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Topic: Sharecropping

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	TN Encyclopedia: SHARECROPPING
		Technically defined, sharecropping is a land and labor arrangement whereby an individual or family receives a stipulated proportion of the crops produced on a particular plot of land in return for their labor on that same plot.
		Sharecropping in postbellum tenancy, however, was far from an exclusively African American institution.
		Sharecropping continued to be a significant institution in Tennessee agriculture for more than sixty years after the Civil War, peaking in importance in the early 1930s, when sharecroppers operated approximately one-third of all farm units in the state.
	tennesseeencyclopedia.net /imagegallery.php?EntryID=S026 (464 words)

	Sharecropping - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sharecropping is a system of agricultural production where a landowner allows a sharecropper to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land.
		Sharecropping agreements can however be made fairly, as a form of tenant farming or sharefarming that has a variable rental payment, paid in arrears.
		Sharecropping became widespread as a response to economic upheaval caused by the emancipation of slaves and disenfranchisement of poor whites in the agricultural South during Reconstruction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sharecropping_system (1549 words)

	About Sharecropping
		Without land of their own, many fls were drawn into schemes where they worked a portion of the land owned by whites for a share of the profit from the crops.
		As a theme in literature, sharecropping stretches from the late nineteenth century into the contemporary era.
		Sharecropping as an impetus to migrate north occurs in some of the works of Richard Wright and John O. Killens.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/a_f/brown/sharecropping.htm (2214 words)

	sharecrop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Sharecropping by definition is the working of a piece of land by a tenant in exchange for a portion, usually half, of the crops or the revenue that they bring in for the landowner.
		In return for the work on the land, the landowners supply the tenants and their families with living accommodations, seeds and fertilizer, tools, and food that can be bought in a commissary, charging fairly high interest rates to the tenants.
		Although it may initially seem that the idea of sharecropping was a good one because it gave jobs to the former slaves, there were too many abuses in the system for it to have created a steady or fair environment for all the people involved.
	athena.english.vt.edu /~appalach/essaysS/sharecrop.htm (736 words)

	sharecropping - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		sharecropping system of farm tenancy once common in some parts of the United States.
		The solution was the sharecropping system, which continued the workers in the routine of cotton cultivation under rigid supervision.
		The efficiency of sharecropping: evidence from the postbellum south.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-sharecro.html (433 words)

	Sharecropping system
		Bandopadhyaya, in his note to the government, said despite the sharecropping system (land given to peasants for tilling on a contract) in force, complaints...
		Sharecropping is a system of farming developed in the Reconstruction era after the United States Civil War.
		Under this system, African-American citizens, recently freed by the Northern victory in the Civil War, could get jobs on a farm, working the land in return for a share of the crops.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/s/sh/sharecropping_system.html (116 words)

	Sharecropping the 21st Century \| by Jeff Olson \| from Strike (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The exploitative sharecrop system of agriculture is not only alive and well, argues Jeff Olson, its future as the foundation of family farming in the US remains unchallenged.
		We often think that sharecropping ended with Steinbeck’s Joads as they fled the Depression and Dust Bowl Oklahoma for the orchards of California.
		Sharecropping, the exchange of land-use for a portion of the crop, continues, and is in fact, at the heart and the basis of American agriculture—rotting it from the core.
	www.strikeonline.org /national/national05.html (2203 words)

	American Passages - Unit 13. Southern Renaissance: Context Activities
		Sharecropping was the system of tenant farming which gradually emerged as the answer to the dilemmas of both freedman and planter.
		In this system, freedmen and poor whites who were unable to afford land of their own contracted with landowners to work a particular piece of land in exchange for a share of the crops or revenue they produced in a given season.
		Despite its exploitative nature (and in part because of it), by the early 1900s sharecropping had become the norm throughout the South, allowing white landowners to continue to prosper while ensuring that those who could not afford land--both fl and white--remained poor.
	www.learner.org /amerpass/unit13/context_activ-5.html (1163 words)

	Review Concepts 3
		Sharecropping: Under this system, landowners divided plantations into small units and rented them to fls for a portion of the crop, usually one-third or one-half.
		Planters also appreciated the sharecropping system because they retained control of their land and split the risk of planting with sharecroppers.
		For various reasons this plan was abandoned, and much of the land was returned to the former owners, causing severe disappointment to fls, who had hoped thereby to establish themselves as independent farmers.
	members.tripod.com /ap_history_online/apushmid1c.htm (1959 words)

	Shrcrpnv
		Sharecropping developed in those areas where the plantation mentality was the strongest.
		White sharecropping was not as intense in the Delta, but became more widespread in other parts of the Cotton Belt.
		The sharecropping system was flawed from the start, yet it lasted from emancipation unto the present day, in an altered form.
	www.clt.astate.edu /sarahwf/elainrt/sharcrnv2.htm (1950 words)

	Sharecropping and Class: A Preliminary Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is suggested that, for all their differences, these traditions share conceptual dualities such as efficient-inefficient and capitalist-noncapitalist that create a kind of essentialism, thereby precluding theorization of the diversity of sharecropping relations.
		Offered is an alternative class analysis from the broad heterodox tradition that views varieties of sharecropping in terms of different processes of surplus-labor appropriation and distribution, focusing on laws and customs that both define a sharecropper's relation to the means of production and shape particular class structures.
		It is shown that sharecropping may take a variety of class forms, including self-exploitative, feudal, capitalist, and combinations thereof.
	www.nd.edu /~remarx/rm/contents/v9/i1/p0028.html (155 words)

	"Drug Him Through the Street": Hughsey Childes Describes Turn-of-the-Century Sharecropping
		The sharecropping system that emerged in the South in the last three decades of the 19th century afforded southern fl families a certain measure of control over their daily lives and labor.
		But the white landowners were able to use the legal mechanisms of sharecropping to assure control over the largely African-American workforce that toiled on the farms.
		And naturally in sharecropping, the man that you sharecrop with, he pays for half and you pay for half.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/81 (444 words)

	American Experience \| The Murder of Emmett Till \| People & Events
		Although fls outnumbered whites, the sharecropping system that replaced slavery helped ensure they remained poor and virtually locked out of any opportunity for land ownership or basic human rights.
		Between 1910 and 1970, six and a half million fls went North, leaving the South, the cotton fields, and sharecropping behind.
		Mechanization and migration put an end to the sharecropping system by the 1960s, though some forms of tenant farming still exist in the 21st century.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/till/peopleevents/e_sharecrop.html (639 words)

	Digital History
		Instead of cultivating land in gangs supervised by overseers, landowners divided plantations into 20- to 50 acre plots suitable for farming by a single family.
		The high interest rates landlords and sharecroppers charged for goods bought on credit (sometimes as high as 70 percent a year) transformed sharecropping into a system of economic dependency and poverty.
		Nevertheless, the sharecropping system did allow freedmen a degree of freedom and autonomy far greater than that experienced under slavery.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=130 (352 words)

	Edward Royce: The Origins of Southern Sharecropping - Print (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Edward Royce employs both historical and sociological methods to probe the question of why slavery was replaced by sharecropping rather than by some other labor arrangement.
		Royce contends that southern sharecropping occurred through a "constriction of possibilities," that it was shaped by default rather than orchestrated by economic reconstruction by white landowners and fl laborers.
		Highlighting the conflict-ridden nature of the process of social change, The Origins of Southern Sharecropping includes rich descriptions of the plantation system and gang labor, the freed slaves' dream of forty acres and a mule, the fl colonization movement, the Freedman's Bureau, and racial relations after the war.
	www.temple.edu /tempress/titles/447_reg_print.html (225 words)

	UWEC Geog188 Vogeler - Sharecropper Plantations
		Poor white farmers also participated in sharecropping, an institution particularly associated with the South although also found in the Midwest.
		[Sharecropping was and still is used in other parts of the USA as well.
		Sharecropping was very distinctive to the South after the Civil War until the 1940s.
	www.uwec.edu /geography/Ivogeler/w188/planta3.htm (465 words)

	BRILL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Sharecropping is particularly interesting in Islam since its basis (rent as a proportion of an unknown future harvest) is ostensibly inconsistent with the Islamic prohibition against transactions involving gharar (risk or uncertainty).
		The first half of the book analyses how Islamic theory views sharecropping and is based on a detailed analysis of key legal texts, while the second half focuses on sharecropping as it exists in practice in the Yemen.
		Textual sources (Islamic legal texts, contracts, pleas and fatwās are related throughout to Yemeni sharecropping in practice, a task not previously attempted, and the work has been written so as to be accessible both to social scientists and to Islamic legal specialists.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=9034 (586 words)

	ongoing · Sharecropping Redux
		Sharecropping; Another View · Brian Koontz wrote me from out of left field, acknowledging that the following which he posted on Slashdot was inaccurate in that I have indeed set foot on quite a few farms, and even lived on a couple:
		He throws around the word "sharecropper" as if there's a stigma attached to it, when in reality sharecropping is a way of life for some people, just the same as working an assembly line or in the mines is a way of life for others.
		We have a sharecropping family that has farmed the land for over three generations.
	www.tbray.org /ongoing/When/200x/2003/07/14/ShareCrop2 (1177 words)

	"Still Livin' Under the Bonds of Slavery": Minnie Whitney Describes Sharecropping at the Turn-of-the-Century
		The emergence of the sharecropping system in the South in the last three decades of the 19th century rested on an uneasy compromise between fl farming families and the white landowners on whose land they labored.
		Sharecropping was an oppressive system but the experience of sharecropping families varied.
		In this interview done by historian Charles Hardy in 1984, Minnie Whitney, born in 1902, described the determined efforts of more progressive farmers like her father, who along with her mother struggled to maintain some self-sufficiency in the face of white determination to enforce African-American dependence on the sharecropping system.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/82 (946 words)

	TrustWatch Search
		SHARECROPPING [sharecropping] system of farm tenancy once common in some parts of the United States.
		The Black Codes of 1865 turned out to be a unique way for white southerners to attempt to maintain the way of life they had known prior to the...
		Back to Sharecropping · Scoble talks about how much he and Microsoft want to lure developers to build applications for Longhorn, and no surprise.
	www.trustwatch.com /search?q=Sharecropping (215 words)

	Reconstruction
		A solution to both problems was the concept of sharecropping.
		With sharecropping, freed slaves would pay the plantation owner rent on a portion of property by giving the owner a share of the crops grown on that land.
		The practice of sharecropping sustained the plantation owners far better than it sustained the freed slaves.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /florida/lessons/reconst/reconst1.htm (394 words)

	sharecropping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		rural landlords, rural tenants, and the sharecropping comples in...
		Sharecropping or sharefarming is a system of farming in which farmers work
		SHARECROPPING In an agricultural lease the agreement between the landowner and
	www.rshare-trading.info /sharecropping.html (323 words)

	EconPapers: Consumption insurance with heterogeneous preferences. Can sharecropping help complete markets ?
		On the one hand, the theoretical rationale for sharecropping often calls for its risk sharing properties.
		On the other hand empirical studies on risk sharing in consumption often reject full insurance but admit that some formal or informal mechanisms help households to insure substantially their consumption since income shocks do not fully transfer in consumption.
		Actually, markets are found to be incomplete even at the village level and evidence that the sharecropping institution helps completing markets is exposed.
	econpapers.repec.org /paper/reainrawp/25.htm (615 words)

	Modern Day Sharecropping
		It was Monday morning and Barry Townsend headed to work with a bag lunch and his wife’s.38-caliber revolver.
		But there’s also a more complicated tale being told in churches, across dining room tables, and on the poultry farms around Bryan—a story of modern-day sharecropping and indentured servants.
		Over the last two decades, the poultry industry has gone from having a multitude of small, independent processors who competed for growers to one dominated by a handful of giant corporations, such as Tyson Foods, Gold Kist, Perdue Farms, Pilgrim's Pride and ConAgra.
	www.ruralwomyn.net /sharecrop.html (5993 words)

	Free Essays - Sharecropping
		Sharecropping appeared in the Southeastern United States, including Appalachia, after the Civil War as a way to continue post-slavery white supremacy over African Americans, but it ultimately included poor whites as well.
		Although we no longer have sharecropping today, many of the issues surrounding sharecropping still exist (racism, poverty amongst African American, etc.).
		We (Americans) continue to battle these problems and seek solutions but it seems that these problems aren't something people in today's society want to face.
	www.freeessays.tv /d5134.htm (405 words)

	SSRN-Sharecropping, Land Exploitation and Land-Improving Investments by Tridip Ray
		I show that the efficient (first-best) levels of input use and investment can be achieved (both in the steady state and in transition) by a suitable share contract which, by dampening incentives to maximize current returns, addresses the land exploitation problem, and by an appropriate cost allocation rule which can address the investment problem.
		Ray, Tridip, "Sharecropping, Land Exploitation and Land-Improving Investments".
		The latest version of Adobe Acrobat Reader or Adobe Acrobat is required to view this paper.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=722255 (224 words)

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