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Topic: Shackleton (crater)

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Ernest Shackleton

	Shackleton (crater) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Shackleton crater lies at the south pole of the Moon.
		The Shackleton crater lies entirely within the rim of the immense South Pole-Aitken basin, which is the largest known impact formation in the Solar system.
		However other craters in the vicinity are considerably older, and may contain significant deposits of hydrogen, possibly in the form of water ice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shackleton_(crater) (1406 words)

	Ernest Shackleton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shackleton participated in the National Antarctic Expedition, which was organized by the Royal Geographical Society in 1901, and led by Robert Falcon Scott.
		Shackleton's base camp was built on Ross Island at Cape Royds, approximately 20 miles (40 km) north of the Scott's Hut of the 1901–1904 expedition; the hut built at this camp in 1908 is on the list of the World Monuments Watch's 100 most endangered sites [2].
		Sir Ernest Shackleton is the subject of Shackleton, a two-part Channel 4 drama directed by Charles Sturridge and starring Kenneth Branagh as the explorer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ernest_Shackleton (1643 words)

	Antarctic Explorers: Ernest Shackleton
		Shackleton had come to ask for the support of the RGS and the patronage of the King...he planned on spending the next winter in Antarctica and he only had six months to prepare.
		Shackleton was very disappointed when he first inspected the ship; she was run down and smelt strongly of seal-oil.
		Three weeks out Shackleton complained in his diary about the size of their rations...if they were this hungry now, what will it be like "later when we are really hungry?" They shot "Chinaman", the weakest pony, on November 21, ate some of the meat and laid a depot with the rest for when they returned.
	www.south-pole.com /p0000097.htm (6267 words)

	Moon
		Analysis of craters and Moon rocks show that there was a late heavy bombardment by asteroids around the period 4.0 to 3.8 billion years ago.
		This crater is located on the far side, near the south pole, and is some 2,240 km in diameter, and 13 km in depth.
		Some observers claimed that some small craters had appeared or disappeared, but in the 20th century it was determined that these claims were illusory, due to observing under different lighting conditions or due to the inadequacy of earlier drawings.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/mo/moon.html (5967 words)

	Ernest Shackleton Summary
		Shackleton, however, died suddenly of angina pectoris on Jan. 5, 1922, and was buried on South Georgia Island.
		Shackleton is respected and revered for his leadership qualities tested under conditions that were as severe as any human being had ever endured and for his scientific contributions.
		Shackleton was born at Kilkea House, near Athy, County Kildare, Ireland in 1874, and served as a merchant marine officer, becoming a captain in the Royal Naval Reserve.
	www.bookrags.com /Ernest_Shackleton (2991 words)

	Moon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The largest crater on the Moon, which also has the distinction of being the largest known crater in the solar system, is the South Pole-Aitken basin.
		Copernicus crater is visible to the south near the horizon, past the Montes Carpatus range and the Mare Imbrium.
		No similar regions of eternal light were found at the south pole, although the rim of Shackleton crater is illuminated for 80% of the lunar day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moon (6838 words)

	Cornell News: Lunar poles imaged
		Crater Mawson (51 kilometers, or 32 miles, in diameter) is shown in white and gray at about two o'clock on the inner circle.
		Crater Shackleton (20 kilometers, or 12 miles, in diameter) is at the south pole.
		These five crater floors constitute the largest potential deposits of water ice at the south pole and would be expected to display an excess of hydrogen if they contained ice, says Jean-Luc Margot, who carried out the observations for his doctoral research at Cornell.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/June99/moon.poles.deb.html (1228 words)

	Volcanoes in Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The craters of Mount Erebus were first visited in March 1908 by members of Shackleton's expedition, who initially noted the "vast abyss" filled with great masses of steam that rose in a column 150 to 300 meters high.
		The inner crater is situated in the northeastern part of the outer crater, and the lava lake and most eruptive activity are confined to its northern half.
		The crater topography is much more rugged than expected from observations below, with some ridges more than 30 meters high, and with strange formations of ice rising above fumerole areas--the products of steam condensing and freezing immediately into some extraordinary structures which rise here and there above the surface of the snowfield.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/science/volcanoes.shtml (803 words)

	No evidence of ice on the moon
		Shackleton crater (A) is 19 km in diameter.
		The Lunar Prospector orbiter impacted Shoemaker crater (B), 51 km in diameter.
		Previous data had given the search for lunar ice a boost, including 1992 radar data indicating ice deep in craters at the poles of Mercury, 1996 radio data from the moon taken by the Clementine orbiter and the Lunar Prospector Orbiter's 1998 discovery of an elevated amount of hydrogen at the lunar poles.
	www.news.cornell.edu /stories/Oct06/campbell.lunarice.html (630 words)

	Shackleton crater: SMART-1's search for light, shadow and ice at lunar \| Moon Today - Your Daily Source of Moon News
		Shackleton crater lies at the lunar South Pole, at 89.54 deg South latitude and 0 deg East longitude, and has a diameter of 19 kilometres.
		The purpose was detecting the very weak reflected light from the crater rims, and therefore study the surface reflection properties (albedo) and its spectral variations (mineralogical composition).
		On the 2-kilometre wide inner edge of the crater ridge, at times barely visible from Earth, astronomers using ground radio-telescopes have recently reported they were not able to detect a distinctive signature of thick deposits of ice in the area.
	www.moontoday.net /news/viewsr.html?pid=22403 (859 words)

	SIGHTINGS
		The rim of the Shackleton crater is a particularly interesting place because it is illuminated more than 80% of the time.
		Also not far away, down in the crater itself, are regions of permanent shadow where ice could remain unmelted by the Sun.
		This means that low places close to the pole, such as the floors of craters, may never see the Sun at all.
	www.rense.com /ufo3/moonbase.htm (617 words)

	SitNews - Lunar crash will sample debris for water, minerals
		Already pocked with thousands upon thousands of craters from asteroid impacts over billions of years, the moon's new artificial craters will be created by two "impactors" riding aboard a spacecraft called the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
		From high above the crater the orbiter will send one portion of the LCROSS craft plunging into the depths of the Shackleton crater at 5,600 mph, where its impact will blast a new crater some 100 yards wide and 16 feet deep.
		The Shackleton crater has often been mentioned as a possible site for a manned lunar base and a jumping-off place for manned missions to Mars - if ever President Bush's "Vision for Space Exploration" is finally realized.
	www.sitnews.us /0406news/041206/041206_shns_moonmission.html (464 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Doubt cast on lunar ice deposits
		The authors also detected the CPR signature from areas of the surface that were exposed to bright sunlight, and where ice deposits could not persist.
		Shackleton Crater has attracted much interest in relation to the US space agency's (Nasa) lunar exploration programme.
		This is because of the suggested presence of water-ice on its Earth-facing inner slope, and because a few locations on its rim may be permanently sunlit for periods of up to 200 days each year, making them favourable for human habitation.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/6061984.stm (833 words)

	Moon's south pole a perfect area to explore \| Chron.com - Houston Chronicle
		At the south pole of the moon, a row of peaks juts from the gently sloping rim of Shackleton Crater, named for the early 20th-century Antarctic explorer Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton.
		The 15-mile-wide crater and its rugged surroundings, including a vast depression created by the impact of an ancient asteroid or comet, starkly show the drama that marked the early history of Earth's companion.
		Satellite photos reveal that parts of Shackleton's rim are bathed in near-constant sunlight and hint that the frigid, permanently shaded recesses of the crater floor harbor ice deposits.
	www.chron.com /disp/story.mpl/front/3701891.html (1352 words)

	NPR : Excerpt: 'Sunstorm'
		He was standing on the rim of Shackleton, itself a comparatively minor crater, but here at its western rim Shackleton intersected the circles of two other craters.
		The landscape was jumbled on a superhuman scale: even the craters' far rims were hidden by the Moon's horizon.
		The South Pole, shaped when the Moon was young by an immense impact that had bequeathed it the deepest crater in all the solar system, was the most contorted landscape on the Moon.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4703977 (2290 words)

	Shackleton news
		With this precedent in mind, Shackleton shipped a printing press, paper and the necessary type and plate-making equipment (all donated by J. Causton & Sons Ltd.) and, despite the cold and the cramped conditions of the hut at Cape Royds, around 100 copies were printed and bound in the Antarctic winter of 1908.
		Alexandra Shackleton, the Society's President, was delighted to announce that the NASA Mars Exploration Rover mission, which is naming the craters explored by the rover Opportunity after ships of exploration, has named a small Martian crater the 'James Caird'.
		Shackleton writes on board the Mauretania in the midst of preparations for the Quest expedition: 'I was sorry the line was bad this morning'; the line to [John Quiller] Rowett's house was bad too -- 'they told me afterwards that the exchange is the worst in the Kingdom!'.
	www.jamescairdsociety.com /latest.php (10546 words)

	Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) - Don Campbell Speaks about Radar Tests for Ice at the Lunar Poles
		In the article, entitled, “No evidence for thick deposits of ice at the lunar south pole,” Campbell and colleagues argue that there is no evidence for concentrated deposits of water ice in Shackleton crater on the Moon or elsewhere near its south pole.
		Shackleton crater has been suggested in the past as a possible site of concentrated deposits of water ice, on the basis of modeling bi-static radar polarization properties and interpretations of earlier Earth-based radar images.
		Campbell and colleagues present new 20-m-resolution, 13-cm-wavelength radar images indicating that the polarization properties normally associated with reflections from icy surfaces in the Solar System were found at all the observed latitudes and are strongly correlated with the rock-strewn walls and ejecta of young craters, including the inner wall of Shackleton.
	www.dtm.ciw.edu /content/view/318/2 (391 words)

	Ice on the Moon \| Moon Today - Your Daily Source of Moon News
		As Schomberger G is in sunlight (and has high CPR in portions of its interior), the authors conclude that the high CPR in Shackleton is similarly caused by surface roughness and not by the presence of ice within the permanently dark area of the crater.
		The interior of Shackleton (89.9° S, 0°; 19 km diameter) is permanent darkness, but the interior of Schomberger G (77° S, 8° E; 17 km diameter) is at least partly sunlit during the lunar day.
		At Shackleton, the upper crater wall is complex and high CPR is discontinuous; the large zone of high CPR within the crater at about 8 o'clock (Figure 4) starts below the rim, but continues down into the crater, disappearing into the shadow caused by the Earth-Moon geometry.
	www.moontoday.net /news/viewnews.html?id=1170 (4936 words)

	Where The Sun Always Shines
		Scientists have found the perfect spot for a lunar base on the rim of the crater Peary in the North Pole region of the moon, which remains illuminated for the entire lunar day.
		Due to this it would be a perfect place to generate solar energy, crucial to the success of a long term settlement.
		Also scientists think that in the permanently shadowed rims of other craters around the lunar north pole water ice might be found, being the source for water, oxygen and hydrogen.
	tech.monstersandcritics.com /news/printer_6150.php (381 words)

	U.S. rocket to hit moon in a search for water - Americas - International Herald Tribune
		Earlier lunar missions identified concentrations of hydrogen in craters near the south pole that are permanently shielded from sunlight, leading to speculation that the hydrogen was bound with oxygen in the form of water.
		Scott Horowitz, the associate NASA administrator in charge of the agency's new exploration initiative, said the opportunity for a second payload came because of a recent decision to use a larger rocket to launch the robotic reconnaissance orbiter.
		The expended rocket will probably be aimed at Shackleton crater, a 12-mile-diameter structure near the southern axis, Andrews said.
	www.iht.com /articles/2006/04/11/news/moon.php (685 words)

	NASA to bomb moon to search for signs of ice \| Chron.com - Houston Chronicle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The 4,400-pound second stage crashes into the moon's south pole, creating a new crater 30 yards wide by 16 feet deep and tossing a cloud of lunar debris 40 miles in the air.
		If lodged in the permanently darkened recesses of craters at the moon's south and north pole, ice deposited by ancient comet strikes could be mined by lunar explorers and converted into its elements, oxygen and hydrogen.
		Portions of Shackleton's rim lie in near constant sunlight, which could serve as a source of solar energy to generate electricity.
	www.chron.com /disp/story.mpl/space/3785197.html (857 words)

	Piggy-back mission will hit Moon hard - space - 10 April 2006 - New Scientist Space
		The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) was selected as a high-risk, high-pay-off, "piggyback" mission, to share a heavy launch vehicle with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
		Previous observations found evidence of hydrogen in cold craters, but whether that is held as water ice or hydrogen-bearing minerals is not known.
		In contrast, LCROSS is aiming to crash into Shackleton Crater at an angle of about 75°, and therefore hit the surface harder.
	space.newscientist.com /article/dn8978.html (790 words)

	Crash Landing on the Moon
		Researchers expect the impact to gouge a crater ~20 meters wide and throw up a plume of debris as high as 40 km.
		For one thing, LCROSS delivers more than 200 times the impact energy of Lunar Prospector, excavating a deeper crater and throwing debris higher where it can be plainly seen.
		The best places are probably polar craters with shadowy bottoms where water deposited by comets long ago may have frozen and survived to the present-day.
	www.physorg.com /news73313431.html (1158 words)

	NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Image: 'Victoria Crater' at Meridiani Planum \| Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars ...
		The crater is approximately 800 meters (half a mile) in diameter.
		Layered sedimentary rocks are exposed along the inner wall of the crater, and boulders that have fallen from the crater wall are visible on the crater floor.
		The floor of the crater is occupied by a striking field of sand dunes.
	www.marstoday.com /news/viewsr.html?pid=22283 (798 words)

	NASA Mars Rover Oportunity Image: 'Victoria Crater' from 'Duck Bay' \| Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars News
		The rim of the crater is composed of alternating promontories, rocky points towering approximately 70 meters (230 feet) above the crater floor, and recessed alcoves, such as Duck Bay.
		The bottom of the crater is covered by sand that has been shaped into ripples by the Martian wind.
		The great lure of Victoria is an expectation that the thick stack of geological layers exposed in the crater walls could reveal the record of past enviromnental conditions over a much greater span of time than Opportunity has read from rocks examined earlier in the mission.
	www.marstoday.com /news/viewsr.rss.html?pid=22230 (644 words)

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