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	Shanidar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shanidar 2 was an adult male, who evidently died in a rock fall inside the cave, as his skull and bones were crushed.
		Shanidar 3, another adult male, also died in a rock fall in the cave.
		Shanidar 4 was an adult male, found lying on his left side in a foetal poition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shanidar (450 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: Shanidar 1
		In the side view of Shanidar 1, the back of the skull appears to be flattened and rises at a steep angle to the crown of the head.
		Shanidar Cave is also famous for one burial that appears to have the pollen from wildflowers associated with the soil around the skull.
		Another individual from this cave, Shanidar 3, suffered a piercing wound to a rib on the left side of his body.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/shanidar.html (463 words)

	International Journal of Kurdish Studies: The Bekhme dam project in Kurdistan Iraq: a threat to the archaeology of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Shanidar valley lies in the lower part of the Sapna Valley in conjunction with the Rowanduz River valley.
		A curious freak of nature in the area of Shanidar is the fogging of the river valley bottom in the early morning, occurring especially in the fall.
		Shanidar valley is considerably warmer than the Mergasur valley, which lies to the east and on the cooler side of the Baradost Mountain.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0SBL/is_1-2_19/ai_n15954367 (1653 words)

	Shanidar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Shanidar is a cave in northern Iraq where remains of Neanderthals have been found.
		The skeletons have been labelled Shanidar 1 to Shanidar 9.
		The remains suggest thast Neandertals had funeral ceremonies, burying their dead with flowers, and that injured individuals were looked after by their fellows.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Shanidar (333 words)

	Archeology
		Long-awaited by anthropologists, The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave systematically catalogs the thirty-five human skeletons, 26 burials and associated funerary artifacts excavated during the 1950s and 1960s.
		In addition to detailed diagrams, maps, figures, and tables showing the layout and contents of Shanidar Cave, the authors compare these prehistoric funeral practices with those of the Levant, discuss cultural developments in the Near East, and analyze the Proto-Neolithic human condition based on osteological research of bones and possible causes of death.
		Shanidar Cave has been inaccessible to archaeologists since 1961 because of political developments in Iraq, and as events in the Middle East currently stand, it's unlikely excavation work will resume even in the distant future.
	www.wordtrade.com /society/archeology.htm (2284 words)

	Welcome to BCCL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As a case of rehabilitation, Shanidar I was a prime example.
		In short, Shanidar I - or "Nandy" as we called him around the dinner table - was at a distinct disadvantage in an environment where even men in the best condition had a hard time.
		It would appear that Shanidar I's tribe favored him, protected him from undue harm, and found a valued place for him in their society.
	www.bcclnet.com /reports/02oct07.htm (1331 words)

	American Scientist Online - Early Graves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Thus the discovery in 1951 of Shanidar Cave in the Baradost Mountains, one of the western folds of the Zagros, 400 kilometers north of Baghdad in northeast Kurdistan, Iraq, gave a new geographic perspective on the very early Neolithic period.
		In chapters 4 and 5, the Soleckis describe in detail the burial offerings—bone and stone tools, an amazing collection of beads, a number of exotic goods and miscellaneous other objects—and analyze their function, typology and structure, and the technique by which they were manufactured.
		The Proto-Neolithic cemetery in Shanidar Cave is an early precursor of such cemeteries.
	www.americanscientist.org /BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/42364 (1277 words)

	Shanidar - a novelette by David Zindell
		Shanidar I, they named him, and they determined he had lost his arm long before he died.
		In the burial site of another neandertal, Shanidar IV, was the pollen of several kinds of flowers, mixed in with all the bone fragments, pebbles and dust.
		'Shanidar, my son, whom I love more than life.' But Lokni shook his head because life is so hard the Devaki do not name their children until four winters have passed.
	www.infinityplus.co.uk /stories/shanidar.htm (8394 words)

	Femoral diaphyseal histomorphometric age determinations for the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals and Neandertal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Femoral diaphyseal histomorphometric age determinations for the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals and Neandertal longevity.
		Histomorphometric analysis of femoral diaphyseal fragments from the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals provide age at death estimates of 41 (+/- 6.7), 36 (+/- 6.7), 40 (+/- 6.7), and 24 (+/- 6.7) years.
		Since the Shanidar 3, 4, and 5 (and slightly younger Shanidar 1) individuals are among the oldest known Neandertals, these age determinations suggest that significant postreproductive survival was rare among the Neandertals and a phenomenon primarily of anatomically modern humans.
	www.naturalsciences.be /mars/litterature/bibliography/med/Trinkaus1987a (196 words)

	Oldest fossil human protein ever sequenced
		He conducted extensive field work at Shanidar Cave and is one of the paper's authors.
		It is rare to recover a protein of this age and remarkable to be able to determine the amino acid sequence of this protein.
		This research opens up the exciting possibility of extracting and sequencing protein from other fossils, including earlier humans, as a means of determining the relationships between extinct and living species, and to better understand the phylogenetic relationships.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-03/wuis-ofh030805.php (424 words)

	Good Mountain Press Announcements: Flowers of Shanidar by Bobby Matherne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In a small dark cave in the hills of Northern Iraq near the Turkish border the excavator Ralph Solecki found in 1960 the bones of a young man placed in the recess between two large boulders.
		Analysis of the remains from the cave of Shanidar determined that the burial occurred over 60,000 years ago.
		Ordinarily a small random assortment of pollen grains would be found in funereal soil samples, but the Shanidar soil analysis revealed thousands of pollen grains from wild flowers of the region.
	www.doyletics.com /gmp/fos-1.htm (335 words)

	Zawi Chemi Shanidar
		Zawi Chemi Shanidar is a unique archaeological site located in the Zagros Mountains by the Zab River of northern Iraq.
		This shows that Zawi Chemi Shanidar cannot be placed exclusively into the Mesolithic or the Neolithic time period because it has characteristics of both.
		Some of the other artifacts found at Zawi Chemi Shanidar were a large number of beads, some made of copper.
	mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/zawichemishanidar.html (553 words)

	The costal skeleton of Shanidar 3 and a reappraisal of Neandertal thoracic morphology. — MARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The costal skeleton of Shanidar 3 and a reappraisal of Neandertal thoracic morphology.
		You are here: Home → Library → Bibliography → Medline (tmp) → The costal skeleton of Shanidar 3 and a reappraisal of Neandertal thoracic morphology.
		We also furnish metric and non-metric comparisons of the Shanidar 3 ribs with other Near Eastern and European Neandertals, the Nariokotome (Homo erectus/ergaster) specimen, Levantine archaic/early modern humans, early and later European modern humans, and a sample of recent Euroamerican males.
	www.naturalsciences.be /mars/litterature/bibliography/med/Franciscus2002a (392 words)

	Two Bone Hafts From Northern Iraq (Excerpt 68)
		One haft with its single flint blade insert still in place was found in Shanidar Cave and the other came from the nearby village site of Zawi Chemi Shanidar.
		The Shanidar Cave specimen is a rather flat triangular shaped polished bone haft.
		The Zawi Chemi Shanidar specimen is a flat, roughly crescent-shaped bone haft.
	ancientneareast.50megs.com /68.html (408 words)

	CV
		Trinkaus, E., and Thompson, D.D. (1987) Femoral diaphyseal histomorphometric age determinations for the Shanidar 3, 4, 5 and 6 Neandertals and Neandertal longevity.
		Crubézy, E., and Trinkaus, E. (1992) Shanidar 1: A case of hyperostotic disease (DISH) in the Middle Paleolithic.
		Trinkaus, E., Arter, D.D., and Franciscus, R.G. (1996) A reconstruction of the Shanidar 4 facial skeleton.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~anthro/blurb/et-pubs.html (2644 words)

	Shanidar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This was a hominid burial found and excavated in Shanidar Cave, Iraq, in the early 1960’s by Archaeologist Ralph Soleki.
		This image of an exhibit on Shanidar is from the American Museum of Natural history, Washington, D.C. The interpretations Soleki produced brought the excavation to the attention to the scientific community, and made world-wide headlines.
		Among other things, he suggested that this was the earliest evidence found so far of a shaman, or religions leader, since this individual would not have been able to hunt, and thus support himself.
	radar.ngcsu.edu /~jtwynn/homo.htm (479 words)

	History of Shanidar Part III
		Currently, the political situation in Shanidar is very chaotic.
		Not a nation, but the pagan people who were in Shanidar before the advent of "civilization".
		The land he rules is a poor state, with few resources of note, no trade through its lands to speak of, and a wide expanse of desolation across its center.
	www.boomcoach.com /rolepbem/history3.html (2029 words)

	[No title]
		Five years after publishing Flowers of Shanidar, I began reading it again, and making notes in it.
		I love books with ample margins and lots of blank pages at the end because it gives me lots of places to write notes, poems, and ideas.
		Well, Flowers of Shanidar met all those requirements: it belonged to me, had ample margins, and had lots of blank pages.
	www.doyletics.com /gmp/fospre.htm (689 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Shanidar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Shanidar; all previous versions may be viewed here.
		They link directly to authoring tools for you to start writing a particular article.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Shanidar (570 words)

	early man series
		This set is designed to complement and expand "Human Evolution Survey." It includes additional views and comparisons of those specimens plus less widely known and/or available specimens.
		The Shanidar Neandertals The Neandertals appeared across Europe and in the Near East around 100,000 years ago and were replaced by modern humans 30,000-40,000 years ago.
		Views of Shanidar 1 and 3 are included.
	www.picturesofrecord.com /early.htm (221 words)

	Nauras Sadiq Aad, Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Shanidar's cave is the oldest cave where civilization has been found.
		It happened after sunset and after sunrise near to the cave of Shanidar.
		Despite this horrific memory, Nauras tries to take thing without vengance and with respect to the inner mind.
	www.dse.nl /~tachtigvragen/paintings_win/participants/082info.htm (89 words)

	CSF Neanderthal Article
		In the Shanidar cave the remains of Shanidar IV were positioned resting on a bedding of woven horsetails[a wetlands plant] in a curled up fetal position.
		The Shanidar I individual from the Shanidar Cave in Iraq was blind in his left eye and suffered from arthritis.
		He also would have had a tough time surviving, but it is evident that he lived a long time despite those handicaps.His front teeth were worn down to the bone, indicating that he used his teeth as a vice to manipulate materials that would normally be handled by his arm.
	www.csfpittsburgh.org /neand.html (7229 words)

	ScienceDaily: Oldest Fossil Protein Sequenced: Protein Sequence From Neanderthal Extracted And Sequenced (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An international team, led by researchers at the Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, in Leipzig, Germany, have extracted and sequenced protein from a Neanderthal from Shanidar Cave, Iraq dating to approximately 75,000 years old.
		It is rare to recover protein of this age, and remarkable to be able to determine the constituent amino acid sequence.
		The research, published in PNAS, presents the sequence for the bone protein osteocalcin from a Neanderthal from Shanidar Cave, Iraq, as well as osteocalcin sequences from living primates (humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans).
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/03/050329133310.htm (1033 words)

	Shanidar Main Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Specifically, Shanidar is the small section in the northwest corner of the known world.
		The majority of the known world is ruled, to a large extent, by a single Church (although this Church is pantheonistic, not monotheistic.) For more detail see Religion in Shanidar.
		The world of Shanidar is designed for a play-by-email game using Rolemaster Standard System (RMSS) rules.
	www.boomcoach.com /rolepbem/main.html (285 words)

	Lords of The Crescent by Tom Fairbairn
		Shanidar is just a core cave, a small community of Natufian men.
		Each generation of Earth beings for a hundred thousand periods (years) built their living room over the ruins of its former residents.
		The lord's leader intended to capture or eliminate the tribes of the Zargos mountains, as they escape Shanidar by building rafts, and sailing down the Tigras river system.
	www.authorsonline.co.uk /New/Synopsis.asp?eBookID=119 (1604 words)

	Abebooks Search Results - Shanidar
		Contemporary Kurdish winter-time inhabitants of Shanidar Cave Iraw
		This is a report on the excavation of the Shanidar Cave, nestled in the Zagros Mountains, where archaeologists have discovered artefacts and skeletal remains that offer evidence about this site's prehistoric culture and specifically, about the origins of agriculture and trade.
		The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave (ISBN: 1585442720)
	www.abebooks.co.uk /search/sortby/3/kn/Shanidar (1085 words)

	Kurdish independence and the New World Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He adds that Shanidar is close to be the birth place of the first great civilization in Mesopotamia.
		Finally the last discovery in the proto-Neolithic horizon of the skeletons found at the Shanidar cave and the village site yielded evidence of the amazing discovery that, Shanidar people buried their deaths with flowers.
		Further study of several slides and sample of soil by Leori-Gourham botanist confirmed that “Shanidar people were the first flower man.She added that, and “flowers were probably woven into spine-like branches and no accident of nature could have deposited such remains deep in the cave.
	www.kurdmedia.com /news.asp?id=11454 (1734 words)

	PreHistoric Zawi Chemi Shanidar in Iraq
		A cave in northern Iraq (MAP) at an altitude of 745 metres.
		A small village site outside, Zawi Chemi Shanidar, has produced some evidence for early farming at the time of the Zarzian, whose levels at the summit of the cave are about 10000 BC.
		Beneath early Upper Palaeolithic levels are Mousterian layers from which come a series of Neanderthal skeletons, several thought to have been killed by rock falls.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Zawi_Chemi_Shanidar.html (283 words)

	Evolution - July 1998: Shanidar Neanderthals and religion
		him, Shanidar I must have been taken care of by his companions.
		Shanidar I must have belonged to a group that had had a sense of
		that the wounded Shanidar III had been taken care of by his companions.
	www.asa3.org /archive/evolution/199807/0230.html (1285 words)

	Natural History: ABSTRACTS - findings on Neanderthals, dinosaurs, single-celled organisms - Brief Article
		The Middle Paleolithic remains were found in Shanidar Cave, Iraq, with evidence of yarrow, grape hyacinth, and Saint Barnaby's thistle.
		Shanidar's discoverer, Ralph Solecki, opined in 1971 that "with the finding of flowers in association with Neanderthals, we are brought suddenly to the realization that the universality of mankind and the love of beauty go beyond the boundary of our own species."
		At about the same time, however, zoo-archaeologist Richard Redding excavated several burrows of Meriones crassus, a gerbil-like rodent found in the Zagros Mountains, and observed that the animal stores large numbers of similar flowers in its tunnels.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_109/ai_60026713 (758 words)

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