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	Chinese Dynasties
		Shang dynasty endured roughly from 1700 to 1027 B.C. The Shang dynasty (also called the Yin dynasty in its later stages) is believed to found by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler.
		The Zhou dynasty had its capital at Hao, near the city of Xi'an, or Chang'an, as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.
		The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other, from 1027 to 221 B.C.Initially from Shang, there was the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven”) governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate.
	chinatravelz.com /china/chinese-history (0 words)

	The Early Origins of China
		Shang emperors sent out armies to repulse invaders, and the Shang emperors went beyond their domains to plunder and to capture foreign peoples needed for sacrifice to their gods.
		The Zhou and their allies saw the Shang emperor's troubles as an opportunity to move against him, and in 1045 BCE they overpowered him at the battle of Mu-ye and had him beheaded.
		Zhou emperors told those they had conquered that they, the Zhou, had ousted the ancestors of Shang emperors from heaven and that heaven was occupied by their supreme god, a god they called "The Lord on High," who, they said, had commanded the downfall of the Shang emperors.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch06.htm (1921 words)

	Shang Dynasty Summary
		The Shang ancestors, in return, were believed to have used their otherworldly positions to ensure an orderly and beneficial influence on the state.
		Alliances between the Shang core authority and other clans were in a constant state of flux, and the true area through which the king and his retinue could travel safely was limited to the heartland of the Shang state in northern and eastern Henan and western Shandong.
		The Zhou, and to an extent successive dynasties, perpetuated the legacy of the Shang through continuing practices of ancestor worship, a patrimonial system of inheriting political status, an elaborate burial ritual, divination as a primary means of state advisement, and writing.
	www.bookrags.com /Shang_Dynasty (2067 words)

	Wikinfo \| Shang Dynasty
		Information about the Shang dynasty comes from bronze artifacts and oracle bones, which are turtle shells on which were written the first records Chinese characters, found in the Huang He valley.
		The Shang dynasty (also called the Yin dynasty in its later stages) is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler.
		Shang Zhou, the last king, committed suicide after his army was defeated by the Zhou people.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Shang_Dynasty (493 words)

	Zhou Yu (Gongjin) - Comprehensive Romance of the Three Kingdoms Biography
		A paternal grand–uncle of Zhou Yu was once appointed as Grand Commandant of the Han, and his other male relatives continued to hold important positions in the bureaucracy (1).
		However Zhou Yu was already suspicious of Yuan Shu and asked to be made Chief of Juchao County in Lujiang province instead (5).
		Zhou Yu pointed out that Cao Cao was not used to fighting on the sea, that his troops were exhausted from their long march, and that the coming winter would prove difficult for his troops and would not give them much time to prepare.
	www.kongming.net /novel/kma/zhouyu.php (3243 words)

	Ethics of Shang, Zhou and the Classics by Sanderson Beck
		The Shang capital was destroyed, but their culture was allowed to survive; the Shang family continued to offer sacrifices to their ancestors until 286 BC in the state of Song.
		The Zhou patriarch Wen Wang opposed the use of alcohol except in the ceremonies, as the fall of the Shang dynasty was attributed to excessive drinking.
		Shang Yang went to Wei, but they considered him a traitor and a criminal and forced him back into Qin, where in 338 BC he was killed and torn apart by chariots as a warning to rebels.
	www.san.beck.org /EC13-Chou.html (0 words)

	Xia, Shang, Yin, Zhou, Qin,
		The Shang dynasty is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last (still legendary) Xia ruler.
		In the Chinese historical tradition, the rulers of the Zhou displaced the Yin and legitimized their rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven, the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate.
		In Western histories, the Zhou period is often described as feudal because the Zhou's early decentralized rule invites comparison with medieval rule in Europe.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinadynasties.html (1203 words)

	Shang Dynasty - China History - China
		Shang Zhou, the last Yin king, committed suicide after his army was defeated by the Zhou DynastyZhou people.
		The Zhou King Cheng 周成王 through the Regent, his uncle the Duke of Zhou Dan 周公旦, enfeoffed the Shang King Zhou's brother the Viscount of Wei, WeiZi 微子 in the old Shang capital at Shang 商 with the territory becoming the state of Song 宋.
		Xīn	or 紂 (Zh?u) or Zhou Xin (紂辛 Zh?u Xīn) or Zhou Wang (紂王Zh?u W?ng).
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Shang_Dynasty (1269 words)

	Shang Dynasty information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Information about the Shang Dynasty comes from inscriptions on bronze artifacts and oracle bones--turtle shells, cattle scapula or other bones on which were written the first significant corpus of recorded Chinese characters.
		The Shang dynasty had a fully developed system of writing; its complexity and state of development indicates an earlier period of development, which is still unattested.
		Shang Zhou, the last Yin king, committed suicide after his army was defeated by the Zhou people.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Shang_Dynasty (1055 words)

	Chinese history timeline
		Most scholars think that the Zhou were much more "Chinese" than the Shang.
		Some, though not all, scholars believe that the Xia, the Shang, and the Zhou actually were three different cultures that emerged more or less at the same time in different areas of the Yellow River valley.
		And the historical record supports this view -- the Shang were conquered from outside by the Zhou, as the Xia had been conquered from the outside by the Shang.
	www.chinavoc.com /history (774 words)

	China: Chinese History
		The origins of the Shang dynasty lie in the province Henan, on the Yellow River.
		For students of Chinese philosophy, the Zhou dynasty is one of the most exciting one, since the most famous Chinese philosophers lived during this dynasty - if mostly during the era when the Zhou reign was well along its descent and many small states were fighting for power.
		The Sui dynasty arose from the northern Zhou empire, one of the three smaller empires that stemmed from the Toba’s Wei dynasty, one of sixteen dynasties in north China.
	www.chinaorbit.com /china-culture/chinese-history.html (0 words)

	Library of Chinese Classics (Chinese-English): Creation of the Gods
		It begins with the grand pilgrimage of King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty (1700 B.C.-1100 B.C.), the most notorious tyrant in Chinese legend, to worship the Goddess Nu Wa, the creator of mankind in Chinese mythology, on her birthday.
		The novel culminates with the crowning of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty (1066 B.C.256 B.C.) and the canonization of gods by his prime minister Jiang Ziya.
		Creation of the Gods mainly deals with the war between forces loyal to the dying Shang dynasty and those of the rising Zhou dynasty.
	www.china-guide.com /culture/creation.html (0 words)

	Chinese History - Zhou Dynasty å‘¨ (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Zhou Dynasty is probably the dynasty that reigned for the longest period not only of all Chinese dynasties, but of the whole world.
		The founders of the Zhou Dynasty, the Kings Wen and Wu (abbreviated to the couple Wen Wu æ—æ¦), and the Prince Regent Duke Dan of Zhou å‘¨å¬æ—¦, were seen as the ideal monarchs and even as patrons and inventors of every kind of arts.
		The Zhou kings had to flee from their western capital to the east, forced by "barbarian" tribes that invaded the Zhou territory.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Zhou/zhou.html (339 words)

	Zhou
		The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that lived to the west of the Shang kingdom.
		Their capital was divided into two sections, one for the Zhou, that contained the imperial court, and the other half for the transported Shang.
		The first is the Western Zhou, which occurs from the time of their victory over the Shang until about 771 B.C. when they were forced east by barbarians from the north.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/ancient_china/zhou.html (714 words)

	Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As most of the paraphernalia for early rituals were made in bronze and as rituals carried such an important social function, it is perhaps possible to read into the forms and decorations of these objects some of the central concerns of the societies (at least the upper sectors of the societies) that produced them.
		The Shang dynasty was conquered by the people of Zhou, who came from farther up the Yellow River in the area of Xi'an in Shaanxi Province.
		The era of the Shang and the Zhou dynasties is generally known as the Bronze Age of China, because bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, used to fashion weapons, parts of chariots, and ritual vessels, played an important role in the material culture of the time.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm (1072 words)

	huns origin of
		Shang King Wuding's wife, Fuhao, would be the famous female warrior of China who had led a campaign against ancient Gui-fang (ghost domain) barbarians (speculated to be either on the northern steppe or in Shanxi Prov).
		Shang Yang [the Reformer for Qin Dynasty] claimed that he should be ascribed great contributions to Qin because he was responsible for i) renovating Qin's Rong-Di customs such as parent and son living in same bedroom and ii) differentiating the protocol of men from women.
		During the 13th year reign of Zhou King Jianwang, i.e., 573 BC, Jinn Lord Ligong was killed by Luan Shu and Zhongxing Yan, and Jinn dispatched emissaries (led by a Zhi family member) to the Zhou court to retrieve Zi-zhou as Lord Daogong.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/origin_of_huns.htm (5885 words)

	Zhou Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, ...
		Last Shang ruler, Jie, had refused to take admonition by claiming that the 'mandate' was with him the minute he was born.
		When Zhou King Wuwang first called upon various tribes to rebel against Shang, he stated that he was carrying out the order from the Heaven to penalize Shang king who had disrupted his kingdom by killing his elder son (Bigan) and imprisoning the uncle (Ji-zi) under the influence of the witch-like Shang queen (Daji).
		Zhou King Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyi in 770 BC under the escort of Qin lord, and promised to Qin the land of Feng and Qishan should Qin defeat Quanrong and recover the territories.
	www.republicanchina.org /zhou.html (13785 words)

	Ancient Dynasties
		A number of ceremonial bronze vessels with inscriptions date from the Shang period; the workmanship on the bronzes attests to a high level of civilization.
		The Zhou amalgam of city-states became progressively centralized and established increasingly impersonal political and economic institutions.
		In 771 B.C. the Zhou court was sacked, and its king was killed by invading barbarians who were allied with rebel lords.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/ancient1.html (838 words)

	Xi Zhou Dynasty (1134-256 B.C.)
		Due to Shang Zhou's cruelty, Wu Wang rebelled against him and established the Zhou Dynasty with the help of Jiang Ziya.
		Shang Zhou lost the war in Muya and burnt himself to death.
		Zhou Mu Wang sent an expedition army to the west and defeated Quan Rong.
	www.yutopian.com /history/xizhou.html (478 words)

	Dynasties of China: Zhou Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The last Shang Dynasty (The 16th - the 11th century BC) monarch, Dixin, normally known as King Zhou, was a despot just like King Jie of the Xia Dynasty (The 21st to the 17th century BC).
		The Zhou Dynasty is traditionally divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (11th century BC to 771 BC) with Haojing as its capital and the Eastern Zhou (770 BC - 221 BC), when the capital was moved east to present Luoyang.
		Zhou reigned over 800 years and was the longest-ruling dynasty in Chinese history.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/zhou/index.htm (403 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Eastern Zhou period is thought of as the 'shaping period' of Chinese culture.
		When the western Zhou started is uncertain but traditionally 1122 BC and 1027 BC are the dates given to us.
		The Zhou were a semi-nomadic clan from the north western fringe of the Chinese world.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/China/Zhou.html (377 words)

	ANISTORITON: History News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Its aim is to determine the dates of the three Chinese dynasties - the Xia, the Shang and the Zhou.
		First, all literary with the information about astronomical phenomena in the Xia, Shang and Zhou, including oracle bone inscriptions will be examined carefully, judging their authenticity and value, by the means of epigraphy, archaeology, history and documentology.
		Chengzhou was built in the early Zhou during the King Cheng reign, thus it implies that the early Liulihe Culture existed in the early Zhou, but not in the Shang.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/h991.htm (3219 words)

	Asian Spirit - China - Zhou & Shang Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The clay used during this period was varied from those of the Neolithic Period in that the Hsia Period had begun to use the higher temperature firings of the pottery.
		So much attention was spent on the advancement of the bronzes during this period that pottery ceased to be manufactured during this period as much as periods which preceded this one.
		The Shang Dynasty, having lasted 662 years was overturned by a terribly understaffed army.
	www.asianspiritgallery.com /china_shang.html (1089 words)

	Shang/Zhou China is not "inferior" compared with - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		I'm tired of this portrayl of Shang and Early Zhou Dynasty China as an "inferior" second-rate civilisation compared with the civilisations of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
		This is not to say that Shang and Early Zhou Chinese people were all ethical in their actions, of course not.
		They are the precursor to Chinese civilisation...but even without the Zhou flening of their name their own remains show them to be something other than a symbol of virtue.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=10125&mode=linearplus (2775 words)

	Chinese Xia Shang History -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Shang, Zhou and Qin peoples are all said to be from the east against the Xia people in the west.
		Shang Prince Lufu's son, Prince Wugeng, conspired with the brothers of Zhou Wuwang in rebelling against Zhou Regent Zhougong.
		Shang China had been known to later Chinese due to the discovery of the 'oracle bones' in late 19th century.
	www.republicanchina.org /XiaShang.html (11883 words)

	Shang Dynasty (1783-1134 B.C.) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Shang Zu Yi Moved kingdom from Xiang to Geng, then moved from Geng to Xing.
		Shang Wu Yi Emperor Wu Yi was a cruel king who wanted to demonstrate his power by playing a game of Liubo against god.
		One of the cruelest Kings in the history of China, Zhou and his queen TaJi were known for their novelties of torture and for the invention of chopsticks.
	www.yutopian.com /history/shang.html (365 words)

	Asian Spirit - China - Zhou & Shang Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The clay used during this period was varied from those of the Neolithic Period in that the Hsia Period had begun to use the higher temperature firings of the pottery.
		So much attention was spent on the advancement of the bronzes during this period that pottery ceased to be manufactured during this period as much as periods which preceded this one.
		After 662 years of rule, the Shang Dynasty was never to be seen again.
	asianspiritgallery.com /china_shang.html (1089 words)

	Coin history - Shang to Warring States
		The Shang was the central power for approximately 650 years, then the Zhou took over and lasted 824 years.
		However, in the period from 770 to 221, called Eastern Zhou, the Zhou dynasty was weakened, and the states were in war with each other.
		If we estimate that there were only 30 million in Zhou, and estimate the average household to be 20 people, we can calculate, that there should have been about 300.000.000 coins that had to be paid each year, plus there was a need for coins for trade among people.
	chinesecoins.lyq.dk /History/Coin_history_Shang_to_Warring_States.htm (856 words)

	Western Zhou Dynasty Map (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A chieftain of a frontier tribe called Zhou, which had settled in the Wei Valley in modern Sha'anxi Province, overthrew the last Shang ruler, a despot according to standard Chinese accounts.
		It was philosophers of this period who first enunciated the doctrine of the "mandate of heaven," the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but his dethronement would mean that he had lost his mandate.
		The first, from 770 to 476 BC, is called the Spring and Autumn Period, after a famous historical chronicle of the time; the second is known as the Warring States Period (475 to 221 BC).
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-West-Zhou.html (230 words)

	CCTV Television Series: Kingdoms of Spring and Autumn Period of Eastern Zhou Dynasty
		Dynasty Zhou is the first dynasty that was chronicled.
		At the end of Dynasty Western Zhou, politically, something ridiculous happened from to time King Zhou You made a fire to tease his feudal dukes, and Dynasty Zhou was destroyed as a result of a belle's chuckle.
		This title of Kingdoms of Spring and Autumn Period of Eastern Zhou Dynasty is elaborately collected.
	www.cgcmall.com /Chunqiu_p/vc00donch.htm (0 words)

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