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Topic: Shaft mining

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	AllRefer.com - shaft sinking (Metallurgy And Mining: Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		Shafts sunk in loose water-bearing soils, where there is great external pressure on the shaft sides, are nearly always circular; rectangular shafts with wood lining are often used in mining work, as the shafts are frequently of a temporary nature.
		Shafts of a more permanent nature are generally circular in form and lined with cast iron or with concrete masonry 1 to 2 ft (30–61 cm) thick, built in sections as the work advances.
		Shaft sinking by the freezing process in very watery soil is accomplished by sinking pipes in the area to be excavated and circulating brine at low temperature in them until the earth is frozen and hard so that it can be excavated in the same manner as rock.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/shaftsin.html (501 words)

	Methods of Mining. University of Kentucky
		According to the Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, 131.8 million tons of coal was mined in Kentucky in 2000; 62 percent (81 million tons) was from underground mines and 38 percent (50 million tons) was from surface mines.
		Shaft mines are the deepest mines; a vertical shaft with an elevator is made from the surface down to the coal.
		Contour mines are surface mines that mine coal in steep, hilly, or mountainous terrain.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/coal/coal_mining.htm (716 words)

	[No title]
		For a circular concrete shaft, the minimum clearance between the sinking stage and the shaft walls is 10 inches.
		At the shaft collar, the clearance to a fixed obstruction may be reduced to 6 inches due to slowdown, or less with the use of fairleads or skid plates.
		In a deep shaft, 18-24 inches is required to clear a fixed obstruction and 30-36 inches is required between buckets, depending on the actual hoisting speed.
	www.infomine.com /SearchMiningRule.asp?FID=10 (958 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Turquoise was also mined in pre-Columbian America in the Cerillos Mining District in New Mexico where a mass of rock 200 feet in depth and 300 feet in width was removed with stone tools; the mine dump covers 20 acres.
		Mining can be very dangerous and although in the West disasters are now rare, pit collapses, explosions and flooding are sadly still common in parts of the world.
		Mining communities are often close knit and very religious with a strong sense of community spirit.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mining (805 words)

	The Mining Museum at Brezova Hora
		Mining Transport in the Pribram Region", "Drilling Equipment of the Pribram Mines" and "The Panorama of the Brezove Hory Mining District".
		Mining equipment, which was used in Rudne a Uranove doly Pribram (Metal and Uranium Mines of Pribram) in the second half of the 20th century, is installed on more than 180 m of mining railway track.
		From the yard of the Anna shaft it is possible to go underground by little mining train to the 260 m long Prokop Gallery from 1832, which leads to the mouth of the Prokop pit, which is the deepest shaft of the Bøezové Hory mining district (with the depth of 1 600 m).
	www.travel-profi.cz /museum/mpribeng.html (1116 words)

	Shaft mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shaft mining is a type of underground mining done by use of a mine shaft.
		A mine shaft is a vertical passageway used for access to an underground mine.
		On the surface above the shaft stands a building known as the pit head, which historically contained a winding engine and in modern times contains an electric hoist controller.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shaft_mining (167 words)

	Mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel, phosphate, rock salt, tin, and uranium.
		Black gun powder in mining was first used in a mineshaft under Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia in 1627.
		Modern mining companies in many countries are required to follow strict environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the area mined is returned to its original state, or an even better environmental state than before mining took place.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mining (876 words)

	[No title]
		At the mining horizon, the nominal interval for shaft stations is between 150 and 200 feet; however, with full ramp access to the ore body this interval can be higher, as much as 400 feet.
		Above the mining horizons, shaft stations are not required for access, but stub stations should be cut at intervals of ±1,000 feet, because this is a good distance for safely supporting steel wire armored or riser teck power cables.
		For a timber shaft, the minimum dimension of the space between the shaft timber and the wall rock should be 6 inches.
	www.infomine.com /SearchMiningRule.asp?FID=9 (1698 words)

	Former Mining Communities of the Cherokee-Crawford Coal Field of Southeastern Kansas, by William Powell, Summer 1972
		Underground mining was instrumental in the historical development of the Cherokee-Crawford coal field by having a stimulating impact upon employment, demographic movements, the network of transportation, commerce, and forms of settlement within the coal field (Figure 1).
		Shaft mining, the overwhelmingly dominant method of underground mining in the coal field, permitted the commercial exploitation of the deeper-lying Weir-Pittsburg (Cherokee) seam by sinking vertical shafts downward to the seam and then extending tunnels into the coal seam.
		Many of the large shaft mines (Figures 2 and 3) had a degree of semipermanence about them and frequently stimulated the rise and growth of nearby agglomerated assemblages of houses, shacks, and other structures which served the needs of the operators and employees of the mines.
	www.kancoll.org /khq/1972/72_2_powell.htm (4357 words)

	SHAFTESBURY - Online Information article about SHAFTESBURY
		In shafts of small area, or deep shafts which are timbered during sinking, the hoisting buckets must be guided to prevent them from striking against the sides.
		When the rock is firm, a considerable depth of shaft may be sunk and then timbered; generally, however, it is safer to put in a few sets at a time as sinking advances, the lowermost set being always far enough from the bottom to prevent it from being injured by the blasting.
		The thickness of the walling depends on the depth of shaft and pressure anticipated; it is usually from 13 in.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SCY_SHA/SHAFTESBURY.html (5172 words)

	Coal
		Shaft mines are usually the deepest type of coal mine.
		Slope mines incline from the surface to a coal seam.
		Drift mines have entrances to coal seams from the hillside horizontally (UMWA).
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/k/l/klh362/coal.html (380 words)

	Mining
		Open pit mining, or quarrying, is used when the material to be mined is in a large, irregular mass extending deep into the ground.
		This mineral is mined in Laurens and Spartanburg counties.
		It is mined in the Midlands and the Upstate.
	www2.richland2.org /rce/mining.htm (1221 words)

	Mining and Processing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is estimated that between 500 and 1,000 tonnes of rock and shaft liner dislodged itself and fell 320 metres to the bottom of the shaft.
		Preliminary indications are that the shaft liner appears relatively intact, with the exception of the point at which the rock fall originated.
		Currently the mine is refrigerated by 35MW of cooling on surface located at South Shaft, 11 MW of cooling on surface at the South Deep Shaft Complex and 10MW of cooling underground on 80 level.
	www.placerdome.com /operations/southafrica/southdeep/mining.htm (1102 words)

	Creamer Media's Mining Weekly Online, South African Mining News :: News Today
		This shaft will be the latest, though not the last, in a series of shafts that have been sunk at the mine since 1973.
		The mine had one opencast plant which could process 25 000 t/m of ore. However, last year in April, a further 30 000 t/m plant was put up in the record time of five-and-a-half months.
		As mining moves further from the shaft, so the rate of mining is slowed down and the capacity in the shaft is progressively under-utilised.
	www.miningweekly.co.za /min/news/today?show=49747 (2248 words)

	Untitled Document
		Mining and refining technology for the Conquistadors (link to conquistador's page) were not very developed compared to today's standards.
		Once the silver-bearing ore was spotted on the surface, a mine shaft would be dug parallel to the silver vein.
		The mercury and the horrid mining conditions shorten the life expectancy of all of the slaves.
	www.lakesideschool.org /studentweb/worldhistory/globalcontactsb/sgmining.htm (666 words)

	How Opal is Mined - Opal Mining - Opals Down Under (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The simplest form of mining, carried out in the early days of opal mining, is by shaft sinking with a pick and shovel.
		Most mining was a two-man operation, one man in the hole and another up top to wind the windlass and haul out the dirt.
		Shafts are sunk until a prospective layer is intersected.
	www.opalsdownunder.com.au /articles/mined.htm (734 words)

	Read about Mining at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Mining and learn about Mining here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		paleolithic humans mined for the iron-containing mineral hematite, which they presumably ground to produce the red
		pre-Columbian America in the Cerillos Mining District in New Mexico, where a mass of rock 200 feet (60 m) in depth and 300 feet (90 m) in width was removed with stone tools; the mine dump covers 20 acres (81,000 m²).
		Climax, Colorado, even though the molybdenum mine has been closed for decades.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Mining (425 words)

	Mining Magazine: Shaft sinking in the former Soviet Union. (mine construction)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mining Magazine: Shaft sinking in the former Soviet Union.
		A characteristic feature of mine construction in the former Soviet Union was the large amount of shaft sinking.
		Towards the end of the 1980s, from 140 to 160 vertical shafts were being sunk at any one time and the total rate of shaft sinking was between 20 to 25...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:14042558&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (214 words)

	Mining Complex of Camariza in Lavrion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		istorical mining shaft (I.B.Serpieri) with auxiliary buildings for the transportation of the minerals on the surface from underground tunnels some 165 meters deep and several dozens of kilometers long.
		he mining complex of Camariza in Nauplion, located on the same grounds of the respective complex of the classical period (5th century BC), was constructed by the French company that was exploiting the Lavrion mines (with I.B.Serpieris as its director) during the 19th century.
		It consists of a shaft with a pulley-station and two elevators, an engine-shed, a machine-shop, a bridge for the transportation of the minerals to the melting-pots and the wagons of the train to Lavrion, offices, store-houses and a water reservoir.
	www.culture.gr /2/21/213/21301n/e213an0n.html (220 words)

	Mining Magazine: Shaft sinking at McArthur River, Saskatchewan.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One is MIM's massive zinc/lead mine in the Northern Territory of Australia, the other, shown here, is Cameco's uranium project in northern Saskatchewan, Canada.
		Discovered in 1988, this deposit is located 70 km north of Key Lake, currently the largest high-grade producing uranium mine, an open pit, in the world.
		Assuming the underground McArthur River mine proceeds, its ore would be treated at Key Lake.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:15162546&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (210 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 391 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Open mining is up to 20 percent cheaper than shaft mining but it causes high degree of air and environmental pollution, and destroys arable land.
		It is estimated that the mine has two billion tonnes of coal, which in terms of its thermal value is equivalent to 6 trillion cubic feet of gas.
		Barapukuria mine was discovered in the late eighties by the Geological Survey of Britain (GSB) that later deployed British consultant IMCL to suggest the best way to produce coal from the reserve, mainly located at a depth of nearly 150 to 250 metres.
	www.thedailystar.net /2005/07/03/d5070301086.htm (970 words)

	Phulbari Coal Mine AEC plan requires shifting of 50,000
		The mine developers move ahead from one point to another, filling up the previously excavated land and giving it five to seven years to stabilise and then return that to people for farming," he said.
		Mooney noted that of the 6,500 hectares of Phulbari mining area, AEC will use a maximum of 2,000 hectares as open pit at any given time and move on to developing the next phase once that part is exhausted.
		Mahmud also supports open pit mining over shaft mining, and has advocated a proposal from Tata to allow it open pit method at Barapukuria mine which is already being developed by a Chinese company.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Action/press673.htm (1913 words)

	Mining Technology - Shaft Hoisting System for the Mine Cabanasas
		Reconstruction of Shaft No. 3 is starting in March 2002; parallel to these works, Shaft No. 2 will be repaired at the weekends.
		The existing shaft, with a clear diameter of 4,5 m and a rather problematic ground, only allows to install a single-compartment skip hoisting installation with rope guidance.
		The skip, sized for a payload of 30 t and moved at a speed of 16,5 m/s, is designed to hoist the required throughput of 570 t/h from a depth of -680 m.
	www.mining-technology.com /contractors/winding/siemag/press1.html (509 words)

	www.mineweb.net \| sections \| gold & silver South Deep facing water threat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Another senior mining executive familiar with both mines, said although Placer was likely to have been scrupulous in assessing the integrity of the water-plugs, the risk of having the contiguous shaft filled with water was unnecessary.
		Kebble says the shaft infrastructure at the Harmony property could be used to access the ore body immediately surrounding the shaft, as well as the reserve around the South Shaft area at South Deep.
		He says the mine has a multi-reef ore body which has had "most of the strawberry jam taken out", but remains confident Western areas could make it viable given that it owns the contiguous property and has a number of interested partners.
	www.mineweb.net /sections/gold_silver/74263.htm (965 words)

	Resource Investor - Gold & Silver - Placer Dome Deals Away Eureka Gold Mine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Shaft Sinkers MD Peet Nel said yesterday the consortium would develop underground operations, which would include sinking a vertical shaft and introducing milling to the metallurgical plant process.
		In terms of the sale agreement, Mmakau Mining will hold 75% of the shares in Eureka at a cost of $4.5 million, of which $150,000 is payable in cash when the sale agreement becomes effective, with the balance to be paid when certain conditions were met.
		Mmakau Mining executive chairwoman Bridgette Radebe said she was confident the consortium had the necessary expertise, support and infrastructure to operate the mine successfully.
	www.resourceinvestor.com /pebble.asp?relid=11440 (619 words)

	Historic Maps in K-12 Classrooms - Map 8 - 6-8 Lesson Plan
		A caption should summarize the differences between surface and shaft mining, indicating where they can be seen on the model, and include a brief description of the Caledonia mining claim.
		The model is to scale, identifying all of the features of the Caledonia Mine and showing where shaft mining and surface mining occurred.
		The caption is well written, summarizes the differences between surface and shaft mining, and describing the Caledonia mining claim incorporating information from the engineering reports and the map.
	www.newberry.org /k12maps/module_08/6-8.html (857 words)

	How Gold Is Made - 4B: Shaft Mining
		In this case a tunnel called an adit, or a shaft, is dug into the earth.
		Short tunnels leading from the adit or shaft, called stopes, are dug to access the ore. The surface containing the ore, called a face, is drilled and loaded with explosives.
		Once mining is completed in a particular stope, it is backfilled with a cement compound.
	www.birkey.com /gold/04b.htm (92 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A U.S. Bureau of Mines case study of pillar recovery in high-grade ore near the Ross shaft at the Homestake Mine, Lead, SD, has demonstrated the usefulness of the finite-element method for evaluating shaft pillar mining plans and shaft stability.
		However, after mining began, concern developed because of cracks and other signs of ground motion that appeared at considerable distances from the area of active pillar mining.
		Three-dimensional analyses of alternate pillar mining scenarios indicated that more of the shaft pillar ore reserve could be recovered than previously thought on the basis of two-dimensional analyses.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=220350&query_id=0 (283 words)

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