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Topic: Shaft Graves

	The Shaft Graves
		True shaft graves of the type found in Grave Circles A and B at Mycenae are relatively rare on the Greek Mainland.
		A shaft grave is really nothing more than an enlarged cist grave entered through the roof from a shaft several feet deep which was itself dug from the contemporary ground surface.
		Shaft graves may be roofed by timbers, reeds or twigs, and waterproofing clay or simply by large flat slabs.
	projectsx.dartmouth.edu /history/bronze_age/lessons/les/16.html (2552 words)

	The Shaft Graves
		A shaft grave is really nothing more than an enlarged cist grave entered through the roof from a shaft several feet deep which was itself dug from the contemporary ground surface.
		Shaft graves may be roofed by timbers, reeds or twigs, and waterproofing clay or simply by large flat slabs.
		Earlier burials in a shaft grave are often pushed aside or stacked up in a corner when a new burial is made.
	dartmoo.dartmouth.edu /classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/16.html (2552 words)

	Dr. J's Illustrated Grave Circles at Mycenae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Grave Circle A was girded by a double wall, the middle of which seemed to have been filled with rubble.
		Grave Circle B lies 130 meters west of the Lion Gate but the walls were never extended to include it in the fortified area of the citadel.
		Dating before Grave Circle A, the graves in Circle B reflect a culture not quite as cosmopolitan and wealthy, but the grave goods found are remarkable nevertheless: swords, vases and in particular that gorgeous rock crystal vase cut in the shape of a duck (illustrations pending).
	www.lilt.ilstu.edu /drjclassics/sites/mycenae/gravecircles.shtm (0 words)

	Shaft Graves at Mycenae: Grave Circle A and Grave Circle B
		Shaft Graves at Mycenae: Grave Circle A and Grave Circle B
		Grave Circle A dates to around the 16th century B.C.E., and was excavated by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876.
		Grave Circle B is older, and dates to around the late 17th century.
	archaeological-burial-practices.suite101.com /article.cfm/shaft_graves_at_mycenae (413 words)

	Shaft Grave Art: Modern Problems
		The Shaft Grave rulers, to judge by their more robust size than that of their followers, by their weapons and by their favorite scenes of art, were hunters and warriors who began consolidating the rather barbaric villages of Greece into a formidable empire.
		Despite the affinities of the Shaft Grave pins to those beginning in the late twelfth century, and becoming “a common feature of the period, the later pins constituted a “radical change” from everything during the intervening 400 years.
		The inlay technique first appeared in Greece among the Shaft Grave artifacts, and continued through the early Mycenaean Age, and possibly until the destruction of the Late Helladic palaces towards the end of the LH period.
	www.varchive.org /schorr/shaft.htm (4797 words)

	'If you like, this is where Greek history starts' \| Life \| Guardian Unlimited
		The shaft graves at Mycenae where he found the mask have now been dated to 1500BC, and it would stretch even the historical flexibility of a Hollywood scriptwriter to place Agamemnon there several centuries before he led the Greeks in the Trojan war.
		Using genetic material painstakingly scraped from 3,500-year-old bones and teeth recovered from the graves, the scientists hope to establish whether the dozens of privileged individuals buried at Mycenae are part of the same family, or an unrelated collection of mercenary fighters.
		Of the 19 individuals buried in the grave Brown's team are interested in, she has bone or teeth samples from 10 of them.
	www.guardian.co.uk /life/feature/story/0,13026,1225001,00.html (792 words)

	Mark 5XL
		Graves Company is proud to introduce the Mark 5XL Faceting Machine featuring our digital angle display meter.
		The new Graves Mark 5XL faceting head features simplicity in design, ease of use, and state of the art precision that is beyond anything on the market today.
		Graves Company continues to be the leader in providing durable, innovative, and affordable tools to the lapidary arts.
	www.gravescompany.com /mark_5xl.htm (434 words)

	Dr. J's Illustrated Grave Circles at Mycenae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Grave Circle A was girded by a double wall, the middle of which seemed to have been filled with rubble.
		Grave Circle B lies 130 meters west of the Lion Gate but the walls were never extended to include it in the fortified area of the citadel.
		Dating before Grave Circle A, the graves in Circle B reflect a culture not quite as cosmopolitan and wealthy, but the grave goods found are remarkable nevertheless: swords, vases and in particular that gorgeous rock crystal vase cut in the shape of a duck (illustrations pending).
	people2.hsc.edu /drjclassics/sites/mycenae/gravecircles.shtm (572 words)

	The Shaft Graves
		A shaft grave is really nothing more than an enlarged cist grave entered through the roof from a shaft several feet deep which was itself dug from the contemporary ground surface.
		The individuals buried in the Shaft Graves at Mycenae were on the whole larger and more robust, whether male or female, than the contemporary or earlier MH occupants of graves of other kinds.
		In addition, the Shaft Grave princes were probably not well enough organized as a fighting force to have played much of a role in the war against the Hyksos in Egypt.
	projects.dartmouth.edu /history/bronze_age/lessons/les/16.html (0 words)

	[No title]
		Shaft graves were generally three to four meters deep with a layer of pebbles at the bottom.
		Graves were sometimes for a single person; in other cases a shaft grave would serve for a family.
		Tholos (beehive) tombs succeeded shaft graves at Mycenae.
	campus.lakeforest.edu /academics/greece/BrzMyc.html (6690 words)

	DEYLAMAÚN
		At Ghalekuti II stone chambers, pit burials, and shaft graves yielded an assemblage of material of the Early Iron Age and a second of the Parthian or Sassanian period, ca.
		At H®asan^ Maháalla, east of the village of Deylama@n, eight grave shafts yielded iron and bronze implements (Toshihiko and Fukai, 1968, p.
		At Nowru@z Maháalla the Japanese excavated nine pit graves and six shaft graves, and at K¨orramru@d seventeen horizontal underground tombs and one original type were discovered, all contemporary with those at Hasan^ Maháalla (Fukai and Ikeda, 1971, pp.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7/v7f4/v7f401.html (0 words)

	Untitled Document
		The term "shaft graves" has been reserved for tombs which have roofs supported on ledges or walls some distance down the grave cutting, leaving a wider space above the roof, the shaft proper, which was filled with earth after the burial.
		On the basis of pottery found in Graves I, II, III and VI, it would appear that Grave Circle A dates from the end of Middle Helladic period to the beginning of Late Helladic IIA, that is approximately from the middle of the 16th to the beginning of the 15th cent.
		It contained 14 royal shaft graves of the 17th and 16th centuries BC, some earlier and some contemporary to the first graves of Grave Circle A, similarly marked by upright stelae, five of which were found in their original position.
	www2.rgzm.de /Tomba1/Institutes/Athens.htm (1040 words)

	AEGEAN CIVILIZATION, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Pit graves and some graves of more elaborate construction were common on the mainland; stone-lined burial chambers (cists), in the Cyclades; and circular stone tombs, rectangular ossuaries (bone depositories), and caves, on Crete.
		The facade of the so-called Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae is adorned with contrasting red and green marbles in the form of columns and a frieze of spirals.
		The most impressive Mycenaean finds of metalwork were discovered in the shaft graves and tholos tombs of the mainland.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ae029200.a (0 words)

	[No title]
		During the years 1983-1986 members of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences opened 340 shaft graves (blue), four large graves with entry ramps (yellow), 21 side chamber graves (red) and 25 pits that contained interments of horses or horse and chariot (green).
		As illustrated in this photograph of the grave with a double ramp, the remains of a wooden chariot and bronze chariot fittings were found deposited in the grave chamber and upon the ramps.
		In view of the location of the cemetery, the forms and furnishings of the graves as well as the length of their use, the necropolis at Zhangjiapo represents the ideal archaeological context for detailed investigations on funerary customs and changes in rituals.
	www.dainst.org /index_3430_en.html (0 words)

	Shafts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		at the junction of Odoi Panepistimiou and Amerikis 200 graves of the "East Cemetery" were uncovered, which as we said in connection with the Akadimia Station, lies beneath Odos Panepistimiou and has to date yielded a huge number of graves from the occasional excavations.
		The 200 new graves in the shaft date to the end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th c.
		A fl mark against the excavation work for the Metro was the destruction of a 15 m stretch of the Valerian Wall in the National Garden due to ground subsidence caused by the passage of the tunneling machine at a depth of 19 m when there were no archaeologists present to intervene.
	www.culture.gr /2/21/211/21103a/e211ca10.html (0 words)

	Shaft tomb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A shaft tomb or shaft grave is a type of burial structure formed from a deep and narrow shaft sunk into natural rock.
		A related group of shaft and chamber tombs also incorporate a small room or rooms cut laterally at the base of the shaft for the placing of the dead.
		These shaft tombs were around 4m deep with the dead placed in cists at the bottom along with rich grave goods.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shaft_tomb (117 words)

	Shaft Graves Online Encyclopedia Article About Shaft Graves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Shaft Graves Online Encyclopedia Article About Shaft Graves
		They were claimed (erroneously) by Schliemann as the graves of Homer's Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.
		Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /Cambridge/entries/024/shaft-graves.html (121 words)

	British Archaeology 72, September 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Greenwell discovered the existence of deep shaft and gallery mining, he identified the red deer antler as the main mining tool, and from the discovery of a stone axe in one of the galleries deduced that they belonged to the Neolithic period.
		Again the shaft was 9m deep, and as in Pit 1, a number of hearths were found in the fill of the shaft.
		This shaft was relatively shallow - the 'floorstone' was encountered at a depth of 6m - and nine galleries radiated out from the base of the shaft.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba72/feat2.shtml (0 words)

	Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania National Military Park - Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania Confederate Cemeteries (U.S. ...
		They had organized one year earlier for the purpose of caring for the graves of the Confederate dead on the battlefields.
		The Ladies erected a monument of a Confederate soldier in 1884 amid the graves.
		In the center of the cemetery is a granite shaft crowned by a stone Confederate soldier who silently stands watch over the dead.
	www.nps.gov /frsp/rebcem.htm (0 words)

	Report - Week 32 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A third and smaller excavation shaft was opened in the eastern part of the area, 4 x 4 metres large.
		The graves are connected to other graves discovered earlier and they form all together what looks like a very huge gravefield.
		In the southern shaft there was a larger amount of postholes found as well as in the smaller shaft in the east of the examined area.
	www.frojel.com /Documents/Report6.html (2253 words)

	Poets
		Robert Graves was commissioned in the Royal Welch Fusiliers in August 1914.
		Graves met Siegfried Sassoon while both were serving as officers in the Royal Welch Fusiliers.
		Robert Graves said that Charles Sorley was one of the three (along with Wilfred Owen and Isaac Rosenberg) truly great poets of the war (in fact, Graves wrote a poem entitled "Sorley's Weather").
	www.lib.byu.edu /~english/WWI/poets/poets.html (3364 words)

	Predatory Lending to Military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sam Graves, Missouri Republican, introduced the Servicemembers Anti-Predatory Lending Protection Act (H.R. 97), a measure that would limit interest rates to 36 percent for consumer credit extended to a service member and their dependents.
		Shaft was hatched in April of 1982 at the home of the veterans' newspaper, Stars & Stripes, in Washington, D.C. This moniker combines the name of its creator, John Fales, Marine MOS in Vietnam and "Scout Sgt.," with the military expression when wronged, "Shafted."
		Shaft's wry sense of humor, empathy for the underdog, and strong love of country and fellow veterans closely mirror the nature of its creator.
	www.military.com /opinion/0,15202,78864,00.html (0 words)

	Higgaion » The Exodus Decoded: An extended review, part 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Yes, as Jacobovici points out, the charioteer on Grave V Stela 1 is armed with a sword, but it is not brandished in a position to be used, and is a stupid weapon to try to use from a moving chariot in any event, especially against someone in front of your horses.
		Cup from Grave VI The cup from Grave V has interlocking swirly patterns all over it that are almost identical, though more skillfully done (the Bronze Age Mycenaean artists were masters at metalworking, but less skilled with stone), to those on Grave V Stela 2.
		To see evidence of this, just scroll back up and study Grave V Stela 1 and the decorated box from within Grave V (where the lions are quite stretched out in order to fit on the panels, but the curve of the tail is still evident).
	www.heardworld.com /higgaion/?p=360 (5676 words)

	Hidden history of Korean War: Secrets of a Cave
		Many of the fallen are buried in hillside graves that are carefully tended to this day.
		The prisoners were taken by soldiers of the south Korean army to the top of the vertical shaft, eight of them tied together, and shot.
		In this country where graves are tended so carefully, it was especially shocking to think of all the years these remains had lain in their mass grave.
	www.iacenter.org /Koreafiles/ktc-griswold.htm (0 words)

	Mycenae - Billy Grams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		These shaft graves were typically between three and four meters deep, and contained “from two to five skeletons each” (Taylour 65).
		Grave Circle B was discovered in 1951, and its excavation completed in 1954.
		After the shaft graves, the Mycenaeans began building tholos tombs in the early fifteenth century B.C., demonstrating their engineering skill.
	alpha.furman.edu /~jpitts/15r-Mycenae.htm (2030 words)

	Archaeological Institute of America - By Curtis Runnels
		Schliemann began his excavations at Mycenae in 1876, and his discovery of the Shaft Graves in August of that year was perhaps one of his two greatest archaeological achievements.
		The bull's-head rhyton from Shaft Grave IV is stamped in blind on the spine except for its gilded horns.
		The many illustrations, especially the large folding plates showing views of the site and the Shaft Grave Circle (with Sophia, Heinrich, and visiting dignitaries amidst their workmen) contributed to the appeal of the book and the enjoyment of the reader.
	www.archaeological.org /webinfo.php?page=10130&entryid=13 (0 words)

	The Mask of Agamemnon, Mycenae - Timeline Index
		When Schliemann, excavated a Mycenaean grave shaft, he discovered this mask and thought he had "gazed upon the face of Agamemnon," the great king from The Iliad.
		But the shaft graves themselves date from the early Mycenaean period and were certainly not the graves of Mycenaean warriors who went to Troy.
		The graves actually date from the very beginnings of Mycenaean civilization in 1800-1700 BCE, when there is no evidence of contact with Troy.
	www.timelineindex.com /content/view/868 (190 words)

	c. Mainland Greece: The Early and Middle Helladic Periods. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		A rapid rise in wealth and sophistication is associated with a palace-based civilization, which developed under Minoan influence.
		Kings and other royal persons were buried in shaft graves within a sacred precinct.
		One such grave at Mycenae, called Circle B, contained gold and silver objects on a small scale.
	www.bartleby.com /67/170.html (0 words)

	CHAPTER TWO: The First Miners
		A typical vertical shaft was begun by digging a fairly large conical hole to begin with, anywhere between 5 and 12 m in diameter at ground level.
		This means that a typical Grime's Graves shaft and its associated galleries could have been dug by a team of twenty or so men during a summer, providing 40-50 tons of flints which were probably prepared during a non-mining season in the winter.
		A new shaft would be dug during the next mining season, with the miners spacing it just far enough from its predecessors to allow sensible exploitation by galleries from its base, but close enough to use it as a dump for the new tonnage of waste rockand so on.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH2.html (5394 words)

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