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Topic: Sharashka

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	Korolev
		The sharashka network was organized in 1939, to exploit huge population of the Soviet GULAG.
		Korolev was then transferred to another sharashka in the city of Kazan, where he became a deputy to Valentin Glushko, his former colleague from NII-3 and future partner and competitor at the dawn of space age.
		On July 27, 1944, the authorities "paroled" Korolev and on Sept. 8, 1945, Korolev traveled to Germany for evaluation and restoration of A-4 ballistic missiles.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /korolev.html (1146 words)

	Sharashka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sharashka (sometimes Sharaga or Sharazhka, Russian: шара́шка) was an informal name for secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp system.
		Etymologically, the word sharashka is derived from a Russian slang expression sharashkina kontora ("Sharashka's office"), an ironic, derogative term to denote a poorly organized, impromptu, or bluffing organization.
		The scientists and engineers at a sharashka were prisoners picked from other camps and given relatively better conditions in exchange for their slave-like work on scientific and technological problems for the state.
	www.casimiro.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/s/sh/sharashka.html (528 words)

	Spotlight on Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Its hard-nosed, hard-working, cynical population of 793 million are ruled by a mostly-benevolent dictator, who grants the populace the freedom to live their own lives but watches carefully for anyone to slip up.
		Sharashka's national animal is the triple ape with sauce, which is also the nation's favorite main course, and its currency is the credit.
		Sharashka is ranked 2326th in the region and 51,273rd in the world for Most Comprehensive Public Healthcare.
	www.nationstates.net /-1/page=display_nation/nation=sharashka (189 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sharashka
		The scientists and engineers at a sharashka were prisoners picked from various camps and prisons and assigned to work on scientific and technological problems for the state.
		Sharashka (sometimes Sharaga or Sharazhka, IPA:) was an informal name for secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp system.
		Etymologically, the word sharashka is derived from a Russian slang expression sharashkina kontora ("Sharashka's office", possibly from the radical meaning "to beat about"), an ironic, derogatory term to denote a poorly organized, impromptu, or bluffing organization.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sharashka (1912 words)

	Sharashka
		Sharashka - unique camps in the Soviet Gulag prison camp system.
		Sharashkas were secret research institutes, where imprisoned scientists were set to develop new technologies and also some basic research.
		A vivid account of life in a Sharashka is Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's novel First Circle[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/sh/Sharashka.html (87 words)

	Sharashka
		Sharashkas were secret research institutes in the Soviet Gulag prison-camp system.
		The scientists and engineers at a sharashka were prisoners culled from other camps and given relative freedom and comfort in exchange for their work on scientific and technological problems for the state.
		Some sharashka prisoners were released during World War II and in the late 1950s and continued independent careers.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/s/sh/sharashka.html (135 words)

	OPSOUND: SharashkA
		Originally recorded as a 120 bpm pop song, this song was transformed to a 90 bpm stalker.
		SharashkA's long-awaited debut, "From Lincoln to Continental", is now available for download at the Internet Archive.
		Whereas the current CD lends itself to long drives in the car or late night drinks in a coffeehouse, the live shows bring an intensity that can only be achieved with the immediate interplay of the musicians themselves.
	www.opsound.org /artist/sharashka (421 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Sharashka
		The results of this research were usually published under the names of prominent Soviet scientists without credit given to the real authors, whose names frequently have been forgotten.
		Some sharashka inmates, brilliant scientists and engineers released during and after World War II, continued independent careers and became world-famous.
		The MVD Order No 001020 dated November 9 1949 decreed installation of "Special technical and design bureaus" for a wide variety of "civilian" research and development, in particular in the "remote areas of the Union".
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Sharashka (681 words)

	Pe - Ptr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Pe-2 was designed in a sharashka after Vladimir Petlyakov had been arrested and jld ptr 91 imprisoned in 1937 for allegedly deliberately delaying design work ptr forum on the USSR used during World War II, the only four-engined bomber the USSR had no plans for strategic bombardment, and only a handful of aircraft e.
		The sharashka, Petlyakov was put in charge of a second front against ptr 91 Nazi Germany May 19th-Jun 13th, ptr wow 1942, on the opening of a team to develop great accuracy ptr site with their bombing.
		In the sharashka, Petlyakov ptr was put in charge of a second front against Nazi Germany May 19th-Jun 13th, 1942, on the ptr opening of a second front against Nazi Germany May 19th-Jun ptr 13th, 1942, on the Potez 63.
	ptr.pay-e-bullion.org /pe (3290 words)

	Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich (1907-1966)
		In the end, Korolev was saved by the intervention of Tupolev, himself a prisoner, who requested his services in the TsKB-39 sharashka.
		Later, Korolev was moved to another sharashka in Kazan where he led design projects to build jet engines and rocket thrusters.
		His rehabilitation was complete when he was released and sent to Germany to gather information on the V-2, collecting hardware and German expertise to reestablish Soviet rocket and missile technology.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/K/Korolev.html (857 words)

	Gulag
		In some camps, the fatality rate during the first months was as high as 80%.
		A unique form of Gulag camps called sharashka (шаражка) were in fact secret research institutes, where anonymous scientists were developing new technologies, and also conducting basic research.
		The results of this research were usually published under the names of prominent Soviet scientists, and the real authors have been forgotten.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gu/Gulag.html (516 words)

	Catallarchy » A Different Kind of Soviet Labor Camp: Solzhenitsyn’s The First Circle
		In this institution, called a sharashka, inmates are set to work all day – not at manual labor, but at the sorts of tasks that use their scientific and technical education to develop technology for the Soviet state.
		Their time and labor belong to Stalin and to the faceless bureaucracy; ultimately, their very souls are chained to the sharashka’s workbenches.
		He describes the daily minutia of prisoners’ lives, from sharashka table-talk to the complex relations between husbands and wives when one spouse has spent a decade in prison.
	catallarchy.net /blog/archives/2006/05/01/a-different-kind-of-soviet-labor-camp-solzhenitsyns-ithe-first-circlei (1945 words)

	[No title]
		Sharashka was an informal name for secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp system.
		It describes three or so days in the life of the occupants of the Mavrino sharashka, many of whom are technicians or academics who have been arrested under Article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code under Stalin in the years following the Second World War.
		Unlike in other camps of the Gulag system, the sharashka zeks were adequately fed and enjoyed good working conditions.
	english.mn.ru /english/printver.php?2006-3-21 (1631 words)

	The Moscow News
		Etymologically, the word sharashka is derived from a Russian slang expression sharashkina kontora ("Sharashka's office"), an ironic, derogative term to denote a poorly organized, impromptu, or front organization.
		By the end of the book, several, including Gleb Nerzhin, the autobiographical hero, choose to stop cooperating, even when this means being expelled from the sharashka and sent to much deadlier camps.
		He was writing it without hoping that he would ever be able to give it at least to his sharashka friends to read.
	english.mn.ru /english/issue.php?2006-3-21 (1645 words)

	Korolev, Chelomei, and Glushko - A Work In Progress
		Meanwhile Glushko had managed to become a free man and now headed TsKB-4, a sharashka in Kazan which was developing rocket installations to improve manoeuvrability and takeoff performance of conventional aircraft.
		Korolev was released from the Kazan sharashka and was in Germany from October 1945.
		At first he merely accompanying the team that salvaged what was left, and was present (under guard, outside the fence, while Glushko was part of the official delegation inside) at the British 'Operation Backfire' launch of a V-2 from Altenwaide.
	www.astronautix.com /articles/korgress.htm (2270 words)

	Jamendo : SharashkA
		We invite you to make a direct donation to SharashkA with PayPal to support him and help keep his music free.
		Spiro was busy recording, producing and playing with the band Irradio.
		Unfortunately, after a revival of the live band, SharashkA officially disbanded in December, 2006.
	www.jamendo.com /en/artist/sharashka (190 words)

	Petlyakov Pe-2 at AllExperts
		The Pe-2 was designed in a sharashka after Vladimir Petlyakov had been arrested and imprisoned in 1937 for allegedly deliberately delaying design work on the Tupolev ANT-42 bomber.
		In the sharashka, Petlyakov was put in charge of a team to develop a high-altitude fighter escort for the ANT-42 under the designation VI-100.
		The first of two prototypes flew on December 22 1939 and was a very sophisticated aircraft for its time, featuring a pressurised cabin, all-metal construction, superchargers and many electrically-actuated systems.
	en.allexperts.com /e/p/pe/petlyakov_pe-2.htm (802 words)

	Andrei Tupolev
		Tupolev was arrested in 1937 together with another famous aircraft designer, Vladimir Petlyakov, charged with the creation of "Russian Fascist Party".
		In 1939 he was moved from a prison into Bolshevo near Moscow, where an NKVD sharashka for aircraft designers was established and where many of his colleagues from TsAGI have already been working.
		Soon it was moved to Moscow and was known as "Tupolevka".
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/an/andrei_tupolev.html (270 words)

	AN EXILED SOVIET SCHOLAR - New York Times
		In this case, the sharashka, a special scientific institute staffed by prisoners as well as free employees, is seen vividly as a continuation of civilized life by other means, thanks to Mr.
		If, as he says, he left pieces of his soul in the sharashka, he emerged with enough for any man.
		He was slow to understand about Stalin, even about the anti-Semitic campaigns; he suffered a ferment of dread and confusion when Stalin died; even in prison he clung tenaciously to Marxism.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E3DA1038F93BA2575AC0A965948260 (631 words)

	Translator's Note
		This, then, was the organization exercising supervision over the Mavrino sharashka in December 1949, the period of this novel.
		SMERSH was the wartime Soviet counterintelligence agency operating with the army at and behind the front, and its name was derived from the Russian words meaning "Death to Spies!"
		All the zeks of the Mavrino sharashka belonged, though they were not at the time in hard-labor camps, to the realm of GULAG--the Chief Administration for Corrective Labor Camps.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/2740/circle.html (542 words)

	Privatizing Problems Away - Transnational Institute
		The biggest event on the small screen these days is the mini-series based on Alexander Solzhenitsyn's novel "The First Circle," which concludes Thursday evening on state-owned Rossia television.
		The novel covers three days in the life of the Mavrino sharashka, a secret scientific research facility within the gulag labor camp system that is staffed with convicts including Gleb Nerzhin, Solzhenitsyn's alter ego.
		While we have been focused on the secrets of our past, few of us have paid much attention to reports that the government plans to privatize one former sharashka - the Kaskad scientific research complex - along with hundreds of other facilities.
	www.tni-archives.org /detail_page.phtml?page=archives_kagarlitsky_problems (748 words)

	Korolev, Sergei \| Space Exploration Reference Library
		Tupolev had been recruited by Stalin to head a sharashka (bureau) in Moscow, where prisoners were used to build missiles and rockets.
		In 1942 Korolev was transferred to a sharashka in Kazan and served as deputy director of flight training.
		Then, two years later, he was given the assignment that began his career as the top Soviet rocket scientist—supervision of sixty engineers who were required to design a Soviet version of the German V-2 missile.
	www.bookrags.com /research/korolev-sergei-serl-03 (1824 words)

	Amazon.com: Sharashka: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		happens too), and he was a good engineer (in the sharashka he carried out complex calculations in gas dynamics for jet...
		interceded on his behalf, he was eventually moved to a sharashka, a penal institution not as severe as the gulag, where...
		was quickly transferred from a normal prison camp to a sharashka.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Sharashka&tag=httpexplaguid-20&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (1005 words)

	Bruce H. McCosar
		SharashkA - From Lincoln to Continental on Jamendo
		OK, I meant to make this a bilingual review as I have in the past, but what I am about to say is as far beyond my French abilities as going to the Moon is beyond cavemen.
		In the case of this album, the vocalist SharashkA / Jayne Hartman clearly sounds as if she belongs on my CD shelf.
	bmccosar.wordpress.com (1992 words)

	New Page 1
		At the end of 1940, his name was put on the list of specialists with whom Andrei Tupolev wanted to work on a project of a new bomber.
		Korolev went to work at a so-called sharashka – a design bureau in prison, run by the NKVD (Soviet secret police), where the best designers and engineers from different parts of the GULAG consolidated the domestic defenses.
		In 1944, Korolev was appointed deputy chief designer on testing in a similar sharashka in Kazan.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~crs/sergikorolevambitiousgoal.htm (1189 words)

	Sputnik Biographies--Sergei P. Korolev (1906-1966) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Stalin soon recognized the importance of aeronautical engineers in preparing for the impending war with Hitler, however, and retrieved from incarceration Korolev and other technical personnel that could help the Red Army by developing new weapons.
		A system of sharashkas (prison design bureaus) was set up to exploit the jailed talent.
		Following the war, Korolev was released from prison and appointed Chief Constructor for development of a long-range ballistic missile.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/sputnik/korolev.html (595 words)

	The continuing search for answers in Russia --- Coalition of Families
		Evidence suggests that these two areas played host to large concentrations of gulags, including several sharashka camps, which were special detainment camps for foreigners.
		The sharashka camps were set up for the purpose of exploiting the knowledge and skills of foreigners who fell into Soviet hands.
		A number of reports over the years from a variety of sources have confirmed the existence of these camps.
	www.coalitionoffamilies.org /continuing_search_russia.html (650 words)

	AII POW-MIA Gulag Study 5 2005
		In the context of the gulag, a sharashka is a "secret project, designers' office, etc., manned by specialists subjected to repression." 19 These were prisons or camps where Soviet and foreign scientists and technicians, including prisoners of war, were forced to work on military and industrial projects.
		20 The MVD would select prisoners with special technical skills or knowledge and transfer them from their place of confinement to a sharashka, where their abilities could be exploited.
		Generally, prisoners in a sharashka received better food and treatment than prisoners in a camp or prison.
	www.aiipowmia.com /gulag/gulagstudy5.html (12800 words)

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