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Topic: Shapur II

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	shapur ii of persia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shapur II was king of Persia (310 - 379).
		When King Hormizd II died, the Persian magnates killed his eldest son, blinded the second, and imprisoned the third (Hormizd, who afterwards escaped to the Romans); the throne was reserved for the unborn child of one of the wives of Hormizd.
		Shapur attempted with varying success to conquer the great fortresses of Roman Mesopotamia: Singara, Nisibis (which he invested three times in vain), and Amida (Diarbekr).
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /shapur_ii_of_persia.html (617 words)

	SHAPUR - LoveToKnow Article on SHAPUR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		SHAPUR I. 241-272), son of Ardashir I. The Persian legend which makes him the son of an Arsacid princess is not historical.
		Shapur advanced into Asia Minor, but was beaten by Ballista; and now Odaenathus (Odainath), prince of Palmyra, rose in his rear, defeated the Persian army, reconquered Carrhae and Nisibis, captured the royal harem, and twice invested Ctesiphon (263-265).
		Nevertheless Shapur made scarcely any progress; the military power of his kingdom was not sufficient for a lasting occupation of the conquered districts.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SH/SHAPUR.htm (903 words)

	Shapur II of Persia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 337, just before the death of Constantine, Shapur broke the peace concluded in 297 between Narseh and Diocletian, which had been observed for forty years, and a war of twenty-six years (337-363) began in two series of wars.
		Shapur attempted with varying success to conquer the great fortresses of Roman Mesopotamia:, Nisibis (which he invested three times in vain), and Amida (Diarbekr).
		Shapur had conducted great hosts of captives from the Roman territory into his dominions, most of whom were settled in Susiana.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Shapur_II_of_Persia (682 words)

	AllRefer.com - Shapur II, Iran History (Iranian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Shapur II or Sapor II, 310–79, king of Persia (310–79), of the Sassanid, or Sassanian, dynasty.
		He was the posthumous son of Hormuz II and therefore was born king.
		Later, however, Shapur crushed their kingdom in the east and annexed the area as a new province.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Shapur2.html (308 words)

	c. Shapur II to the Reforms of Khusrau I. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shapur II to the Reforms of Khusrau I
		Shapur was also given a free hand in Armenia, which he invaded and devastated in 365.
		Shapur concluded a peace with Rome (384) whereby Armenia was partitioned between Rome and Persia.
	www.bartleby.com /67/273.html (856 words)

	Sassanid dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shapur used Valerian as a human stepping-stool to assist the Persian king in mounting his horse, thus subjecting a Roman emperor to the ultimate humiliation by a foreign leader.
		Shapur II (ruled 309-379) regained the lost territories, however, in three successive wars with the Romans.
		Khosrau II came close to achieving the Sassanid dream of restoring the Achaemenid boundaries when Jerusalem fell to him and Constantinople was under his siege in 626.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Sassanid_dynasty (3477 words)

	The Sassanids, to 500 CE
		The Sassanids to 500 CE Bahram II and Narseh
		Shapur grew up to become known as a brave warrior, and he is said to have demanded the greatest respect from his subjects, and many of his subjects looked upon his accomplishments and believed he was a god.
		Shapur was a devout Zoroastrian, and with Christianity in the Roman Empire having allied itself with Roman power, in to loyal Persians within the Sassanid Empire it appeared as an enemy religion.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch22c.htm (1896 words)

	Shapur II of Persia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Head of king Shapur II (Sasanian dynasty 4th century).
		After a prolonged struggle (353-358) they were forced to conclude a peace, and their king, Grumbates, accompanied Shapur in the war against the Romans.
		Shapur now invaded Armenia, where he took king Arsaces III, the faithful ally of the Romans, prisoner by treachery and forced him to commit suicide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shapur_II_of_Persia (670 words)

	Religions of Iran: Mazdakism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Both Ardashir I and Shapur I understood that the masses would give full support and would be loyal to the state provided they got justice from their king, and so both these rulers were eager to see that justice was done to the meanest of their subjects.
		But Shapur was a superman, even greater than the first two rulers of his line and at a very early age he gave clear indications that he had a mind of his own and a will also to get whatever he wanted, and that he was a true-born ruler of men.
		Shapur II wished to curb the powers of the Zoroastrian clergy and of his landholders, for he was wise enough to appreciate the dangers if these were left unchecked.
	www.iranchamber.com /religions/mazdakism.php (2167 words)

	Ancient History Bulletin 14, 2000: Partition of Armenia 387, Geoffrey B. Greatrex
		Shapur was then able to create divisions among the Armenians themselves, but was prevented from exploiting them by the Roman presence; he also failed to respond when Terentius restored Sauromaces to the throne of Iberia, although the king appointed by the Persians, Aspacures, was permitted to retain control of the eastern part of the kingdom.
		Shapur’s next move, it may be noted, exploited his diplomatic advantage: he sent Surena on a counter-embassy, probably in mid- to late 377, which offered to confirm the Romans in possession of the territories they had already received; but the Romans refused the offer.
		The consequence of the death of Shapur II in 379 was a marked reduction in Sasanian ambitions: his three immediate successors were short-lived, and had to exert themselves merely to maintain their own position.
	aix1.uottawa.ca /~greatrex/armenia.html (6678 words)

	Frye. Heritage of Persia
		Shapur's fire was caled the king of fires possibly because it was identified with the Gushnasp fire of the warriors, which was later designated 'the victorious king of fires', but the text is not clear), or maybe the king's fire was called the king of fires simply as a manner of speaking.
		Shapur's inscription of KZ tells of three campaigns against the Romans, first at the beginning of his reign when Gordian marched against Shapur but was defeated and killed, whereupon Philip the Arab succeeded him as Roman emperor and made peace with Shapur.
		In the reign of Varahran II he received the rank of nobility, the headship of the religion, and was made chief judge of the empire, and chief of the royal fire at Istakhr at the imperial shrine of Anahita.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryeheri.html (10494 words)

	HORMIZD - LoveToKnow Article on HORMIZD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		HORMIZD I. (272-273) was the son of Shapur I., under whom he was governor of Khorasan, and appears in his wars against Rome (Trebellius Pollio, Trig.
		Only this daughter is preserved by a peasant; Shapur sees her and makes her his wife, and her son Hormizd is afterwards recognized and acknowledged by Ardashir.
		After his death his son Adarnases was killed by the grandees after a very short reign, as he showed a cruel disposition; another son, Hormizd, was kept a prisoner, and the throne reserved for the child with which a concubine of Hormizd II.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HO/HORMIZD.htm (654 words)

	:: We Are The Best :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Shapur I was the second ruler of the Sasanian empire taking the throne after the death of his father Ardashir.
		Narseh was a son of Shapur I. His reign followed that of his brother Varhran I and that emperors son and grandson (Varhran II and III respectively).
		However, along with his earlier namesake, and the later Xusros, Shapur II was one of the most successful of the Sasanian monarchs.
	boyz.blogsky.com /?PostId=20 (2714 words)

	Constantius II
		Constantius II was born in Illyricum in August AD 317, the son of Constantine the Great and Fausta, and was proclaimed Caesar in AD 323.
		Constantius II, preparing for the fight with Magnentius in the west, raised his 26 year-old cousin Constantius Gallus to the rank of Caesar (junior emperor) in order to have him take charge of the administration of the east whilst he would be commanding his armies.
		As Constantius II retreated Magnentius sought to follow up his victory but was heavily defeated at the gruelling battle of Mursa in Lower Pannonia, which cost over 50'000 soldiers their lives.
	www.roman-empire.net /collapse/constantius-II.html (1206 words)

	ParsPage History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At first his reign was dominated by the nobility and clergy, but when Shapur came of age, he resolved to regain lost Persian territory to the east and west and to assert his own authority.
		Shapur also sent expeditions far into Arabia against the tribes there and built walls and forts in Mesopotamia to defend against their forays.
		Although the reigns of his immediate successors Ardashir II (379-83) and Shapur III (383-88) were weak and brief, Shapur's reign brought to theSassanian Empire a stability that enabled it to endure until the Arab conquest of the 7th century.
	www.parspage.com /history/shahs.htm (1136 words)

	Sassanid dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Khosroe II came close to achieving the Sassanid dream of restoring the Achaemenid boundaries when Jerusalem fell to him and Constantinople was under his siege in AD 626.
		After the death of Khosroe II, and over a period of 14 years and twelve successive kings, the Sassanid Empire weakened considerably, and the power of the central authority passed into the hands of the generals.
		Shapur III of PersiaShapur III from 383 to 388/.
	www.infothis.com /find/Sassanid_dynasty (935 words)

	Persia
		Abbas II (1632-1667) Shah of Persia 1642-67, the son of Safi I and the great-grandson of Abbas I. He received various embassies from Europe and recaptured Kandahar 1648, which had been lost by his predecessor to the Mogul emperors.
		Son of Hormizd II; succeeded brother Shapur II, during whose reign he was governor (or king) of Adiabene; quarreled with court nobles; deposed.
		Son of Shapur II, brother of Bahram IV, and uncle of Yazdegerd I. Sogdianus or Secydianus.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/persia.htm (3696 words)

	Persia Genealogy
		Sep 272 - Sep 273, son of Shapur I. VAHARAN I (or BAHRAM I) Sept 273 - Sep 276, son of Shapur I. (or BAHRAM II) Sep 276-293, son of Vaharan I. (or BAHRAM III) late 293 deposed, son of Vaharan II.
		SHAPUR II 309-379, posthumous son of Hormizd II (succeeded at birth).
		YAZDEGERD II (or YZDKRT II) 438-457, son of Vaharan V. 457-459, son of Yazdegerd II.
	www.aoti76.dsl.pipex.com /iran_gen.htm (1076 words)

	Brink-Day-Johnston-Fletcher - Person Page 152
		The destruction by Khosrow II of theChristian Arab states of the Lakhmids and Ghassanids in Syria and westernIraq was a further factor exposing Iran to Arab attack.
		Shapur III (383-388), son of Shapur II, elevated to the throne by thenobles against his uncle Ardashir II, and killed by them after a reign offive years.
		Shapur was called agod, and he lived up to this exalted status, becoming irascible, evenviolent, when individuals summoned to his presence appeared to payinsufficient respect to his awesome majesty.
	www.brinkfamily.net /tree/p152.htm (7016 words)

	Media, Persia, Parthia, & Iran
		The peace that was then hastily made by the Emperor Jovian advanced the Persian frontier and gave the Sassanids the upper hand over Armenia, which by 428 had become a Persian province.
		The brilliant counter-invasion of Iran, from 623-628, by the Emperor Heraclius, however, undid all of this and resulted in the overthrown of Khusro and a period of anarchy.
		In World War II Iranian neutrality, and what may have been Rez.â's sympathy for Germany, led to the Russians and British occupying the country and deposing the Shâh.
	www.friesian.com /iran.htm (2645 words)

	Shapur II -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		After Shapur's death, he was set on the throne by the nobles, presumably at an advanced age.
		Mohammad II (Mehmed the Conqueror) (1432–81), Ottoman sultan, born in Adrianople (now Edirne); during rule (1444–46 and 1451–81), captured Constantinople and thus completed the Ottoman destruction of the Byzantine Empire; fourth son of Murad II; restored and repopulated Constantinople after capture in 1453; reorganized Ottoman administration, codified laws, encouraged scholarship...
		He was born Sahle Mariam on Aug. 17, 1844, but took the name Menelik II because Menelik I was the name of the legendary son of Solomon and the queen of Sheba in the history of ancient Israel.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9067146?tocId=9067146 (804 words)

	Sasanian
		Shapur renewedhis attacks and took many towns, including Dura-Europus,in 256 and later moved into northern Syria and Anatolia.The defeat and capture of the Roman emperor Valerianat the gates of Edessa, probably in 259, was thehigh point of his conquests in the west.
		Under Shapur II the Sasanians againtook the offensive, and the first war lasted from 337 to 350; itended with no result as Nisibis was successfullydefended by the Romans.
		The first largegrowth of Christianity in Mesopotamiacame with the deportation and resettlement of Christians,especially from Antioch with its patriarch,during Shapur I's wars with the Romans.In a synod convened in 325, the metropolitansee of Ctesiphon was made supremeover other sees in the Sasanian empire, and thefirst patriarch or catholicoswas Papa.
	www.sasanian.net /sasanian1.html (1520 words)

	Shapur II of Persia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In (Click link for more info and facts about 359) 359, Shapur conquered Amida after a siege of seventy-three days, and he took Singara and some other fortresses in the next year.
		Shapur had conducted great hosts of captives from the Roman territory into his dominions, most of whom were settled in (An ancient country in southwestern Asia east of the Tigris River (in what is modern Iran); was known for its warlike people) Susiana.
		By his death the Persian Empire was stronger than ever before, considerably larger than when he come to the throne, the eastern enemies were pacified and Persia had gained control over Armenia.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sh/shapur_ii_of_persia1.htm (590 words)

	[No title]
		Shapur’s reign was the beginning of the re-birthof Iran as a mighty empire.
		Shapur II has the record for the longest reign in the history of Iran,70 years, out of which he ruled personally for 54 years.
		Shapur II died in 379, leaving a powerful empire to his half-brotherArdeshir II (son of Vahram of Kushan) and his son Shapur III, none of whichdeserved their great status.
	www.iranologie.com /history/history5.html (3718 words)

	Iranica.com - YAZDEGERD I
		The Acts of the Council of Seleucia, which was called by Yazdegerd himself, refers to him as "son of Shapur" (cited by Nöldeke, p.
		His coins show him wearing a crown combining the dome-shaped headgear of Ardaæir II (q.v) with a pair of merlons and a crescent of the moon on the forehead, a feature which is much imitated in the coinage of the eastern rulers from then on (Erdmann, pp.
		Shapur, king of Armenia since 416, hurried to Ctesiphon to claim kingship but was treacherously killed by courtiers (Lazar, tr.
	www.iranica.com /articles/supp4/Yazdegerd.html (1268 words)

	Persian-church
		Shapur (II,) built the city of Karka d-Ladan, brought captives from various places and settled them there.
		Such was Shapur's crafty plan, but God in His mercy turned it to good use, for thanks to intermarriage between the deported population and the native pagans, the latter were brought to knowledge of the faith.
		Shapur (II): How can you consider me to be so, as you claim to, seeing that you have the audacity to swear in my presence by God, and not by the gods?
	www29.homepage.villanova.edu /christopher.haas/Persian-church.htm (432 words)

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