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Shapur I of Persia

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	SHAPUR - LoveToKnow Article on SHAPUR
		SHAPUR I. 241-272), son of Ardashir I. The Persian legend which makes him the son of an Arsacid princess is not historical.
		Shapur advanced into Asia Minor, but was beaten by Ballista; and now Odaenathus (Odainath), prince of Palmyra, rose in his rear, defeated the Persian army, reconquered Carrhae and Nisibis, captured the royal harem, and twice invested Ctesiphon (263-265).
		Shapur had conducted great hosts of captives from the Roman territory into his dominions, most of whom were settled in Susiana.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SH/SHAPUR.htm (903 words)

	Station Information - Shapur I of Persia
		Shapur I, son of Ardashir I, was king of Persia from 241 to 272.
		Shapur advanced into Asia Minor, but was beaten by Ballista ; and now Septimius Odenathus, prince of Palmyra, rose in his rear, defeated the Persian army, reconquered Carrhae and Nisibis, captured the royal harem, and twice invested Ctesiphon (263 - 265).
		In the valley of Istakhr (near Persepolis), under the tombs of the Achaemenids at Nakshi Rustam, Shapur is represented on horseback, in the royal armour, with the crown on his head; before him kneels Valerian, in Roman dress, asking for grace.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/s/sh/shapur_i_of_persia.html (329 words)

	c. Shapur II to the Reforms of Khusrau I. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Shapur II to the Reforms of Khusrau I
		Shapur was also given a free hand in Armenia, which he invaded and devastated in 365.
		Shapur concluded a peace with Rome (384) whereby Armenia was partitioned between Rome and Persia.
	www.bartleby.com /67/273.html (857 words)

	Mazdak
		Both Ardashir I and Shapur I understood that the masses would give full support and would be loyal to the state provided they got justice from their king, and so both these rulers were eager to see that justice was done to the meanest of their subjects.
		But Shapur was a superman, even greater than the first two rulers of his line and at a very early age he gave clear indications that he had a mind of his own and a will also to get whatever he wanted, and that he was a true-born ruler of men.
		Shapur II wished to curb the powers of the Zoroastrian clergy and of his landholders, for he was wise enough to appreciate the dangers if these were left unchecked.
	www.farvardyn.com /mazdak.php (2399 words)

	The Sassanids, to 500 CE
		Shapur grew up to become known as a brave warrior, and he is said to have demanded the greatest respect from his
		Shapur chose to send his armies northwest into Mesopotamia and Armenia, which his predecessors had lost to the Romans.
		Shapur was a devout Zoroastrian, and with Christianity in the Roman Empire having allied itself with Roman power, in to loyal Persians within the Sassanid Empire it appeared as an enemy religion.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch22c.htm (1897 words)

	Encyclopedia: Shapur II of Persia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 337, just before the death of Constantine, Shapur broke the peace concluded in 297 between Narseh and Diocletian, which had been observed for forty years, and a war of twenty-six years (337-363) began in two series of wars.
		Shapur attempted with varying success to conquer the great fortresses of Roman Mesopotamia : Singara, Nisibis (which he invested three times in vain), and Amida ( Diarbekr).
		After a prolonged struggle (353-358) they were forced to conclude a peace, and their king, Grumbates, accompanied Shapur in the war against the Romans.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Shapur-II-of-Persia (1542 words)

	b. Ardashir I to Shapur II. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shapur I (Sapor) had been co-ruler with his father, Ardashir, since 240.
		Shapur devoted his remaining years to consolidating his power.
		Shapur was succeeded by his son, Hormizd I. Hormizd I ( Hormisdas, 270–271), son of Shapur, was killed in battle against the Sogdians and was followed by his brother, Bahram I ( Varahan, 271–274).
	www.bartleby.com /67/272.html (719 words)

	Shapur I of Persia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At last the emperor Valerian marched against him, but Valerian was taken prisoner in Roman-controlled province of Edessa, when he attempted to meet for negotiations (260).
		But according to Persian traditions, which appear to be trustworthy, he conquered the great fortress of Hatra in the Mesopotamian desert; and the great glory of his reign was that he kept a Roman emperor prisoner to the day of his death.
		In the valley of Istakhr (near Persepolis), under the tombs of the Achaemenids at Naksh-i Rustam, Shapur is represented on horseback, in the royal armour, with the crown on his head; before him kneels Valerian, in Roman dress, asking for grace.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shapur_I_of_Persia (403 words)

	Manichaeism, a Universalist Faith
		Shapur took Mani and Zoroastrian priests with him on his expeditions, with the Zoroastrians more favored, wearing their conical hats and white cotton robes, the white representing light and purity.
		Shapur deported the populations of Damascus and other cities that he had conquered, sending large groups of Greek speaking Christians from Syria to the provinces of Persis, Parthia, Susiana and the city of Babylon, where they were allowed to organize their own communities and follow their own leaders.
		Shapur I died sometime between 270 and 273, and he was succeeded by his son, Hormizd.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch22.htm (1965 words)

	Shapur II of Persia - ArtPolitic Encyclopedia of Politics : Information Portal
		Shapur II was king of Persia from 310 to 379.
		When King Hormizd II (302-310) died, the Persian magnates killed his eldest son, blinded the second, and imprisoned the third (Hormizd, who afterwards escaped to the Romans); the throne was reserved for the unborn child of one of the wives of Hormizd.
		Shapur now invaded Armenia, took king Arsaces III[?] (of the Arsacid race), the faithful ally of the Romans, prisoner by treachery and forced him to commit suicide.
	www.artpolitic.org /infopedia/sh/Shapur_II_of_Persia.html (604 words)

	Shapur
		The name Shapur means "son of a king" and was common in the Sassanid period, often being given to sons other than princes.
		Shapur described himself in one example as 'the Mazdah-worshipping god Shapur, king of kings of Iran and non-Iran, who is a scion of the gods, the son of Hormizd (Ormizd II), the grandson of Narses.'
		Shapur inherited a state that had lost provinces to the Romans a few generations before to the west, and to the east the resurgent Kushan kingdom caused some concern.
	www.geocities.com /tony_roberts_bristol/Shapur.html (431 words)

	Shapur I - Wikipedia NL
		Shapur I, zoon van Ardashir I was koning van de Sassaniden ( PerziÃ«) van 241 - 272.
		Na pogingen door Gordianus III in 243 SyriÃ« terug te winnen, was Valerianus I pas in 260 in staat Shapur uit SyriÃ« te verdrijven maar bij Edessa viel de keizer, die met een kleine delegatie voor onderhandelingen was gekomen, levend in handen van Shapur.
		Na zijn morele overwinning viel Shapur SyriÃ« opnieuw binnen maar ditmaal werd hij verslagen door Callistus "Ballista", prefect aangesteld door Gallienus, zoon en opvolger van Valerianus.
	nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shapur_I (214 words)

	Iranica.com - SHAPUR I
		Shapur's triumph increased the prestige of the Sasanian empire, confirming her position as the rival of the Roman state, and one of "the two guardians of order and progress in the world" (Petrus Patricius in Müller, Fragmenta IV, p.
		Shapur ends his inscription by re-emphasizing that "we are zealous of the service and worship of the gods, and are the instruments of the gods", and that "with the assistance of the gods" he had achieved all his works (Back, pp.
		Naqsh-i Rustam 6, The Triumph of Shapur I, Representation of Kerdir and Inscription [Iranishe Denkmäler 13], Berlin, 1989.
	www.iranica.com /articles/sup/Shapur_I.html (3879 words)

	Sassanid dynasty: Information From Answers.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shapur used Valerian as a human stepping-stool to assist the Persian king in mounting his horse, thus subjecting a Roman emperor to the ultimate humiliation by a foreign leader.
		Shapur I (240-272 CE), son and successor of Ardeshir, waged successful campaigns against the Romans and in 260 CE even took the emperor Valerian prisoner.
		Shapur II (ruled 309-379 CE) regained the lost territories, however, in three successive wars with the Romans.
	www.answerbar.com /topic/sassanid-dynasty (2068 words)

	shapur_i (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		SHAPUR I c.215 - 272 King of Persia Pahlavi Shahpuhr was the son of Ardashir, the founder of the Sassanian dynasty in Persia.
		Sasanian Persia - - St. Mihran III King of Iberia - - Narses (Nerseh) Emperor of Sasanian Persia Shapur I Emperor of Sasanian Persia - 272 Ardashir I Emperor of Sasanian Persia - - Ziyanak of Persia - - Papak...
		Shapur I Â Shapur I or Sapor I [sÃ¤'pÃ´r], d.272, king of Persia (241Â—72), son and successor of Ardashir I, of the Sassanid or Sassanian dynasty.
	shapur_i.networklive.org (345 words)

	Shapur I of Persia - ArtPolitic Encyclopedia of Politics : Information Portal
		Shapur I, son of Ardashir I[?], was king of Persia from 241 to 272.
		Ardashir I had towards the end of his reign renewed the war against Rome ; Shapur conquered the Mesopotamian fortresses Nisibis and Carrhae and advanced into Syria ; but he was driven back by Timasitheus[?], father-in-law of the young emperor, Gordianus III, and beaten at Resaena[?] ( 243).
		Shapur advanced into Asia Minor, but was beaten by Ballista ; and now Odaenathus ( Odainath[?]), prince of Palmyra, rose in his rear, defeated the Persian army, reconquered Carrhae and Nisibis, captured the royal harem, and twice invested Ctesiphon (263-265).
	www.artpolitic.org /infopedia/sh/Shapur_I_of_Persia.html (399 words)

	Ancient History Bulletin 14, 2000: Partition of Armenia 387, Geoffrey B. Greatrex
		Shapur was then able to create divisions among the Armenians themselves, but was prevented from exploiting them by the Roman presence; he also failed to respond when Terentius restored Sauromaces to the throne of Iberia, although the king appointed by the Persians, Aspacures, was permitted to retain control of the eastern part of the kingdom.
		Shapur’s next move, it may be noted, exploited his diplomatic advantage: he sent Surena on a counter-embassy, probably in mid- to late 377, which offered to confirm the Romans in possession of the territories they had already received; but the Romans refused the offer.
		The consequence of the death of Shapur II in 379 was a marked reduction in Sasanian ambitions: his three immediate successors were short-lived, and had to exert themselves merely to maintain their own position.
	aix1.uottawa.ca /~greatrex/armenia.html (6744 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		The period of their dominion extended from c.AD 224, when the Parthians were overthrown and the capital, Ctesiphon, was taken, until c.640, when the country fell under the power of the Ara...
		Shapur II Shapur II or Sapor II, 310-79, king of Persia (310-79), of the Sassanid, or Sassanian, dynasty.
		He was the posthumous son of Hormuz II and therefore was born king.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Sassanian (470 words)

	AllRefer.com - Shapur II, Iran History (Iranian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shapur II or Sapor II, 310–79, king of Persia (310–79), of the Sassanid, or Sassanian, dynasty.
		Later, however, Shapur crushed their kingdom in the east and annexed the area as a new province.
		Armenia had in the meantime accepted Christianity, and Shapur, an orthodox Zoroastrian, at first persecuted the Christians but later recognized their autonomy and respected their religion.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Shapur2.html (299 words)

	Shapur I Drachm
		Shapur has one of the most notorious reputations of all ancient rulers, primarily due to his connection with his enemy Rome.
		Shapur took this opportunity however to seize Valerian and Rome was never able to rescue him.
		When Valerian died, Shapur had his skin flayed and dyed red, then stuffed and placed on display at the entrance of his palace.
	www3.sympatico.ca /northshore3/html/shapurmshz.html (284 words)

	ParsPage History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At first his reign was dominated by the nobility and clergy, but when Shapur came of age, he resolved to regain lost Persian territory to the east and west and to assert his own authority.
		Shapur also sent expeditions far into Arabia against the tribes there and built walls and forts in Mesopotamia to defend against their forays.
		Although the reigns of his immediate successors Ardashir II (379-83) and Shapur III (383-88) were weak and brief, Shapur's reign brought to theSassanian Empire a stability that enabled it to endure until the Arab conquest of the 7th century.
	www.parspage.com /history/shahs.htm (1136 words)

	AnahitaBishapur00
		This is the most important document from Shapur's reign, 241AD - 272AD, reveals some details of Shahpur's victory which he captured emperor Valerian alive and a large number of his soldiers (estimated 70,000), settled in various regions of Shapur's empire.
		Several documents from Ardeshir I, Shapur I and Shapur II clearly indicated this belief.
		Water was directed from Shapur river using under ground water canals to the floor of the temple.
	www.vohuman.org /SlideShow/Anahita%20Bishapur/AnahitaBishapur00.htm (1116 words)

	Iran Zamin
		Pahlavi Shapur (c.215 - 272) was the son of Ardashir, the founder of the Sassanian dynasty in Persia.
		Shapur fought against Rome in Asia Minor and imprisoned the emperor Valerian for the rest of his life.
		Shapur was unable to resume the offensive; he even lost Armenia.
	dooroodiran.blogspot.com /2003_08_03_dooroodiran_archive.html (296 words)

	AllRefer.com - Shapur I, Iran History (Iranian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shapur I [shAp OO r´] Pronunciation Key or Sapor I [sA´pOr] Pronunciation Key, d.272, king of Persia (241–72), son and successor of Ardashir I, of the Sassanid or Sassanian dynasty.
		Although he was defeated by the Roman emperor, Gordian III, in 242, Gordian's successor, Philip (Philip the Arabian), concluded a peace with him guaranteeing Shapur's power in Armenia and Mesopotamia.
		In 260 he achieved his greatest triumph by defeating the Roman emperor Valerian at Edessa : a landmark in the decline of Rome.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Shapur1.html (248 words)

	Encyclopedia: Narseh of Persia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Narseh (whose name is also sometimes written as Narses or Narseus) was a Sassanian King of Persia ( 292 - 303), and son of Shapur I.
		Events Diocletian launched the last major persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire; Hierocles was said to have been the instigator of the fierce persecution of the Christians under February 24 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.
		He rose as pretender to the throne against his grand-nephew Bahram III in AD 292, and soon became sole king.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Narseh-of-Persia (652 words)

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