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	The School of Shammai
		Shammai states that were the time favorable he would declare that the field not be sown, and in fact the court that came after him established the law according to this view of Shammai.
		The fact that Shammai himself, despite his position at the head of the court, was unable to make such a ruling, reveals the fact that for some reason he lacked the power necessary to properly execute his duties.
		Despite this fact, the mishna relates that when Shammai's daughter gave birth on the holiday, he opened up the roof of the house and replaced it with the thatch-like roof necessary to fulfill the requirements of a succah, thus ensuring that the newborn would be able to fulfill this commandment.
	chaburas.org /shammai.html (3379 words)

	Shammai
		Shammai was a Jewish scribe and the founder of the school of Shammai.
		The school of Shammai and the school of Hillel competed for the allegiance of the souls of Israel and a distinct line of division is obvious.
		Shammai was strict, conservative and legalistic, holding to the letter of the law and not allowing God's spirit the freedom to move in individual circumstances.
	latter-rain.com /ltrain/shamn.htm (485 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - SHAMMAI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After Menahem the Essene had resigned the office of vice-president ("ab bet din") of the Sanhedrin, Shammai was elected to it, Hillel being at the time president ("nasi"; Ḥag.
		Shammai was undoubtedly a Palestinian, and hence took an active part in all the political and religious complications of his native land.
		Once, when a heathen came to him and asked to be converted to Judaism upon conditions which Shammai held to be impossible, he drove the applicant away; whereas Hillel, by his gentle manner, succeeded in converting him (Shab.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=549&letter=S (436 words)

	Jewish History - Shamai and Hillel
		Shammai, who had come to maturity in the shadow of Herodian oppression, believed that a tough posture was necessary in dealing with the adversaries of Jewish tradition.
		The answer is that Shammai considered the man's request, to teach him the entire Torah on one foot, to be an affront to the honor of the Torah.
		Shammai held that a person in a hurry is not a serious candidate for conversion, and one should not waste time on him.
	www.jewishmag.com /40mag/shamai/shamai.htm (1151 words)

	Shammai - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Shammai, c.50 BC-c.AD 30, Jewish sage known for his opposition to the liberal teachings of Hillel.
		The conflict between the schools of Shammai and Hillel continued long after their leaders' deaths, with the school of Hillel gaining ascendancy after AD 70.
		However, a number of Shammai's decisions were adopted by all as authoritative.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-shammai.html (212 words)

	Hillel and Shammai
		Shammai was concerned that if Jews had too much contact with the Romans, the Jewish community would be weakened, and this attitude was reflected in his strict interpretation of Jewish law.
		Sixteenth-century kabbalist Rabbi Isaac Luria (the “Ari”) said that not only are both the words of the House of Shammai and the House of Hillel enduring on the conceptual level, but each has its time and place on the pragmatic level as well.
		For example with regard to the remarriage of an aguna, whose husband is not known with certainty to be alive or dead, the view of Hillel (and most of his colleagues) was that she can remarry even on the basis of indirect evidence of the husband's death.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/hillel.html (518 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Shammai
		The strictness of the master characterizes the school of Shammai as opposed to that of Hillel.
		In these and many other discussions we find much straining out of gnats and swallowing of camels (Matthew 23:24), much pain taken to push the Mosaic law to an unbearable extreme, and no heed given to the practical reform which was really needed in Jewish morals.
		It was the method of the school of Shammai rather than that of Hillel which Christ condemned.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13751a.htm (478 words)

	Tractate Beitzah (Yom Tov) Chapter 1: Regulations concerning eatables and beverages: Preparations from the first day of ...
		The school of Shammai say that leaven the size of an olive and leavened bread the size of a date (are to be removed before Passover), but the school of Hillel say that both must be removed when of the size of an olive only.
		Should we suppose that the school of Shammai do not hold the theory of Muktzah, even then the eating of it could not be permitted, as it is a new-born thing, and even one who denies the theory of Muktzah should hold to the theory of Nolad (new-born thing).
		Beth Shammai teach: It is unlawful to lay down a skin to be trodden on (as a preparation for its being tanned) or to raise it from the ground unless the (minimum) quantity of meat of the size of an olive be thereon; Beth Hillel, however, allow it.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Talmud/beitza1.html (9539 words)

	Maharal - Chapter 1: Mishna 15: Part 1 - Torah.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These lessons are in line with the approach taken by Shammai in serving G-d: structured and meticulous (as we are taught in Shabbat 31a, in contrast to Hillel).
		Shammai might agree that the recipient of the (inappropriate) behavior is not supposed to be so critical and demanding.
		Had Shammai agreed with Hillel ideologically, he could and would have modified his behavior in line with the correct way one is supposed to serve G-d.
	www.torah.org /learning/maharal/p1m15part1.html (1265 words)

	House of Shammai - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The House of Shammai (or Beit Shammai, beit is Hebrew for house) was the school of thought of Judaism founded by Shammai, a Jewish scholar of the 1st century.
		The House of Shammai was the most eminent contemporary and the halachic opponent of the House of Hillel, and is almost invariably mentioned along with him.
		The House of Shammai said that it should be on the 1st on Shevat because that is 5 months after Rosh Hashanah of Shammai.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/House_of_Shammai (408 words)

	Yeshivat Har Etzion - Rav Moshe Taragin
		Beit Shammai (one might say characteristically) adopts the "hardline" position that the truth must be pursued at all costs, even if that compromises the feelings of the kalla.
		Beit Shammai maintains that only issurei de-rabanan, prohibitions of rabbinic origin, may be overridden for the purposes of darkhei shalom.
		If this is the case, Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel argue about the scope of the issur of "mi-devar sheker." A second possibility is that Beit Shammai affirms the rule that only harmful lies are categorized as issurei de-oraita but disputes the idea that lying to a kalla is considered harmless.
	www.haretzion.org /mtaragin.htm (1802 words)

	Judaism 101: Sages and Scholars
		These two great scholars born a generation or two before the beginning of the Common Era are usually discussed together and contrasted with each other, because they were contemporaries and the leaders of two opposing schools of thought (known as "houses").
		Rabbi Shammai was an engineer, known for the strictness of his views.
		The Talmud tells that a gentile came to Shammai saying that he would convert to Judaism if Shammai could teach him the whole Torah in the time that he could stand on one foot.
	www.jewfaq.org /sages.htm (1177 words)

	InnerNet Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Rabbi Shammai Parnes* is one of the principal Rabbis of the Israeli army.
		Reb Shammai, could we say some Tehillim." He would help as many as he could and at times he was detained from his work for more than an hour.
		It was late morning, and as he drove towards a newly constructed army base in the wide open desert, the thought occurred to him that because he had already used his lulav and esrog for the last time this Yom Tov, he could leave them in the army base.
	www.heritage.org.il /innernet/archives/lulava.htm (628 words)

	What you never knew about the Pharisees
		The School of Shammai, meanwhile, took a major hit when the revolt of AD 66-70 failed, and when a “heavenly voice” in AD 70 was supposedly heard in Yavneh instructing the Jews to follow the rulings of Hillel over Shammai.
		In Judaism, Hillel and Shammai are viewed somewhat akin to the way Christianity views Peter and Paul, and some Jewish visitors have questioned my rationale for portraying Shammai and his followers in the negative light that I do, and my assertion that they opposed Gentile proselytes.
		The school of Shammai were not only severe in their explanations of the laws, but entertained very stern and rigid opinions on nearly all subjects.
	www.centralcal.com /crist2.htm (4208 words)

	Pirkei Avos - Torah.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		What is more striking, however, is that Shammai the personality is always portrayed in the Talmud as far from easygoing, as one who appeared to have little patience for others.
		Recently (www.torah.org/learning/pirkei-avos/chapter1-12.html) we quoted the passage in the Talmud (Shabbos 31a) in which would-be converts approached both Shammai and Hillel, Shammai's colleague, asking to be converted to Judaism only if certain outlandish conditions be met.
		Shammai's answer was as blunt as the fellow deserved: If you're looking for serious effort and meaningful growth, you've come to the right place.
	www.torah.org /learning/pirkei-avos/chapter1-15c.html (1054 words)

	Divrei Mordechai - Pirke Avot Chapter 1 5761 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		His first explanation understands Shammai to be saying that one should make the study of Torah one's primary interest in life.
		Beit Shammai holds that on a festival, one may not bake big loaves of bread because unnecessary toil is involved in baking such loaves.
		Thus we see that while Shammai insists on the same standard for everyone, the household of Rabban Gamliel allows one to be strict with himself and lenient with others.
	www.utj.org /Torah/mfriedfertig/PirkeiAvot5761c1.html (400 words)

	Judaism 101 - Shammai - A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts - OU.ORG
		His disputes with Hillel, and the later disputes between the Academy of Shammai and the Academy of Hillel are cited in Pirkei Avot as being arguments for "the sake of Heaven; (Avot 5:20)" that is, arguments whose sole purpose was determining the truth.
		The decision was made by the Sages of the Talmud to decide the "Halachah," Jewish Law, in accord with the opinion of Beit Hillel, because his opinions are easier for people to understand.
		But in the time of the "Mashiach," the "Psak-Halachah," the "determination of the Halachah," will revert to the opinion of Beit Shammai, when people will be able to understand and appreciate the greater insight which underlie his opinions in matters of Torah.
	www.ou.org /about/judaism/shammai.htm (252 words)

	Maharal on Avot Perek 1 Mishna 12-13
		Shammai’s dicta—"Make your Torah a fixed part of your life, Say little and do much, and greet everyone with a pleasant countenance"—should, in Maharal’s structure of the zugot, reflect yir’ah to Hillel’s ahavah.
		Maharal therefore claims that Shammai is in fact trying to protect against losing the regular presence of Torah study in our lives, not keeping our word or our promises, and giving the impression that we denigrate others.
		In the famous Talmudic stories of people who demanded that Shammai convert them to Judaism on various conditions (one while standing on one foot, another on the condition that he only be responsible for the Written Torah, a third that he could be Kohen Gadol), Shammai simply refused.
	www.rjconline.org /maharal1mish14-15.html (1338 words)

	Potential and Actual - Rabbi Mordechai Willig
		On Chanukah, Beis Shammai rules that one lights eight candles on the first day (Shabbos 21b), since, at the time of the miracle, the oil had the potential to last for eight days.
		At havdala, Beis Shammai’s beracha on the candle is “shebara me’or aish” (Berachos 51b).
		Similarly, Beis Shammai ushers in a new year for trees when the majority of the season’s rain, which gives the tree potential to bear fruit, has fallen.
	www.torahweb.org /torah/2004/moadim/rwil_shevat.html (776 words)

	Hillel and Shammai - Two Opinions on the Lighting of the Menorah - OU.ORG
		The "machloket," or disagreement, between Hillel and Shammai and their respective Academies, Bait Hillel and Bait Shammai, in the matter of the lighting of the Chanukah Menorah, turns on a fundamental question regarding commandments, the performance of which varies with time.
		According to Shammai, one begins with the "days remaining;" that is, with the "maximum potential" of the commandment.
		As mentioned in the "Basics" Section, the matter of the dispute was voted upon, in the democratic spirit of the Talmud, and the Halachah (the practice to be followed in the actual case) was decided in accordance with Bait Hillel; namely, to begin with one and conclude with eight lights on Chanukah.
	www.ou.org /chagim/chanukah/machloket.htm (551 words)

	Thunder from Sinai: Chapter 1, Mishna 15, Essay 22
		Shammai was the contemporary and counterpart of Hillel.
		The famous example quoted is the one where the stranger approached Shammai and asked him to teach him the entire Torah while standing on one foot.
		Shammai apparently considered this a cynical request, and drove him off.
	www.messiahtruth.com /mishna22.html (1087 words)

	The Pharisees, Hasidim, and the Early Jewish Church
		The inflammatory rhetoric Yeshua used to castigate the Pharisees in Matthew 23 was directed at the disciples and leaders of the dominant school of Shammai, who had corrupted and perverted the Oral Law and the written Torah, by their many additions, restrictions, and traditions which they had incorporated in their legalistic interpretation and teachings.
		Shammai taught that YEHOVAH God could be best understood as being perfect from the viewpoint of His strictness, judgment, and uncompromising righteousness -- doing everything to letter perfection.
		These members of the school of Shammai, when Yeshua performed miracles of healing, denied it was by the power of YEHOVAH God, and ascribed the healings to the power of Satan (Matt.12:24).
	www.hope-of-israel.org /hasidim.htm (8403 words)

	Rabbi Hillel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He was Rabbi Shammai, a strict interpreter of the law who feared that Jews would have too much contact with the Romans and that this would weaken the Jewish community.
		The example often used to show the difference between Hillel and Shammai is the attitude towards a woman who may have lost her husband but is not certain he has died.
		According to Shammai she must have witnesses with direct evidence of the husband’s death.
	www.jbuff.com /c122304.htm (715 words)

	Shammai, Hillel, & Gamli'el...
		You sages be careful with your words, lest you be condemned to exile and you be exiled to a place of evil waters, and the disciples who follow you drink and die, with the result that the name of heaven becomes profaned.
		One of the factors involved in this was the big disagreements between Hillel and Shammai; indeed, the well known story about the man who demanded to be taught all the wisdom of the world while standing on one leg is actually a Hillel story.
		Shammai, chased them off with a carpenter's tool, where Hillel simply answered their questions, and all converted.
	members.cox.net /heiscoming2/ym06004.htm (2618 words)

	Shammai
		The schools of Shammai and Hillel held rival sway, according to Talmudic tradition (Shabbath 15a), from about a hundred years before the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. Comparatively little is known about either of the great scribes.
		The difference between the two schools had regard chiefly to the interpretation of the first, second, third and fifth parts of the "Mishna" - i.e.
		In these and many other discussions we find much straining out of gnats and swallowing of camels (Matt., xxiii, 24), much pain taken to push the Mosaic law to an unbearable extreme, and no heed given to the practical reform which was really needed in Jewish morals.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/shammai.html (471 words)

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