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Topic: Shanhai Pass

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	Shanhai Pass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For centuries, the pass guarded the narrow passage between the Northeast and the Central East region of China.
		Shanhaiguan became one of the most heavily fortified pass in China, and to this day, it is also one of the most preserved pass in the Great Wall.
		The pass of Shanhaiguan is a square, with a perimeter of around 4 kilometers long.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shanhai_Pass (534 words)

	Shanhai Pass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The Shanhai Pass lies 15 kilometers to the northeast of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province.
		The city walls of the Shanhai Pass reach Yanshan Mountains in the north and extend to the Bohai Sea in the south.
		The Shanhai Pass was built in the 14th year (1381) of the Hongwu reign in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_34664.htm (524 words)

	Shanhaiguan Pass,Qinhuangdao Travel Guides-China City Tours Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Shanhai Pass, 15 kilometers from the tourist city of Qinhuangdao, got its name from being situated between the Yanshan Mountains and the Bohai Sea.
		Shanhai Pass is a national tourist attraction and the first strategic pass at the eastern end of the Great Wall.
		Shanhaiguan Pass consists of a main castle, two supporting castles one in the north and one in the south, and two semicircular protective walls in front of the main castle, the town of Weiyuan and the town of Ninghai.
	www.achinatravel.com /china-travel/china-hebei-qinhuangdao-shanhaiguan-pass.asp (510 words)

	Ancient Passes: Keeping Watch throughout History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Recently, some passes have been discovered in the ruins of the western Hunan border wall, which was built for defense against the rebellions of the Miao ethnic group during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
		Shanhai Pass is on the boundary between Inside the Pass and Outside the Pass.
		Hangu Pass was built as an offensive tactic by Qin State during the Warring States period, and Tongguan Pass was built as a defense by the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220).
	www.rmhb.com.cn /chpic/htdocs/English/content/200204/5-3.htm (1344 words)

	Great Wall of China - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Wall stretches over a formidable 6,352 km (3,948 miles), from Shanhai Pass on the Bohai Sea in the east, at the limit between China proper and Manchuria, to Lop Nur in the southeastern portion of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (refer to University of Washington: A.
		The primary purpose of the wall was to make it difficult for semi-nomadic people outside the wall (such as the Mongols under Altan Khan and the Oirats under Esen Taiji) to raid into China with their horses or return with stolen property.
		In 1644, the Kokes Manchus crossed the Wall by convincing an important general Wu Sangui to open the gates of Shanhai Pass and allow the Manchus to cross.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Great_Wall_of_China (2065 words)

	China Resources
		Built in 1381, the Shanhai Pass is a national tourist attraction and the first strategic pass at the eastern terminus of the Great Wall.
		Shanhai Pass, 15 kilometers from the tourist city of Qinhuangdao, is so-called because it is situated between the Yanshan Mountains and the Bohai Sea.
		On the eastern city tower hangs a huge plaque bearing the horizontal inscription of five Chinese characters in bold script, meaning the "Pass under Heaven." The magnificent city tower, the almost inaccessible terrain, and the calligraphic art of the inscription are regarded as three unique aspects of the Shanhai Pass.
	www.acfsqld.com.au /resources/hebei (1276 words)

	Juyong Pass and Cloud Platform
		Juyong Pass is located in an 18 kilometer-long valley named "Guangou" which is inside Changping County more than 50 kilometers from Beijing City.
		Juyong Pass has two passes, one at the south and one at the north.
		Juyong Pass and Badaling in the south are vital gateways in the northwest region of Beijing City.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_34534.htm (529 words)

	Chinese life/society
		Some passes were located at important transport routes, usually among mountains.
		East of the Pass and West of the Pass are divided by Hangu Pass and Tongguan Pass.
		The ruins of Laoniuwan Pass in Pianguan County, Shanxi Province.
	www.chinavoc.com /life/gallery/guan.asp (1356 words)

	great-wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The Wall stretches over a formidable 7,200 km (4,500 miles), from Shanhai Pass on the Bohai Gulf in the east, at the limit between China proper and Manchuria, to Lop Nur in the southeastern portion of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (refer to University of Washington: A.
		Jiayu Pass was intended to greet travelers along the Silk Road.
		The Kokes Manchus crossed the Wall by convincing a crucial general Wu Sangui to open the gates of Shanhai Pass and allow the Manchus to cross.
	www.china-101.net /greatwall.html (1344 words)

	Ju yong guan Pass
		Juyongguan Pass has two passes, one at the south and one at the north.
		This Pass was connected to the Great Wall in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
		The present Pass was initially built in the Ming Dynasty and received much renovation later.
	www.mygreatwallchina.com /greatwallsections/juyongguan.htm (392 words)

	Great Wall of China
		The Wall stretches over a formidable 6,700 km, from Shanhai Pass on the Bohai Gulf in the east, at the limit between China proper and Manchuria, to Jiayu Pass in western Gansu province in the west, at the limit of the Gobi Desert and the oases of the Silk Road.
		The Manchus crossed the Wall by convincing a crucial general Wu Sangui to open the gates of Shahai Pass and allow the Manchus to cross.
		While some portions near tourist centers have been preserved and even reconstructed, in most locations the Wall is in disrepair, serving as a playground for some villages and a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads.
	www.magicaljourneys.com /China/china-interest-greatwall.html (1054 words)

	China Tourist Attractions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		It is one of the 32 passes built during 1368-1398 under the supervision of General Xu Da.
		Situated on the Mt. Fenghuangshan, 6 kms east of Shanhaiguan Pass, Temple of Meng Jiangnu, according to legend, was originally built before the Song dynasty and repaired in the Ming dynasty.
		First Pass under Heaven, built in Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), is the east tower-- Zhendong Tower-- of Shanhaiguan Pass.
	www.chinatourguide.org /?cat=21 (572 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Manchuria, to Jiayu Pass in western Gansu province in the west, at the limit of the Gobi Desert and the oases of the
		Spanning nine provinces and 100 counties, it ends on the western end at Jiayu Pass located in northwest Gansu Province.
		Wu Sangui to open the gates of Shanhai Pass and allow the Manchus to cross.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China.html (1149 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > Ancient Chinese Passes
		Aug 5 2004, 08:18 AM The fortified mountain pass (guan 关, or 關 in the Traditional form) has always been highly strategic in Chinese military history, since many regions of the empire were separated by mountain ranges that would probably serve as state borders in Europe.
		The Tong Pass 潼关, the Xiao Pass 崤关, the Jianmen Pass 剑门关, the Jiayu Pass 嘉峪关, the Yumen Pass 玉门关, the Juyong Pass 居庸关, and the Shanhai Pass 山海关 have all been the scene of major battles at different periods of Chinese history.
		As the article mentions, the Qin built Hangu Pass to get at the states in the east (although it also served after that to defend against the attacks of the other states), while the Eastern Han built Tong Pass to protect Luoyang from an attack from the west.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t575.html (1124 words)

	Bob's Home Page
		With a total length of over 6,000 kilometers, it extends to the Liaoning province in the east coast and to Jiayu Pass in Gansu province in the west of China.
		Shanhai Pass (680 x 440,111k) Great Wall starts here, Shanhai Pass, in the east coast of China
		Badalin (640 x 420,128k) The Badalin section of the Great Wall snaking along the mountains northwest of Beijing was built at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in the 14 th century.
	www.angelfire.com /mi/mingchunc/index.html (307 words)

	6. The Qing Empire \| All Empires
		Thus, he sent a message to the Qing regent Dorgon offering to open the gates of Shanhai Pass to the Manchu armies, as well as the assistance of his own troops in conquering China, changing the whole course of Chinese history.
		The strategic Shanhai Pass in north China is well-fortified and is a superb defensive position.
		He was seated in an open palanquin carried by 16 bearers, attended by a number of officers bearing flags, standards and umbrellas, and as he passed we paid him our compliment by kneeling on one knee, whilst all the Chinese made their usual prostrations.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=The_Qing_Empire (6824 words)

	Other Wonders
		The retreat was unavoidable and Manko dissolved the gross of his army so that soldiers could take care of their families and devote their time to agriculture.
		In the winter solstice, the sunlight is projected exactly towards this rock from "Intipunku" (Sun Gate) which is compounded by the buildings towards the east, on the pass, by the end of the Inka trail that is seen surrounding the Machupicchu Mountain.
		Passing from the farming sector to the urban one there is a great " Dry Moat" that served to protect it.
	www.the7worldwonders.com /otherwonders.htm (10765 words)

	The Construction of China Great Wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The Wall stretches over a formidable 6,350 km, from Shanhai Pass (山海关) on the Bohai Gulf in the east, at the limit between China proper and Manchuria, to Lop Nur in the southeastern portion of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
		The primary purpose of the wall was not to keep out people, who could climb the wall, but make it difficult for semi-nomadic people outside the wall to cross with their horses or return with stolen property.
		The Kokes Manchus crossed the Wall by convincing an important general Wu Sangui (吴三桂) to open the gates of Shanhai Pass and allow the Manchus to cross.
	www.chinadetail.com /History/HistoricEventsGW.php (725 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Inside the pass is a finely laid marble platform believed to have been built in 1268.
		This was built by a famous General of Ming Dynasty in 1381, situated at the foot of a mountain and in the vicinity of the sea, Shanghai Pass is known as the 'First pass under the heaven'.
		Situated at a place of strategic importance this pass is considered a military stronghold of ancient time.
	www.dailynews.lk /2003/09/12/fea02.html (1175 words)

	www.photocome.com
		The primary purpose of the wall was not to keep out people, who could scale the wall, but to insure that semi-nomadic people on the outside of the wall could not cross with their horses or return easily with stolen property.
		Spanning nine provinces and 100 counties, the final 500 kilometers have all but turned to rubble, and today it ends on the western end at the historic site of Jiayu Pass, located in northwest Gansu Province at the limit of the Gobi Desert and the oases of the Silk Road.
		The Kokes Manchus crossed the Wall by convincing an important general Wu Sangui to open the gates of Shanhai Pass and allow the Manchus to cross.
	phc.photocome.com /english/list.php?groupid=823289 (1056 words)

	Travel Diary - Desi Match (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Built in the Ming dynasty, Hushan Great Wall, as the east starting spot of Ming Great Wall, was located in Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning province with the Yalu River to its south and Yuan River west.
		It is considered the No.1 pass of the Great Wall and the key to the defense of two ancient capitals - Beijing in the east and Chang’an (Xian) in the west.
		Beyond the Shanhaiguan Pass, the Great Wall stretches westards to Jiayuguan Pass, which is also the first pass the west end of the Great Wall of China and was built during the Ming Dynasty.
	www.desimatch.com /desi-planet/archive/october-01-15,-2005/travel-diary.html (680 words)

	Great Wall of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Wall is the world's longest man-made structure, stretching over a formidable 6,352 km (3,948 miles), from Shanhai Pass on the Bohai Sea in the east, at the limit between "China proper" and Manchuria, to Lop Nur in the southeastern portion of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [1].
		This new wall was built on a grand scale with longer lasting materials (solid stone used for the sides and the top of the Wall) than any wall built before.
		After the Manchu conquered China, the Wall was of no strategic value, mainly because the Manchu extended their political control far to the north.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_great_wall_of_china (2015 words)

	Ancient Chinese Passes - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The fortified mountain pass (guan 关, or 關 in the Traditional form) has always been highly strategic in Chinese military history, since many regions of the empire were separated by mountain ranges that would probably serve as state borders in Europe.
		Oh, I forgot to clarify that some of the passes, like the Shanhai Pass and the Jiayu Pass, were not really mountain passes but rather passes on a "man-made mountain range" - i.e.
		It isn't specifically about Passes but talks about the lay of the land and it's influence on Chinese history, which includes the mountain passes.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=575&st=0&p=4688153&#entry4688153 (1249 words)

	Xiamen- Travel and Tourism China
		Located fifteen kilometers northeast of Qinhuangdao at the eastern terminus of the Great Wall is the Shanhai Pass also known as the “First Pass Under Heaven.” Built during the fourteenth year of Ming Dynasty Emperor Hong Wu’s rule, the “pass city” housed the Communications Center between north and northeast China.
		Visitors are first greeted by a twelve-meter-high rectangular city gate at the entrance of the Pass.
		This temple is located in the Shanhai Pass District of Qinhuangdao.
	visitasiaguide.com /visit-china/qinhuangdao.htm (570 words)

	The Great Wall
		The Great Wall in north China stretches from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayuguan Pass in the west traversing provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia,Shaanxi and Gansu and is 6,700 kilometers long.
		Along its length there are some 100 passes and tens of thousands of watch and beacon towers.
		Other well known and popular spots along the wall are the Huangya Pass in Tianjin, Shanhai Pass in Heibei Province and Jiayu Pass in Gansu Province.
	www.chinatravel.com /china-travel-guides/china-attractions/china-world-heritage/the-great-wall.shtml (463 words)

	Ancient Chinese Passes - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The dead have passed beyond our power to honour or dishonour them, but not beyond our ability to try and understand.
		Yes, Hangu Pass was east of Tong Pass, and one had to get through both passes (there was a valley linking the two) to get to Chang'an from the east.
		Another note: Xiao Pass is actually the same pass as Hulao Pass or Sishui Pass.
	chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=575&st=0&...&#entry4688153 (1249 words)

	Great Wall of China - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The Ming Dynasty Great Wall starts on the eastern end at Shanhai Pass (山海关 shan1 hai3 guan1), Qinghuangdao, in Hebei Province next to Bohai Gulf.
		Spanning nine provinces and 100 counties, it ends on the western end at Jiayu Pass (嘉峪关 jia1 yu4 guan1) located in northwest Gansu Province.
		After they conquered China, the Wall was of no strategic value as the people who the Wall was intended to keep out were ruling the country.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Great_Wall_of_China (577 words)

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