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	International organization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus international organizations in a legal sense are distinguished from mere groupings of states, such as the G-8 and the G-77, neither of which have been founded by treaty, though in non-legal contexts these are sometimes referred to as international organizations as well.
		International organizations must also be distinguished from treaties; while all international organizations are founded on a treaty, many treaties (e.g., the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)) do not establish an international organization and rely purely on the parties for their administration.
		In the nineteenth century, France was the fons et origo of many international organizations: This means that much of the driving force to form such bodies (such as those which maintain the SI (metric system)) came from the French, and that their headquarters is in France, often in Paris.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_organization (609 words)

	Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Declaration, June 7, 2002
		The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, which arose on the basis of two innovative agreements for the Asian continent on confidence building measures in the military field and on the reduction of arms.
		The SCO is based on the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability of borders, noninterference in internal affairs, the non-use of force or the threat of force, and the equality of all the member states.
		The SCO member states build their relations within the framework of an emerging multipolar system of international relations and believe that world order in the 21st century should be based on mechanisms for the collective solution of key problems, on the supremacy of law and on a consistent democratization of international relations.
	russia.shaps.hawaii.edu /fp/russia/sco_20020610_4.html (1588 words)

	Republic of Kazakhstan
		In order to expand and intensify cooperation in all spheres, new mechanisms may be established, as necessary, in addition to the existing mechanisms for meetings of the heads of the relevant departments, and also permanent and temporary expert working groups may be convened to study plans and proposals on the further development of cooperation.
		The “Shanghai spirit” formed in the process of the development of the Shanghai Five, characterized by mutual trust, mutual advantage, equality, joint consultations, respect for cultural diversity and the desire for joint development, is an invaluable asset gained by the countries of the region over the years of cooperation.
		The Shanghai Cooperation Organization has been established on the basis of the agreements on confidence-building in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area signed in Shanghai and Moscow in 1996 and 1997 respectively.
	missions.itu.int /~kazaks/eng/sco/sco02.htm (647 words)

	DECLARATION ON THE CREATION OF THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION
		The "Shanghai spirit" that has been formed in the process of the development of the Shanghai Five, marked by mutual confidence, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultations, respect of the diversity of cultures, and the desire to develop jointly is a priceless heritage accumulated by the countries of the region in the years of cooperation.
		The Shanghai Cooperation Organization was formed on the basis of agreements on strengthening confidence in the military field and on mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area signed respectively in Shanghai and Moscow in 1996 and 1997.
		For the purpose of coordinating the cooperation and organizing the interaction of the competent ministries and agencies of the participating states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization a Council of National Coordinators of the participating states of the Organization is being created.
	www.ln.mid.ru /Bl.nsf/arh/4255347F7E3D3DD643256A720052A1C8?OpenDocument (600 words)

	Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
		SCO's predecessor, the Shanghai Five mechanism, originated and grew from the endeavor by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to strengthen confidence-building and disarmament in the border regions.
		On the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai Five in June 2001, the heads of state of its members and the President of Uzbekistan met in Shanghai, the birthplace of the mechanism.
		In June 2002, the heads of SCO member states met in St. Petersburg and signed the SCO Charter, which clearly expounded the SCO purposes and principles, organizational structure, form of operation, cooperation, orientation and external relations, marking the actual establishment of this new organization in the sense of international law.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/int/sco.htm (858 words)

	CNS - Anti-Terror Exercises Only a First Step
		The Shanghai Cooperation Organization was formally established on June 15, 2001.
		While one of the SCO's key tasks is to fight the so-called "three evil forces" -- separatism, extremism and terrorism -- Chinese analysts argue that the organization embodies a new security concept and a new type of multilateral institution in the post-Cold War environment.
		The "Shanghai Spirit," which is the underpinning of the SCO, has been characterized as containing five "C"s -- confidence, communication, cooperation, coexistence and common interests -- and three "new"s -- a new type of interstate relationships, a new security concept and a new model of regional cooperation.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/other/opjd.htm (1004 words)

	News & Views - Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (6/15/2001)
		The SCO plans to organize annual formal meeting of heads of states of member states and regular meetings of heads of governments to be hosted by its members in turn.
		In order to extend and strengthen cooperation in various fields, the SCO is considering, besides the existing meeting mechanism among officials of corresponding departments, to set up necessary new meeting mechanisms and establish permanent or temporary expert groups to study plans and proposals for further cooperation, the Declaration said.
		The SCO member states will strengthen their consultation and coordination in regional and international affairs, support and cooperate with each other in major international and regional issues and promote and consolidate regional and world peace and stability, the Declaration said.
	www.chinahouston.org /news/2001615072235.html (731 words)

	Pravda.RU Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Charter is legal foundation of a new international agency
		The Organization is open to wide cooperation with other countries and international organizations in accordance with the aims and principles laid down in the UN Charter and international law, and on the basis of mutual interests and common approaches to resolution of regional and world problems, according to the declaration.
		The member-countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) believe that peace order in the twenty-first century should be based on mechanisms of collective decisions of the key problems, superiority of law and consistent democratisation of the international relationship, says the Declaration signed by the SCO member-countries at the end of the summit in St. Petersburg.
		Shanghai Cooperation Organisation heads of state have instructed national SCO coordinators, without waiting for internal procedures to put the SCO Charter into effect to be launched, to start preparing treaty-based and regulatory documents on the functioning of the organisation's bodies and their activities.
	newsfromrussia.com /diplomatic/2002/06/07/29958.html (1992 words)

	Joint Statement by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization ...
		The SCO member states support the rendering of extensive international humanitarian assistance to the Afghan people and intend to make their contribution to these efforts, both in their own relief deliveries and in the provision of transport corridors for supplies from other countries and international organizations.
		The SCO member states believe that the global system of counteraction against terrorism should be based on regional, sub-regional and national structures and firmly intend to complete the creation of a SCO anti-terrorist structure in Bishkek in the near future.
		The SCO is ready for a constructive dialog and cooperation with the Interim Administration of Afghanistan and future Afghan power structures and calls upon the lawful Afghan leaders to closely cooperate with the SCO.
	russia.shaps.hawaii.edu /fp/russia/sco_3_20020107.html (1406 words)

	Is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization a Military Confederacy?
		Statements of this type from high-level Russian and SCO officials continue to perplex western intelligence officials; leading some to speculate that it may be only a matter of time before the SCO begins to exert its collective military influence in Central Asia and the Middle East.
		The SCO is a menacing confederacy of powerful nations arising out of the shadows of the Cold War that could cause tremendous global instability and even lead to world war.
		Second, calls by the SCO and others in the international community for an immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops from the Middle East and Central Asia should be disregarded, due to the horrific consequences that the inevitable power vacuum would cause.
	www.intellectualconservative.com /article4633.html (1826 words)

	Shanghai Cooperation Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Council of Heads of State.It is the highest SCO organ.Its main functions are: to identify priority areas and basic directions of SCO activities; to determine matters of principle concerning SCO internal set-up and operation; to decide on matters of principle of SCO cooperation with other countries and international organizations; and to study pressing international issues.
		Council of Heads of Government.Its main functions are: to adopt SCO budgets; to study and determine the principal matters of cooperation in specific areas within the SCO framework, especially in the economic field.Regular sessions of the Council of Heads of Government are held once a year.
		The purposes, potentials and smooth development of the SCO have attracted worldwide attention.An increasing number of countries and international organizations have proposed to establish contacts and cooperation with the SCO.The organization follows a principle of openness and is ready to conduct dialogue, exchanges and cooperation in all forms with other nations and international organizations.
	www.fmprc.gov.cn /eng/topics/sco/t57970.htm (408 words)

	Asia Times Online :: China News, China Business News, Taiwan and Hong Kong News and Business.
		The SCO membership is therefore a lifeline for Iran in political and economic terms.
		The SCO is not a military bloc but is nonetheless a security organization committed to countering terrorism, religious extremism and separatism.
		The SCO was expected to set up a working group of experts ahead of the summit in June with a view to evolving a common "energy strategy" and jointly undertaking pipeline projects, oil exploration and related activities.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/HD18Ad02.html (1331 words)

	Strategic Insights -- What is Driving India and Pakistan's Interest in Joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?
		Final SCO approval for the three countries was granted a month later at the SCO heads of state meeting held July 5-6, 2005 in Astana, Kazakhstan.[1] This is a major step which accommodates each of the SCO member states’ interests and position of the SCO to further support a multi-polar world.
		The SCO is comprised of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
		Muhiddin “Kabiri said that the leaders of the SCO states considered the USA's presence as one of the factors for ‘colour revolutions’ on post-Soviet territory.”[49] The Kyrgyz foreign minister recognized the past benefits of the U.S. presence in the region.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2005/Aug/turnerAug05.asp (6740 words)

	Open Letter to Foreign Ministers of Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (Human Rights Watch Press ...
		We are writing to you on the eve of the 7 January meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to raise important human rights issues relevant to your agenda.
		They have been prosecuted for membership in banned religious organizations or for distributing banned literature, and have been branded as terrorists even though the vast majority is never charged with involvement in acts of terrorism.
		In your meeting next week, we urge SCO member states to reaffirm their human rights commitments, and, moreover, develop a regional plan to implement those commitments as part of the fight against terrorism.
	www.hrw.org /press/2002/01/shanghai0401.htm (854 words)

	Asia Times Online - The trusted source for news on Central Asia
		The SCO anti-terrorist rapid deployment forces could be used to help enforce border security along with other members of the Shanghai group.
		Nonetheless, the SCO still seeks to be a geopolitical player in Central Asian security developments, a trend also reflected in bilateral defense ties between Russia and China.
		However, the SCO and other groupings are yet to prove their viability as vehicles to check US unilateralism in the region.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/FF19Ag01.html (1054 words)

	Astana Summit Brings New Horizons for SCO
		A summit of the six leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) nations taking place in Kazakhstan’s capital city of Astana on July 5 opened a new stage in the history of the SCO defined by growing cooperation in the fight against terrorism and in the economic sphere.
		Its mandate was extended to include the strengthening of cooperation in the fight against terrorism and expand cooperation in the economic sphere, as well as in the spheres of culture, education and tourism.
		The Concept approved at the summit says the SCO members want to “develop unified policies in fighting terrorism, separatism and extremism and to coordinate these activities.” The SCO members have spoken in favor of creating a single register of fugitives sought for their involvement in terrorism, or who are suspected of carrying out such crimes.
	www.kazakhembus.com /070705.html (1228 words)

	SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION EYES ECONOMIC, SECURITY COOPERATION - Eurasia Daily Monitor
		Kazakhstan is particularly interested in the SCO's foreign policy priorities, and Kazakh Prime Minister Daniyal Akhmetov noted, "The SCO guarantees stability in the region" (Kazinform, October 26).
		At the SCO summit in the Kazakh capital, Astana, in July 2005, the leaders of the organization suggested that the U.S.-led coalition forces in Afghanistan should announce a timetable for withdrawal and demanded a limit to outside interference in the region's internal affairs.
		The Russian media commented that the SCO meeting in Moscow seemed to be a publicity exercise for the Kremlin, a perceived attempt to showcase its global importance.
	www.jamestown.org /edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 (814 words)

	Shanghai Cooperation Organization: What is it for? - Pravda.Ru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Shanghai Cooperation Organization started its history in April of 1996, when the leaders of five countries (Russia, China, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan) signed the agreement on consolidation of confidence in the military field in border regions.
		The unofficial objective of the organization is to contradict to the growing influence of the United States in the region.
		Almost all leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization stressed out that the organization should not be considered as a military alliance, notwithstanding the establishment of the regional anti-terrorist structure.
	english.pravda.ru /cis/2002/06/07/29950_.html (968 words)

	Republic of Kazakhstan
		Session of the Council of Ministers of foreign affairs of the states-members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
		Joint Statement by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
		Declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
	missions.itu.int /~kazaks/eng/sco/sco01.htm (164 words)

	Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The “Shanghai Five” is formed in Shanghai with China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan as its founding members.
		Vyacheslav Nikonov, a leading Russian political scientist and the president of the Moscow-based Polity Foundation, says during a news conference in Moscow that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is resetting its priorities and that curbing US influence in Central Asia has become one of the organization’s central objectives.
		“As the active military phase in the anti-terror operation in Afghanistan is nearing completion, the SCO would like the coalition’s members to decide on the deadline for the use of the temporary infrastructure and for their military contingents’ presence in those countries,” the organization says in its declaration.
	www.cooperativeresearch.org /entity.jsp?entity=shanghai_cooperation_organization_(sco) (1177 words)

	RIA Novosti - World - China takes over chair of Shanghai Cooperation Organization
		The SCO leaders will also sign a resolution granting Pakistan, Iran, and India observer status in the organization, an inter-government agreement on cooperation in providing assistance in dealing with emergency situations, and an agreement on procedures to arrange and conduct combined antiterrorist operations.
		The declaration that established the SCO was signed on June 15, 2001, in Shanghai.
		The organization is designed to promote mutual trust and friendship between the member states, and foster effective political, economic, scientific, and cultural cooperation, as well as contacts in the sphere of education, energy, transport, environment.
	en.rian.ru /world/20050705/40844477.html (279 words)

	China Eurasia Forum - Recent Headlines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Perhaps most significantly, the SCO members jointly called for a timetable to be drawn up for the United States to depart from its bases in Central Asia, once the situation in Afghanistan had fully stabilized.
		On March 31, the Council of National Coordinators of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) met in Beijing to discuss the upcoming Summit and the possible addition of Iran, India, and Pakistan as SCO observers.
		On February 25, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Foreign Ministers met in Astana on February 25 to discuss the June SCO Summit.
	www.chinaeurasia.org /headlines.html (2366 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Uzbekistan: Shanghai Group should condemn massacre
		The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, was founded in 1996 as the Shanghai Five to meet the need for regional security cooperation and confidence-building.
		The Shanghai group has pledged to forward the goals of political and economic cooperation in the region and collective security interests, including counterterrorism.
		To date, the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have failed to condemn the massacre of hundreds of unarmed protestors in Andijan and they have failed to address the threat to regional stability posed by Uzbekistan's pressure on Kyrgyzstan.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/MIRA-6DY38C?OpenDocument (619 words)

	SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION SUMMIT SUGGESTS NEW RUSSIA-CHINA LINKS - Eurasia Daily Monitor
		The SCO leaders signed a joint declaration and a "Concept of SCO Cooperation against Terrorism, Separatism, and Extremism." The Tashkent summit last year decided to strengthen the SCO, and the organization moves towards multilateral cooperation between member states and growing interaction with other international organizations, said the declaration.
		Moreover, the SCO urged the U.S.-led coalition forces in Afghanistan to declare a timetable for withdrawal from Afghanistan as well as from the Uzbek and Kyrgyz bases in the region that were set up to support operations in Afghanistan.
		The SCO is not an "anti-orange" block, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov claimed in June 2005.
	jamestown.org /edm/article.php?article_id=2369975 (852 words)

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