMANDU POST - LETTER NEWS
		Shabdrung institution commands respect from all Bhutanese irrespective of race and religion.
		Despite all these, Shabdrung’s reincarnations have suffered at the hands of the Wangchuck dynasty in Bhutan and the article clearly shed prospective.
		It would be in the interest of Bhutan’s history to conduct proper investigation on the mysterious death of the Shabdrung Jigme Nawang Namgyal in Vallore, India, who was a refugee under the protection of government of India since the early 1960s.
	www.nepalnews.com /contents/englishdaily/ktmpost/2003/may/may09/letter1.htm (233 words)

	The Indian Wanderers- Tours to the lesser known exotic destinatons.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Guru Rinpoche (Precious Master) is the father of the Tantric strain of Mahayana Buddhism practiced in Bhutan Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, a tibetan lama of the Drukpa School, arrived in Bhutan in1616.
		Shabdrung unified the country, and established himself as the country's supreme leader and vested civil power in a high officer known as the Druk Desi.
		The Shabdrung established the Central Monastic Body here with 600 monks that were brought from Cheri Goemba in the upper Thimphu valley.
	www.indianwanderers.com /bhutan.htm (4102 words)

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