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Topic: Shah Rukh of Persia

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	Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty) - Definition, explanation
		Shah Rukh Mirza (also known as Shahrukh or Shah Rokh) (August 30 1377 - March 12 1447), was the ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by Timur (Tamerlane), governing most of Persia and Transoxiana between 1405 and 1447.
		The devastation of Persia's main cities led to the cultural centre of the empire shifting to Samarkand in modern Uzbekistan and Herat in Afghanistan.
		Shah Rukh died during a journey in Persia and was succeeded by his son, Ulugh Beg, who had been viceroy of Transoxiana during his father's lifetime.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/s/sh/shah_rukh__timurid_dynasty_.php (329 words)

	Nader Shah - MASHHAD: IRAN's Holiest City - Capital of Nader Shah, Founder of Afshar Dynasty
		Shah Tahmasp II's victories were achieved by his general Nadir Qouli (1736-1747), and when he attempted to lead an army himself against the Turks he lost large tracts of land to them within a month.
		Nadir Shah is thought to be responsible for commissioning the large paintings which hang on the Western wall of the palace of Chehel Sotoon in the city of Isfahan.
		Shah Rukh was put on the throne, deposed, blinded, reinstated deposed and reinstated again.
	www.farsinet.com /mashhad/nader_shah.html (829 words)

	Shah Encyclopedia Article @ Reigned.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Thus Shah (or Shaha) is a title borne by the Hindu Maharajadhiraja (King of Kings) of Nepal and his male-line descendants, which was originally conferred as a title by the Muslim Sultan of Delhi on Kulananda Khan, after he made himself ruler of Kaski.
		In western languages, the term Shah is often used as an imprecise rendering of Shāhanshāh (meaning King of Kings), usually shortened to Shāh is the term for an Iranian monarch and was used by most of the former rulers of the Iranian empires many nationalities of Iranian origin or under cultural influence.
		Shah is the surname of a Gujarati sect in India.
	www.reigned.net /encyclopedia/Shah (1502 words)

	Kingdoms of Persia - Persia
		Persia is conquered by Greek Empire and is ruled from Antioch, in Syria.
		Persia is liberated from Seleucid Greek rule by tribesmen who have drifted down to Parthia and Bactria.
		The Safavids established Shi'ite Islam as a state religion of Persia, which became a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsMiddEast/EasternPersia.htm (966 words)

	Persia - IBWiki
		Persia slowly became a feudal theocracy: there was no separation of religion and state; the Shāhānshāh was held to be divinely ordained head of both, while the Mobadān Mobad weilded the real power.
		Under the rule of Fath Ali Shah, Persia was forced to cede its northern part of Azerbaijan and lesser Caucasia to Russia, while the British later took effective control of the south with its rich oil deposits.
		Persia's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and private trading and service ventures, combining to make the nation an economic powerhouse rivalling its western counterparts.
	ib.frath.net /w/Persia (3988 words)

	Koh-i-Nur: A Diamond's Incredible Journey by Neria Harish Hebbar, MD
		Later the diamond was in the possession of Shah Rukh, one of the grandsons of Nadir Shah.
		Shah Shuja was evicted and sought shelter in Lahore and was held under the protection of Raja Ranjit Singh, the lion of Punjab.
		Nadir Shah of Persia invaded Delhi and stole the Koh-i-Nur (and the Peacock Throne), and transported it to Tehran c.1739.
	www.boloji.com /history/031a.htm (2675 words)

	Iranian monarchy
		The hereditary ruler of the Iranian monarchy was the Shah, who according to royal order of precedence, was equal in status to an Emperor.
		The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
		The monarchy was abolished in 1979 when a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic in its place.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ir/Iranian_monarchy.html (145 words)

	Persia
		The name "Persia" seized to be used in 1935, and replaced with "Iran".
		The name came from an area in southern Iran called Persia, but came to be used for the larger area with the expansion performed by the Greeks in the last centuries BCE.
		The name Persia was used up until 1935, when there came a demand to change from Persia considered to be non-Western into the name used by people of the region: Iran.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/persia.htm (245 words)

	Karakoyunlu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shah Rukh, Timur's most competent heir, tried on various occasions to defeat the Karakoyunlu, but in 1435 he was forced to recognize their leader, Jahan Shah, as lord of Tabriz (Azerbaijan), though not of Baghdad, which had fallen under Egyptian political influence.
		Shah Rukh died in 1447 and Jahan Shah proceeded to conquer Iraq Ajami (Hamadan and Esfahan) in 1452 and Shiraz in 1458.
		In 1467, Jahan Shah was decisively defeated by Uzun Hasan, leader of the Akkoyunlu, or the White Sheep Turks, based in Diyarbakir, former allies of Timur.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/k/Karakoyunlu.htm (337 words)

	Shah Of Persia : Sirchin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Shah was the hereditary ruler, though the title, when used by Westerners today, generally refers to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shahanshah.
		Shah of Persia, who with the West's full backing (US and UK engineered the coup that returned the monarch to power in 1953 in rteurn for oil favours) had ruled Iran with increasing...
		Shah of Persia believed to be pro-German would not allow this, and was subsequently invaded and occupied by Soviet and Allied troops.
	sirchin.com /?topic:shah-of-persia (384 words)

	yourDictionary.com • Wordman: A Brief History of Chess
		Shah mat "checkmate" means 'the king (shah) is dead,' where "mat" is related to the Latin stem mort- "death" found in "mortuary."
		In Arabian Nights the rukh was an enormous bird of gigantic girth which was inordinately wide of wing; a vast magnification of the eagle or condor.
		The thread of interest that lies about and through all variations of the rukh myth is that it was, whatever else, a deadly enemy of the elephant.
	www.yourdictionary.com /library/wordman007.html (1446 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ahmed Shah Abdali
		Ahmed Shah had little trouble in taking charge of much of present-day Afghanistan in the power vacuum that resulted from Nadir's death, and Ahmad Shah personally came into possession of the celebrated Kohinoor diamond, which was given to him by Nadir's grandson, Shah Rukh.
		After Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted, the Marathas filled the power void; in 1758, within a year of Ahmed Shah's return to Kandahar, the Marathas secured possession of the Punjab, and succeeded in ousting his son Timur Shah and his court from India.
		Ahmad Shah's successors, beginning with his son Timur, proved largely incapable of governing the Durrani empire and faced with advancing enemies on all sides it was at an end within 50 years of Ahmad Shah's death.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Abdali (2507 words)

	Ahmed Shah Abdali information - Search.com
		Ahmed Shah was born into the Sadozai clan, the second son of Mohammed Zaman Khan, chief of the Abdali tribe.
		Be that what it may, the Abdalis under Ahmed shah had little trouble in taking charge of much of present-day Afghanistan in the power vacuum that resulted from Nadir's death, and Ahmed Shah personally came into possession of the celebrated Kohinoor diamond, which was given to him by Nadir's grandson, Shah Rukh.
		Ahmad Shah's successors, beginning with his son Timur, proved so inept that the the Durrani empire was at an end within 50 years of Ahmed Shah's death, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war.
	www.search.com /reference/Ahmad_Shah_Abdali (1600 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		In the Ottoman Turks empire, Muhammad I, the son of Bayazid ascended the throne.
		Jahan Shah was defeated and the Black Sheep territories annexed by the White Sheep.
		Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Uzun Hasan defeated the Timurids at the battle of Qarabagh whereby the White Sheep became the masters of Persia and Khurasan.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/history/chronology/century15.html (1144 words)

	Morgan. Shah Isma'il I
		If the shah's loss of personal status was as serious as is sometimes maintained, one might have expected the Safawid state to have collapsed in the aftermath of the Ottoman victory, but in fact nothing of the sort occurred.
		After the conquest of Persia many of the Qizilbash groups were granted grazing lands, especially in the north-west of the country, which not only contained the grasslands traditionally most favoured by nomads but was also the area nearest to the point of greatest danger to the state, the Ottoman frontier.
		The position of the Safawid shah, a ruler who claimed descent from the imams and regarded himself- and was officially regarded - as their representative on earth, was not one that could easily be reconciled with Twelver Shi'i theology and law.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/morgan.html (4601 words)

	The Kohinoor Diamond
		In 1939, Nadir Shah of Persia invaded India and all of the treasures of the Moguls fell into his hands except the great diamond.
		Nadir Shah was told by one of the emperor's harem women that the stone was hidden in the emperor's turban.
		In an effort to discover the whereabouts of the diamond Shah Rukh´s eyes were put out, and boiling pitch was poured on his head, but he refused steadfastly to reveal its hiding place.
	www.diamondtutorials.com /articles/diamonds.tutorials/71/The_Kohinoor_Diamond.html (534 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Baba Durrani
		One of Ahmad Shah's first acts as chief was to adopt the title "Durr-i-Durrani" ("pearl of pearls" or "pearl of the age"), which may have come from a dream or from the pearl earrings worn by the royal guard of Nadir Shah.
		Ahmad Shah also faced other rebellions in the north, and eventually he and the amir of Bukhara agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands.
		In October 1747 elected King (Shah) of Afghanistan by an assembly of Pashtun chiefs the new leader of the Afghans changed his title from khan (chief) to shah (king in Persian) and assumed the name Durrani (Pearl of Pearls).
	www.afghanland.com /history/ahmadshah.html (1219 words)

	Akkoyunlu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shah Rukh, Timur's most talented son, tried to contain the Karakoyunlu but in 1435 he recognized their supremacy in northwestern Persia.
		After Shah Rukh's death, the Karakoyunlu, under Jahan Shah, conquered all of western Persia and came into conflict with the also expansive Akkoyunlu led by Uzun Hasan.
		Jahan Shah went on the warpath but was surprised, defeated, and killed by Uzun Hasan (1467).
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/a/Akkoyunlu.htm (366 words)

	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)"
		The devastation of Persia's main cities led to the cultural centre of the empire shifting to Samarqand in modern Uzbekistan and Herat in Afghanistan.
		The mixed ethnic origins of the ruling dynasty led to a distinctive character in its cultural outlook, which was a combination of Persian civilization and art, with borrowings from China, with literature written in Persian as well as Turkic and Arabic.
		Shāhrukh died during a journey in Persia and was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Taragae Uluğ Bēg, who had been viceroy of Transoxiana during his father's lifetime.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=shah_%52ukh_(%54imurid_dynasty) (283 words)

	Persia
		The name "Persia" seized to be used in 1935, and replaced with "Iran".
		The name came from an area in southern Iran called Persia, but came to be used for the larger area with the expansion performed by the Greeks in the last centuries BCE.
		The name Persia was used up until 1935, when there came a demand to change from Persia considered to be non-Western into the name used by people of the region: Iran.
	i-cias.com /e.o/persia.htm (245 words)

	Agha Mohammad Khan Summary
		He became shah of Persia in 1794 and established the Qajar dynasty.
		That same year, the death of the shah Karim Khan plunged the country into a series of civil wars and disputes over the succession, with many members of the Zand dynasty acceding to the Peacock Throne in the space of only ten years.
		Shah Rukh, ruler of Khorasan and grandson of Nadir Shah, was tortured to death because Agha Muhammad thought that he knew of Nadir's legendary treasures.
	www.bookrags.com /Agha_Mohammad_Khan (1132 words)

	Untitled Document
		Nadir Shah’s portrait from the collection of Smithsonian InstituteNadir Shah (Nadir Qoli Beg, also Tahmasp-Qoli Khan) (October 22, 1688 - June, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the short-lived Afsharid dynasty.
		During Nadir Shah's brief reign a 40,000-man army was created, and the boundaries of his empire extended to the greatest extent in Iran's history since the days of the Sassanids.
		During the struggle between Adil Shah, his brother Ibrahim Khan and Nadir's grandson Shah Rukh almost all provincial governors declared independence, established their own states, and the entire Empire of Nadir Shah fell into anarchy.
	www.rozanehmagazine.com /MayJune2006/anadershah.html (976 words)

	Shah Rukh of Persia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shahrokh was a contemporary of Mirza Mohammad, who claimed to be Soleyman III of Safavid, son of shah Soleyman I Safavi's daughter and a clergy man. Encouraged by the nobels, he came to believe he was the true heir to the throne.
		In 1750 Soleyman III was captured and blinded by the followers of Shahrokh, subsequent to which Shahrokh was reinstated as Shah.
		In 1760 when Karim Khan took control of Persia, he did not try to depose Shahrokh out of respect for Nader, however, the realm of Shahrokh was reduced to the province of Khorasan.
	www.zdnet.co.za /s/h/a/Shah_Rukh_of_Persia_aaa4.html (336 words)

	Chronological list of rulers of Iran - WikIran
		In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.
		Shah Rukh, 1748–1797, he lost power in 1750 but nominally remained Shah.
		In 1979 the Iranian Revolution led to the dissolution of the Iranian monarchy and the subsequent establishment of the Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
	www.wikiran.org /w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Persia (1237 words)

	Ahmad Shah Baba
		Ahmad Shah encouraged the residents of Peshawar to join the consolidation of the Afghan Empire and assist their brothers in conquering India where Muslim brothers were being suppressed by the Maghul rulers.
		Ahmad Shah appointed Darwish Ali Khan Hazara as the governor of Herat.
		Ahmad Shah authorized Nasir Khan to keep the local ruling and was asked in return to support the Afghans in their wars, and also to not take sides with the Afghan enemies.
	www.beepworld.de /members4/wolas/ahmadshahbaba.htm (6594 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - The Last Mongol
		Shah Rukh tried unsuccessfully to drive the enemy from Hamadan, and was he was forced to return to Tabaristan.
		Shah Rukh saw the futility of attempting a two front war against determined foes, and quickly made a white peace with Kara Koyunlu.
		With a stroke of luck, Shah Rukh was able to arrange a separate white peace with the Golden Horde, whose troops made up the bulk of the attacking armies on January 19, 1430.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=202692 (2642 words)

	Timeline Persia
		He failed in an attempted attack on Persia and was deserted by the Egyptians and Greek mercenaries.
		The Sassanid kings of Persia (who had superseded the Parthians in the Empire of Iran) secured the lion's share of the spoils, while the Romans only received a strip of country on the western border which gave them Erzeroum and Diyarbekir for their frontier fortresses.
		1828 Russia conquered the Armenian provinces of Persia, and this brought within her frontier the Monastery of Etchmiadzin, in the Khanate of Erivan, which was the seat of the Katholikos of All the Armenians.
	timelines.ws /countries/PERSIA.HTML (4607 words)

	Question: When has Iran started a wa... - ! * POLITICS * ! - tribe.net
		Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and died in South Africa in exile in 1944.
		The Shah's determination to modernize Iran virtually overnight and at any cost led to cultural shock, alienation of the masses, inflation, corruption, economic bottlenecks, massive urbanization, rising expectations and increasing authoritarianism in dealing with these social, economic and political problems.
		Expulsion of the Afghans and reunification of Persia by Nadir Shah
	uspolitics.tribe.net /thread/48d6782f-f981-4cba-84fd-db1c6dab00fb (2431 words)

	Arash.com
		Shah Tahmasb II's victories were achieved by his general Nadir Khouli (1736-1747), and when he attempted to lead an army himself against the Turks he lost large tracts of land to them within a month.
		Nadir Shah is thought to be responsible for commissioning the large paintings which hang on the Western wall of the palace of Chehel Sotoon.
		These are thought to have been by a Russian artist and a detail of one of them, showing Shah Ismail, wearing a turban ornamented with the tassels of the Qizilbash tribesmen, defeating the leader of the Uzbeks.
	www.arash.com /iran/history/sub.asp?id=22 (588 words)

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