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	Shang Ti Summary
		Shangdi might also have been regarded in some sense as an ultimate human ancestor; however, the deity was not included in the regular liturgical round of ancestral sacrifices and oracular consultations.
		Shangdi is first mentioned in Chinese Literature in the Five Classics (五經, pinyin: Wujing) compiled by Confucius in the 6th century BC.
		Shangdi (上帝) is the Supreme God in the original religious system of the Han Chinese people, a term used from the second millennium BC to the present day, as pronounced according the modern Mandarin dialect.
	www.bookrags.com /Shang_Ti (2697 words)

	Shang Ti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shangdi (上帝, pinyin: Shàngdì, Wade-Giles Shang Ti), literally translated, "Above Sovereign", "Above ", or "Lord On High", in Chinese culture, is the name used both in traditional Chinese religion as well as in Chinese Christianity for the Supreme Deity.
		Shangdi is first mentioned in Chinese Literature in the Five Classics (五經, pinyin: Wujing) compiled by Confucius in the 6th century BC.
		Shangdi (上帝) is the Supreme God in the original religious system of the Han Chinese people, a term used from the second millennium BC to the present day, as pronounced according the modern Mandarin dialect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shang_Ti (1821 words)

	Shangdi - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Shangdi was not worshiped because it was generally believed that Shangdi generally did not have a stake in the welfare of the ordinary people.
		The Jesuits tried to argue that 'Shangdi' was a legitimate Chinese term for the Christian God, and that ancestor worship was not idolatry but only a non-religious cultural expression of filial piety.
		Shangdi of ancient China's Three Dynasties was as "monotheistic" as Jehovah of the early Hebrews was.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=1564 (2028 words)

	Emperor Han Shangdi of China
		Han Shangdi (漢殤帝 han4 shang1 di4) born as Liu Long (劉隆 liu3 long2), was the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
		Born in September or October 105 and put on the throne by Empress Dowager Deng (but not his mother) of his father[?] when he was only 100 days of age.
		The Queen also brought up Liu Hu (劉祜 liu3 hu4), twelve-year-old cousin of Shangdi and future Han Andi[?], in the palace, to be the successor of the throne in case of anything happened to the baby emperor.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/em/Emperor_Han_Shangdi_of_China.html (148 words)

	Chinese mythology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The stories exist in several versions, often conflicting, i.e: the creation of the first humans is ascribed to Shangdi, Heaven, Nuwa, Pangu, Yu Huang, et.
		Although Shangdi appears to have the attributes of a "person", detailed references to Shangdi as the creator are not explicitly identified until about the Han Dynasty.
		The qualities of 'Heaven' and Shangdi appear to merge in later literature (and are worshipped as one entity ("皇天上帝") in, for example, the Temple of Heaven in Beijing).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_mythology (2344 words)

	Society of Biblical Literature
		The core issue is whether to adopt the name of a native God (Shangdi) or a generic term (Shen) to render God in the vernacular.
		Shangdi monitors and guarantees a form of divine justice in the framework of religious Confucianism.[2] Christian affirmation of Chinese religion and culture will win some of the Chinese public to acceptance of Christianity.
		The proper name Shangdi in Chinese Classics and popular religions and the genetic name Shen, referring to deity in general, are now mostly monopolized by Christians to refer to the biblical God.
	www.sbl-site.org /Article.aspx?ArticleId=456 (3031 words)

	106 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Change of Han Hedi to Han Shangdi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
		Change of Han Shangdi to Han Andi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
		August or September - Han Shangdi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/106 (119 words)

	Tian Summary
		This assimilation blurred the historical and cultic distinction between the god of the Shang and the god of the Zhou.
		Subsequently, the terms haotian ("heaven of the vast-primal-vital-breath"), or huangtian ("august heaven"), and shangdi ("supreme ruler") were used interchangeably to denote the greatest power of the universe.
		By the time of the founding of the Zhou Dynasty, Tian acquired the ability to alter the Mandate of Heaven and was linked to the Zhou Emperor, who was considered to be the "Son of Heaven".
	www.bookrags.com /Tian (1751 words)

	phorum - Our World Forum at Asiawind - Upper god and lower god
		In ancient China, the word Shangdi (the Upper God) was already used in Yin(Shang) dynasty.
		The term Shangdi was used by the Xiadi to rule and threaten the people so they are absolutely subservient.
		Shangdi represents all the unknowable Sun, Moon, wind, thunder, lightning....
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=3&i=165369&t=165297 (198 words)

	Xuan Tian Shang Di 玄天上帝: May 2006
		Now the perfected Xuantian Shangdi is summoned by the Jade Emperor (his original form), and given a Seven-Star Sword to help him "subdue the powers of evil".
		As part of her study of the cult of Xuantian Shangdi, Chao (2003) traces the textual histories of the “demons” who are subdued and then converted by our protagonist to aid in his mission to pacify dark forces (黑氣).
		The Celestial Worthy of Mysterious Harmony explains to Xuantian Shangdi that this last dark force is a baleful star who is "occupying the center of the Buddhist Religion".
	xuantianshangdi.blogspot.com /2006_05_01_xuantianshangdi_archive.html (5230 words)

	Fair medical care umbrella for harmonious society_life_English_SINA.com
		The registration fee of 1,000 yuan(125 U.S.dollars) at Shangdi Clinic of the No. 3 Hospital of Beijing University is almost a monthly income of her husband, and the charge is incredible for Xing, who is in her seventh month of pregnancy.
		Just eight days before Shangdi Hospital opened, Wang Jianmin, a farmer peasant from Heilongjiang to seek a job in Beijing, was left dead at the hallway of the Tongren Hospital due to his lack of money for treatment.
		The two scandals, once disclosed, were taken as a shame to humanitarianism, a credo that was once inscribed on the walls of nearly all of the Chinese hospitals, igniting fierce media and public response on the flawed health care system.
	english.sina.com /life/1/2005/1230/60190.html (961 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > Shangdi and El Shaddai
		What's the meaning of life?); whereas Shangdi was a creation of Taoism's superstitious wing, with a touch of Confucianism, and later with Buddhism's superstition thrown in the mix as well to explain daily phenomena, such as rain, storm, volcanoe, e.t.c...
		Shangdi is China's earliest deity, dating back to more than a thousand years before Daoism came into existence.
		Nov 9 2005, 01:02 AM This uninformed claim of connection between Shaddai and ShangDi is featured on other Christian websites that want to recruit Chinese by convincing them of shared spiritual origins and then sneaking in J.C. when their guard is down.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t8123.html (9780 words)

	Zhou_Dynasty
		In the Chinese historical tradition, the rulers of the Zhou displaced the Yin and legitimized their rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven, the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate.
		The Mandate of Heaven established the Zhou's assumed divine ancestor, the Tian-Huang-Shangdi, above the Shang's divine ancestor, the Shangdi.
		The doctrine explained and justified the demise of the Xia and Shang and at the same time supported the legitimacy of present and future rulers.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/z/zh/zhou_dynasty.html (976 words)

	China CRIENGLISH
		The high charge makes a nearby clinic of a elite hospital in Beijing unaccessible for a pregnant woman, Xing Xiaoying, and so the opening of a low-cost hospital in her neighborhood last week means gratifying news.
		The registration fee of 1,000 yuan (125 U.S.dollars) at Shangdi Clinic of the No. 3 Hospital of Beijing University is almost a monthly income of her husband, and the charge is incredible for Xing, who is in her seventh month of pregnancy.
		The newly-opened Shangdi Hospital in Haidian district in western Beijing is the first one geared to low-income residents and migrant workers in the national capital.
	english.cri.cn /2238/2005-12-31/51@290704.htm (428 words)

	Chinese History - Shang Dynasty å• religion (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Nevertheless, Shangdi as the highest deity of nature was venerated differently from the royal ancestors that were adressed more directly for consultation.
		Towards the end of the Yin period the belief in the highest deity Shangdi and the natural powers became more indifferent and was overshadowed by the growing importance of the ancestral spirits.
		At the same time, the king took over the position of the divining shaman himself, a task that was hitherto filled by a group or staff of specialized shamans.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Myth/shang-religion.html (621 words)

	Shang-Dynasty
		Shangdi had the highest rank among all spirits, it was the symbol of The Highest Ruler, a supernatural force which ruled the human world.
		Alike with the king, Shangdi had a lot of subjects, both heavenly and earthly spirits.
		It was also believed that the soals of the king's ancestors often paid Shangdi a visit, and it were these soals the Shang-king usually turned to when he wanted to send his prays and questions to The Highest Ruler.
	heim.ifi.uio.no /~huut/shang.html (1455 words)

	cars - Emperor Shang of Han China
		Empress dowager Deng also raised Liu Hu (劉祜 Líu Hù), the twelve-year old cousin of Shangdi and future Emperor Han Aidi, in the palace as the successor to the throne as insurance against the baby emperor's death.
		Liu Hu ascended to the throne when Shangdi passed away in August or September 106; however, Dowager Deng still remained as the regent.
		A decree by Deng during this reign shed light on bureaucratic inefficiency.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Han_Shangdi (176 words)

	Beijing's High-Tech Boomtown: Expanding at Home - and in the Silicon Valley - Site Selection Online Insider
		The Zhongguancun Technology Zone is part of the Shangdi Information Industry Base (www.strong.com.cn), the Beijing area targeted for high-tech industry.
		Opened nine years ago, the Shangdi Base has attracted 264 foreign and domestic firms, including "more than 20 of the world's top 100 high-tech firms," according to Beijing Strong High-Tech Development Co. officials.
		The Shangdi Information Industry Base was founded in 1991 to focus on electronic information services.
	www.conway.com /ssinsider/snapshot/sf000904.htm (595 words)

	Xuan Tian Shang Di 玄天上帝 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Now the perfected Xuantian Shangdi is summoned by the Jade Emperor (his original form), and given a Seven-Star Sword to help him "subdue the powers of evil".
		As part of her study of the cult of Xuantian Shangdi, Chao (2003) traces the textual histories of the “demons” who are subdued and then converted by our protagonist to aid in his mission to pacify dark forces (黑氣).
		The Celestial Worthy of Mysterious Harmony explains to Xuantian Shangdi that this last dark force is a baleful star who is "occupying the center of the Buddhist Religion".
	xuantianshangdi.blogspot.com (5679 words)

	Shangdi (上帝) and Tian (天) - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		But if one can identify Taiji with Shangdi, then Taiji can also have a personal aspect, because Shangdi, or Huangtian Shangdi, 皇天上帝, is a personal deity one can pray to.
		Shangdi is not just the God of Heaven IMHO, but also the God of Earth, for Confucius said in the Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong):
		Earth (which today we might call Mother Nature) is the Ying or feminine side of Shangdi that is not usually emphasised in a patriachial culture like ancient China.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=3705 (2298 words)

	Chinese Porcelain History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The dynasty is said to have held power for nearly five centuries, from 2200 B.C. to 1700 B.C., before becoming corrupt and being overthrown by the Shang Dynasty.
		The five visible planets--Saturn, Venus, Mercury, Mars, and Jupiter--were believed to be the ministers of Shangdi, the Lord on High.
		Their conjunction in the predawn sky of February 1953 B.C. was thought to indicate Shangdi's conferral of the right to rule on the Xia Dynasty.
	gotheborg.com /chronology/erlitou.shtml (221 words)

	The original ‘unknown’ god of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		ShangDi, the Creator-God of the Chinese, surely appears to be one and the same as the Creator-God of the Hebrews.
		Another name for their God which the ancient Chinese used interchangeable with ShangDi was Heaven (Tian).
		Zheng Xuan, a scholar of the early Han dynasty said, “ShangDi is another name for Heaven (Tian)”;.
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v20/i3/china.asp?scrFrom=aignews&vPrint=1 (1525 words)

	Beijing's High-Tech Boomtown: Expanding at Home - and in the Silicon Valley - Site Selection Online Insider
		The Zhongguancun Technology Zone is part of the Shangdi Information Industry Base (www.strong.com.cn), the Beijing area targeted for high-tech industry.
		Opened nine years ago, the Shangdi Base has attracted 264 foreign and domestic firms, including "more than 20 of the world's top 100 high-tech firms," according to Beijing Strong High-Tech Development Co. officials.
		Last year, for example, operations in the Shangdi Base turned out US$1.7 billion worth of products -- an average output value of $40.96 million per hectare ($102.4 million per acre) of the existing space in the park, according to Liao.
	www.siteselection.com /ssinsider/snapshot/sf000904.htm (595 words)

	Beijing's 1st Low-income Hospital Opens
		Shangdi Hospital, Beijing's first hospital targeting people on low incomes, started trial operations on November 7, 2005.
		It is the first Grade-2 hospital established for the Shangdi area's population of 600,000 and the first emergency medical and maternity center for people on low incomes and migrant workers in the capital.
		Shangdi Hospital will be officially inaugurated by the end of the month, according to Wang.
	www.china.org.cn /english/2005/Nov/148583.htm (255 words)

	AsiaSource: AsiaFocus - A resource of the Asia Society
		Sacrifices to ancestors and Shangdi were integrated by the succeeding Zhou dynasty into the cult of Tian (Heaven).
		The sacrifice to Heaven (held at a suburb of the royal capital [jiaosi]), was a solemn ceremony in which the covenant between the leaders of the sacred and secular worlds was annually reiterated.
		Haotian Shangdi (High Lord of August Heaven) and his associate, the ancestor of the ruling dynasty, were the chief objects of worship.
	www.asiasource.org /focus/ritual.cfm (1983 words)

	Migrant's death triggers rumination on medication
		The registration fee of 1,000 yuan (US$124) at Shangdi Clinic of the No. 3 Hospital of Beijing University represents almost a month's income for her husband.
		The situation is so bad and the craving for money so intense that just eight days before the new hospital opened, a migrant worker was left to die in a Beijing hospital hallway because he couldn't pay for treatment.
		The new Shangdi Hospital in Haidian District in western Beijing is the first one geared to low-income residents and migrant workers in the national capital.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2006-01/13/content_512114.htm (515 words)

	Double jeopardy: giving birth at illegal clinics
		She did not know that her baby had died n her body 40 hours before, deprived of the chance to oversee the world.
		She had still not given birth.The husband tried to transfer his wife to a hospital, but the midwife said no and claimed that everything was OK. The couple endured three more hours.
		The doctor opened her stomach and found it was a mess inside.
	english.qianlong.com /article.jsp?oid=8394399 (271 words)

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