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Topic: Shapiro delay

	Informed Compliance
		The failure of an importer to exercise "reasonable care" will seriously delay release of the shipment and possibly lead to the levying of penalties on the part of Customs.
		Additionally, the MOD Act (section 615) requires all importers to maintain supporting records for all entry data or be faced with the possibility of penalties up to $100,000 per shipment.
		In an effort to help educate our clients, Samuel Shapiro and Company, Inc. often sponsors what we hope to be very informative seminars.
	www.shapiro.com /html/ComplianceInformed.html (449 words)

	Shapiro delay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shapiro proposed an observational test of his prediction: bounce radar beams off the surface of Venus and Mercury, and measure the round trip travel time.
		Shapiro delay must be considered along with ranging data when trying to accurately determine the distance to interstellar probes such as the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft (see the Voyager program, the Pioneer program, and the Pioneer anomaly).
		The shapiro delay at the surface of this mass increases as the density of the mass increases.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shapiro_effect (801 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: Shapiro effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Shapiro Effect, also known as the Gravitational Time Delay is the slowdown of light (additional info and facts about slowdown of light) in the presence of a gravitational (additional info and facts about gravitational) field--an effect predicted by relativity theory ((physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts).
		In his letter, Dr. Shapiro further suggested that a test of relativity theory could be made by observing delay of radar (Measuring instrument in which the echo of a pulse of microwave radiation is used to detect and locate distant objects) signals returned from the surface of a planet in our solar system.
		The maximum delay would occur at the beam's closest approach to the sun.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sh/shapiro_effect.htm (290 words)

	Encyclopedia: Shapiro effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Shapiro is best known for the leading role his company has taken in developing and selling genetically-modified (GM) seeds to the agricultural industry, which has faced fierce opposition in the courts and from communities in many countries.
		Shapiro promoted the life sciences model that combined pharmaceuticals with food and agriculture and, in particular, the use of biotechnology to improve crop yields.
		Shapiro then planned to merge Monsanto with cash-rich American Home Products; the deal collapsed, apparently because of differences between the two management styles, and Monsanto's share price fell by over 40% just as opposition groups, such as Greenpeace, were mounting campaigns against GM foods.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Shapiro-effect (852 words)

	An Introduction to Delay Damages, Part 2--article by Gina Vitiello of Shapiro Fussell Wedge Smotherman Martin & Price, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Delay Damages-Part 1 (January 2003) provided an introduction to delay damages and identified ways for determining when a contractor may be entitled to recover for delays caused by the Owner or third parties.
		Delay claims are often the most complex and complicated part of a construction-related claim.
		Even in the absence of an estimate, if the delay period and the monthly/weekly rates for these items are known, the amount allocable to the delay for these items can be calculated with near certainty.
	www.constructatlanta.com /legal/delay2.html (1069 words)

	washingtonpost.com: DeLay's Corporate Fundraising Investigated
		DeLay requested that the new donation come from "a combination of corporate and personal money from Enron's executives," with the understanding that it would be partly spent on "the redistricting effort in Texas," said the e-mail to Kenneth L. Lay from lobbyists Rick Shapiro and Linda Robertson.
		But DeLay and his colleagues also face serious legal challenges: Texas law bars corporate financing of state legislature campaigns, and a Texas criminal prosecutor is in the 20th month of digging through records of the fundraising, looking at possible violations of at least three statutes.
		DeLay is interested in what he and the other congressmen may be able to due [sic] legislatively to assist in addressing some of the issues we have" with new pollution-control rules.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A43219-2004Jul11?language=printer (2633 words)

	It is time for a new look at astronomy and our universe.
		Shapiro, it seems, was the first to make use of a previously forgotten facet of relativity theory -- that the speed of light is reduced when it passes through a gravitational field.
		Instead of the time delay effect decreasing with the inverse of the distance from the center of the sun (1/d), as does the bending of light, the Shapiro effect decreases with the inverse of the logarithm of distance (1 / ln (d)).
		But what the Shapiro effect shows is that the redshift from distant galaxies is not due to the Doppler effect and velocities of recession, but a natural result of the influence of the inter-galactic gravitational field on the propagation of light.
	www.geocities.com /newastronomy/Shapiro.htm (3602 words)

	Deflection and Delay of Light
		So the delay observations agree with Einstein within 0.9 standard deviations, but are 130,000 standard deviations away from the Newtonian prediction.
		In a very real sense, the delay experienced by light passing a massive object is responsible for the deflection of the light.
		Another way to delay the wavefronts of light is to send the light through glass, as in a lens or a prism.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/deflection-delay.html (604 words)

	Gravitational lens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Another parameter that may come out of the study of gravitational lenses is Hubble's constant which encodes the age and size of the universe.
		the first is the obvious delay due to the difference in optical path length between the two rays.
		the second is a general relativistic effect, the Shapiro effect, that describes light rays as taking longer to traverse a region of stronger gravitation, (see: gravity well, gravitational time dilation).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gravitational_lens (1386 words)

	grayAlbert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As the radar's path in space moved closer to the Sun, a small time delay grew in the radar reflections which is given by equations in the big, fl book (Gravitation, by Misner, Thorne and Wheeler).
		Irwin I. Shapiro measured the time delay of radar reflections off Mercury caused by the gravitational field of the Sun.
		The experiment is about the time delay created by the presence of the Sun's gravitational field.
	world.std.com /~sweetser/PopScience/timeDelay/timeDelay.html (282 words)

	Illustration of the Shapiro Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As the beams pass closer and closer to the Sun, a delay in the transit time is measured.
		This delay is caused by the gravitational force of the Sun.
		This delay also causes a Doppler shift in the signal, which is equivalent to the redshift observed for distant galaxies.
	www.geocities.com /newastronomy/animate.htm (95 words)

	Possible manifestation of the gravitational lensing effect in single pulsar timing
		Gravitational lensing and time delay of pulsar signal in the gravitational field of a mass are General Relativity effects which may be used as a tool to detect the observational parameters of dark matter in our Galaxy.
		The time delay of the arrival times of pulses in the gravitational field of the companion of a binary pulsar has been used as a tool for measuring the companion mass by Ryba and Taylor (1991).
		There is no unambiguity in identifying the distortion caused by the gravitating mass because the Shapiro time delay causes a sharp growth of amplitude of TOA near conjunction of the mass with the line of sight of the observer.
	www.mrao.cam.ac.uk /yerac/larchenkova/larchenkova.html (1887 words)

	Shapiro
		Shapiro gained from that fact the idea that radio signals passing the sun as they travel between planets would be delayed a short interval beyond the time that astronomers would normally calculate from the positions of the two planets and an assumption that space is not warped.
		In addition to that delay we must include a delay due to the distortion of time within the sun's gravitational field.
		By making measurements from July 1976 through November 1977, they were able to gather enough data to confirm the equality between the delay that Shapiro calculated and the actual delay to one part in one thousand, making this observation the best confirmation of General Relativity available so far.
	www.bado-shanai.net /Map%20of%20Physics/mopshapiro.htm (996 words)

	An Introduction to Delay Damages, Part 1--article by Gina Vitiello of Shapiro Fussell Wedge Smotherman Martin & Price, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		But understanding the nature and components of a delay can help you determine whether you are entitled to additional compensation, as well as how to negotiate your contract and keep your records in a manner that will insure your success in bringing a delay claim.
		When we talk about "delay damages," what we really mean are those additional costs incurred by the contractor as a result of the extended duration of its performance.
		By waiving your rights to delay damages before your work begins, you could be putting your company at significant financial risk if a long unforeseeable delay or other schedule impact causes you to incur unanticipated costs.
	www.constructatlanta.com /legal/delay1.html (880 words)

	Shapiro effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Shapiro Effect, also known as the Gravitational Time Delay is the Speed of light in the presence of a Gravity field an effect predicted by Theory of relativity.
		Irwin I. Shapiro wrote in the Journal of Astrophysics in 1964:...according to the general theory, the speed of a light wave depends on the strength of the gravitational potential along its path.
		In other words, the theory of relativity predicts that the speed of light is reduced when it passes through a gravitational field.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Relativity/Shapiro-effect.html (296 words)

	News
		Shapiro was asked what size he would get if he got a digital TV by the first of the year for his home.
		Shapiro pointed out that broadcasters are inconsistent at best in their support of the HDTV transition.
		Shapiro continued: "NBC is a disappointment not only because they are clearly last, but also because of their historical position.
	2001newsarchive.broadcastengineering.com /ar/broadcasting_news (1930 words)

	New York Birth Injury Lawyers - New York Birthing Injury Attorneys - Wingate, Russotti & Shapiro
		Medical malpractice is one of our strongest areas of practice with credits that include two of the leading appellate medical malpractice cases in New York and one of the largest malpractice verdicts ever in Westchester County.
		Call the attorneys of Wingate, Russotti and Shapiro today to ensure you and your loved ones are compensated for your suffering.
		Copyright © 2007 Wingate, Russotti & Shapiro - New York Birth Injury Lawyers, Personal Injury Attorneys, Medical Malpractice Lawyers, Wrongful Death Attorneys, Medical Negligence Lawyers serving the communities of New York City, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island, Bronx, Brooklyn, Long Island, Westchester County, Rockland County, Nassau County, Suffolk County and all upstate New York Counties.
	www.new-york-birth-injury-lawyers.com (648 words)

	Research Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1964, based on Einstein’s theory of general relativity, Shapiro predicted that light rays would be slowed by their passage through the “curved space” around a body such as the sun.
		This seemingly tiny amount of additional time, which became known as the “Shapiro time delay,” was a major finding and, at that time, provided the most accurate confirmation of Einstein’s remarkably durable theory.
		Shapiro continues with this type of work today, collaborating with SAO staff on the observation of time delays caused by gravitational lenses and their implications for cosmology.
	www.si.edu /opa/InsideResearch/9892/saoside.htm (199 words)

	10 Secondary Relativistic Effects
		There are several additional significant relativistic effects that must be considered at the level of accuracy of a few cm (which corresponds to 100 picoseconds of delay).
		Many investigators are modelling systematic effects down to the millimeter level, so these effects, which currently are not sufficiently large to affect navigation, may have to be considered in the future.
		The Shapiro signal propagation delay may be easily derived in the standard way from the metric, Eq.
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-2003-1/node10.html (616 words)

	Relativity passes the pulsar test (July 2001) - News - PhysicsWeb
		This phenomenon arises because when the plane is 'edge on', the signal from the pulsar passes through a region of space that is distorted by the gravity of the white dwarf.
		The length of the observed Shapiro delay was consistent with the amount of energy the binary system should be losing through gravitational waves.
		Now this system is known to exhibit the Shapiro delay, it is likely to be the subject of many more cosmological studies.
	physicsweb.org /article/news/5/7/8 (524 words)

	4.5 Independent geometrical information: PSR J0437-4715
		Figure 11: Solid line: predicted value of the Shapiro delay in PSR J0437-4715 as a function of orbital phase, based on the observed inclination angle of
		is equivalent to the shape of the Shapiro delay in GR (PK parameter s), the effect of the Shapiro delay on the timing residuals can then easily be computed for a range of possible companion masses (equivalent to the PK parameter r in GR).
		While this result does not include a true self-consistency check in the manner of the double-neutron-star tests, it is nevertheless important, as it represents the only case in which an independent, purely geometric determination of the inclination angle of a binary orbit predicts the shape of the Shapiro delay.
	www.univie.ac.at /EMIS/journals/LRG/Articles/lrr-2003-5/node16.html (417 words)

	Relativistic Deflection of Light Near the Sun Using Radio Signals and Visible Light
		The delay predicted by general relativity is equivalent to a reduced velocity of light in vacuum, in the Sun’s gravitational potential.
		This geometrical delay caused by the bending is not the main cause of the delay predicted by general relativity.
		Since the delay produced and observed due to the plasma in the solar corona is not due to general relativity, it must have a different origin.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /ECLIPSE/Eclipse.html (9064 words)

	astro-ph/0412401--On the Speed of Gravity and the Jupiter/Quasar Measurement \| Physics Comments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The null direction connecting the observer and Jupiter and forming "the observable angle" along with the null line quasar-observer, is the null characteristic of the gravitational field of Jupiter moving with respect to the barycenter of the solar system.
		A null direction connecting observer and Jupiter in the equation for the light deflection and/or relativistic time delay by a moving body is the null direction corresponding to the null characteristic of the gravitational field.
		Correct transformation of the time delay equation from one frame to another requires accounting for the preferred frame terms which was not done by Samuel in deriving his equation (7.2).
	www.physcomments.org /node/98 (1927 words)

	Solar System Dynamics -- CfA Precision Astronomy Group
		Among the phenomena we have used in this work are the Shapiro delay in radio signals passing near the Sun, the "geodetic" (de Sitter) precession of the Earth-Moon system, and the relativistic advance of the planetary perihelia.
		For the purpose of studying the fundamental laws of gravitation, the details of planetary topography and the resulting "modulations" of the measured round-trip delay of interplanetary radar signals are merely a nuisance that must be modeled and removed.
		It was only through carefully tracking the relative time delays and Doppler shifts of the echoes from specific, easily identifiable features on the surface of Venus over many years of observations that we were able to show that Venus is not actually in the resonance.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /~reasen/ssd.html (740 words)

	Kopeikin and the speed of gravity
		All gravitational phenomena unique to Einstein's general relativity (GR), such as light bending, gravitational redshift, perihelion advance, and Shapiro delay of radio or radar signals, arise in a static or near-static gravitational potential field, also sometimes called in various contexts by the names "the gravitational field", "the space-time medium", "the light-carrying medium", "aether", or "elysium".
		Propagation delay is not important for gravitational potential because the potential field is already present near any source mass, and does not need to propagate to get there.
		That is, of course, the primary manifestation for any propagation delay for gravitational force; and dropping it effectively sets that propagation delay to zero, or its propagation speed to infinity.
	www.metaresearch.org /media%20and%20links/press/SOG-Kopeikin.asp (3073 words)

	Astron. Astrophys. 344, 1014-1026 (1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		First, SPRINT computes new phase and delay rate residuals with a high-accuracy delay model in which only the relative separation between the target and reference sources must be refined.
		The high-accuracy model in SPRINT is based on the description of the VLBI delay model by Sovers and Jacobs (1996) but small effects have been ignored because they are negligeable for differential astrometry over a few degree separation.
		The geometric delay of equatorial or azimuth-elevation antenna mounts with non-zero axis offset is modeled as well as the phase delay of the feed rotation.
	aa.springer.de /papers/9344003/2301014/sc4.htm (1071 words)

	On the Speed of Gravity
		The effect of gravity and the speed of gravitational waves is equal to the speed of light.
		The strength of gravity, which determines how long the delay is and how much bending occurs, depends on the speed v of Jupiter.
		Observers that are moving at constant speeds relative to one another would not agree on the amount of the time delay or on the angle that light bends.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/sog.html (1258 words)

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