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Topic: Sharif Hussein

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	Hussein I of Jordan - New World Encyclopedia Preview
		Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: حسين بن طلال Husayn bin Talāl) (November 14, 1935 – February 7, 1999) was born in Amman to Prince Talal bin Abdullah and Princess Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil, of the royal Hashemite family.
		Hussein was born in Amman on November 14, 1935, to Prince Talal bin Abdullah and Princess Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil.
		Hussein always believed that Jordan’s people are its biggest asset, and throughout his reign he encouraged all—including the less fortunate, the disabled, and the orphaned—to achieve more for themselves and their country.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /preview/Hussein_I_of_Jordan (3121 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27 June 1916
		On 27 June 1916 Sharif Hussein bin Ali, Emir of Mecca, issued a proclamation in which he announced himself, as a direct descendant of Mohammed, as the true leader of the Islamic faith.
		Numerous reasons were cited to support Hussein's claim, not least of which was the alleged mistreatment by the Turks of Arabs in Syria, and the controversial argument put forward by the Young Turks (in 1909) that all religions were to be regarded as equal.
		Hussein's objective in initiating the Great Arab Revolt was to establish a single independent and unified Arab state stretching from Aleppo (Syria) to Aden (Yemen), based on the ancient traditions and culture of the Arab people, the upholding of Islamic ideals and the full protection and inclusion of ethnic religious minorities.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/arabindependence_hussein.htm (1135 words)

	Lawrence of Arabia . King Hussein \| PBS
		Hussein was to be the last Hashemite Emir of Mecca and King of the Hejaz.
		Hussein's dream - the catalyst of the Arab Revolt - was to establish a single independent and unified Arab state stretching from Syria in the north to Yemen in the South.
		Hussein was an influential leader and shared with his fellow Arabs a strong dislike for his Ottoman overlords.
	www.pbs.org /lawrenceofarabia/players/hussein.html (453 words)

	1910's Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sharif Hussein Ibn Ali al Hashimi of Mecca is persuaded by his sons, Abdullah and Feisal, to use the Damascus Protocol as a basis for his negotiations with the British.
		Sharif Hussein states his desire to be recognized as the Arab Caliphate of Islam and secure the independence of the Arab country.
		Sharif Hussein claims this is the first he has heard of it.
	www.middleeasttimeline.net /1910.htm (5081 words)

	boys clothing: Asian royalty -- Jordan
		Sharif Hussein ibn Ali, King of the Hijaz until 1924, was a key player in the Great Arab Revolt.
		Hussein was at the helm of Jordan and at the heart of Middle Eastern affairs for 50 years.
		Hussein was born in Amman on November 14, 1935.
	histclo.com /royal/jor/royal-jor.htm (1949 words)

	The Lofty
		Sharif Hussein of Mecca was a determined and devout opportunist, but one who managed to project his ambitions effectively as being reflective of a larger movement within Arab aspirations which may or may not have been authentic.
		Hussein was a resigned loyal Arab leader in the Hijaz during the reign of Sultan Abd Hamid II, though his loyalty was only as deep as it was forced to be.
		In his second letter to McMahon, Hussein retorted that McMahon’s response was one of "ambiguity" and that its tone was "cold" and "hesitant." Clearly Hussein had not expected his authority, based on little tangible evidence as it may be, to be questioned by the High Commissioner.
	lofgren.blogspot.com /2003_12_07_lofgren_archive.html (6433 words)

	AllRefer.com - Jordan - The Political Elite \| Jordanian Information Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Abdullah ibn Hussein Al Hashimi (1882-1951), a son of Sharif Hussein of Mecca (1851-1931), established the Jordanian branch of the family in 1921 after Britain had created the Mandate of Transjordan and confirmed him as amir.
		Hussein's cousin, Sharif Abdul Hamid Sharaf, was a close political adviser throughout the 1970s and served briefly as prime minister before his death in 1980.
		Hussein has been supported throughout his reign by the original Transjordanian population, particularly the beduin tribes who revered him as a descendant of the family of the Prophet Muhammad and as a ruler imbued with those qualities of leadership they valued most--courage, self-reliance, valor, and honesty.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/jordan/jordan107.html (1239 words)

	Official Website of Her Majesty Queen Noor - The Hashemites
		After freeing the Arab lands, Sharif Hussein's son Abdullah assumed the throne of Transjordan, while his son Faisal assumed the throne of Syria and later Iraq.
		Hussein was saved from a bullet by a medal his grandfather had recently awarded him and insisted he wear.
		His Majesty King Abdullah II, the eldest son of the late King Hussein, assumed the head of the Hashemite family and was proclaimed King upon King Hussein’s death.
	www.noor.gov.jo /islam__the_hashemites.htm (649 words)

	In Memoriam: The Late King Hussein of Jordan (A Reminiscence)
		However, the union of King Hussein and Princess Muna, as she was renamed, lasted 11 years and produced Abdullah, who in 1999 became King Abdullah, his brother Feisal, and twin girls Zein and Ayesha.
		The 16-year-old Hussein, who had accompanied his grandfather to the mosque, was also hit by one of the assassin’s bullets, but because it struck a medal on Hussein’s chest, he emerged physically unscathed.
		After he was succeeded by his son, Hussein, in 1951, he lived the rest of his life under the care and protection of the Turkish government in Istanbul, where he had studied as a boy.
	www.wrmea.com /backissues/0499/9904013.html (1656 words)

	Brief History of the Hashemite Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Al Sharif Hussein, may Allah rest his soul in peace, defended the Convention, as a concrete principle, for the Arabs, their unity, national interests, and state.
		A call to reinvigorate the roles of Mecca, the Ummayyads and Abbassids were demonstrated in the exchange of correspondence between Sharif Hussein and Macmahon, the British Hijazi negotiations, and Prince Faisal Bin al Hussein's participation in London Conference, and Paris Conference in the years 1918 and 1919.
		Sharif Hussein Bin Ali did not surrender any Arab principle, yet he did sacrifice the throne, during his struggle in the political corridors.
	www.chn-net.com /timeline/history_hashemite.html (2263 words)

	Articles
		Perhaps he may have lacked the in-born traits of a leader; the wisdom of his grandfather Sharif Hussein, the cunning of his father King Abdullah, or the character of his son King Hussein, but Talal should be remembered as a dedicated patriotic who was the first real democrat in modern Jordan.
		When Hussein was born in November 1935, so annoyed with his Abdullah’s attitude was Talal that he refused to name the infant child Abdullah, as customarily done in Arab families, where the oldest child is named after his grandfather.
		Hussein ignored the advice, and so annoyed was Talal over Hussein's policies that he contacted senior officers in the Jordanian Army (who had been loyal to him during his brief reign as monarch), hoping that they would support his comeback.
	www.mideastviews.com /articleview.php?art=88 (6140 words)

	King Lears of Arabia, by Tamim al-Barghouti \| QeRN
		Hussein’s greatest fear was that if the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the war there would be neither an Islamic state nor a Caliph able to keep the spiritual and moral authority over the Islamic world.
		To the Sharif these interests were reconcilable, and the public opinion could accept the idea that the Arab Revolt was for the sake of Islam.
		Yet, the interests of the Sharif and the British were not reconcilable after all; the creation of a united Arab kingdom in the Middle East was strategically too dangerous to any colonial power in the world, regardless of how friendly the leadership of such a kingdom was.
	www.qern.org /node/1 (855 words)

	The Hashemite Restorations of the Holy Places in Jerusalem
		Moreover, the late King Hussein’s branch of the Hashemite family ruled the holy city of Mecca from 1201 CE until 1925 CE.
		Sharif Hussein’s tomb is located in the southern corridors of the mosque.
		Sharif Hussein’s son Abdullah, the first ruler and king of Transjordan, took up the responsibilities of his father.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /islam_restoration.html (1000 words)

	Excerpts from "The Middle East Prophecy"
		The Revolt in the Desert was proclaimed by Hussein ibn Ali (1852-1931), the Grand Sharif of Mecca and leader of the illustrious Hashemite clan.
		In brief, Sharif Hussein asked Britain, in exchange for his revolt against the Turks, to recognize the independence of the Arab countries of Asia -- all of the Arabian Peninsula except Aden, plus the whole of the Fertile Crescent.
		Two of Sharif Hussein's sons, Faisal and Abdullah, led the Arab forces in battle, financed by the British and assisted in the field by the able T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia").
	thewayofpeace.org /mideast_prophecy_3.html (3378 words)

	British promises
		Hussein, otherwise satisfied with the British assurances, was prepared to wait till the end of the war for this region.
		Hussein replied that he did not oppose limited immigration as long as the Jews were not pursuing any political goals which would encroach on Arab sovereignty in Palestine.
		Hussein repeated that he was willing to grant the Jews refuge in Palestine provided they recognized Arab sovereignty there and did not question the rights of the Arabs.
	www.geocities.com /chabaan_2000/british.HTM (4052 words)

	The Great Arab Revolt
		Much of the trauma and dislocation suffered by the peoples of the Middle East during the 20th century can be traced to the events surrounding World War I. During the conflict, the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers against the Allies.
		Sharif Husseins objective in undertaking the Great Arab Revolt was to establish a single independent and unified Arab state stretching from Aleppo (Syria) to Aden (Yemen), based on the ancient traditions and culture of the Arab people, the upholding of Islamic ideals and the full protection and inclusion of ethnic and religious minorities.
		The political aspirations of the Arabs were not to be realized, however, due to the conflicting promises made by the British to their wartime allies.
	members.tripod.com /jor_guide/id7.html (1764 words)

	Commentary by Rick Francona
		Hussein had declared himself King of the Hijaz and King of the Arabs after the Arab revolt against the Turks in 1916-1917, and had allied himself with the British, who, in return for the Sharif's support against the Ottoman Turks, pledged to ensure that the Hashemites retained control of Mecca.
		Sharif Hussein abdicated his position in favor of his son 'Ali, but by 1926, 'Ali had been forced into exile, leaving the Hijaz to the Sa'uds.
		Hussein was crowned King in May 1953, and ruled until his death in 1999.
	home.earthlink.net /~francona/commentaries/hashemites.html (729 words)

	About Jordan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The late King Hussein's great-grandfather, Al-Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and King of the Arabs (later he also became known as King of the Hijaz), led the liberation of Arab lands from their domination by the Ottoman Turks in the Great Arab Revolt of 1916.
		In March 1920, the division of the Arab territory was rejected and the Arab's people's representatives meeting in Damascus declared the unity and independence of Syria proclaiming Sharif Hussein's son Faisal I as King.
		The late king Hussein will be remembered for many achievements, most of all as a "king of peace" due to his vigorous efforts in bringing about peace in the Middle East.
	www.petra.gov.jo /about-jordan.shtm (942 words)

	Jordanian Iraqi Relationship - A detailed overview
		As part of an understanding with the head of the Hashemite family, Sharif Hussein of Mecca, the British essentially installed two brothers, Sharif Feisal and Sharif Abdullah, as the kings of Iraq and Transjordan, respectively.
		Therefore, King Hussein of Jordan was the second cousin of King Feisal II of Iraq.
		As a result, King Hussein was always wary of the Palestinian population in Jordan, unsure of their loyalty to him.
	www.petrabank.com /pre/table.php?jordanian (3837 words)

	Records of the Hashimite Dynasties Archive editions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Though the authenticity of this lineage cannot be proved beyond question, most Muslims have always accepted it; and it is this traditional consensus that legitimised the ascendancy of the Hashimites in the Holy land of the Hijaz for over six centuries until their expulsion by the father of the present Saudi Arabian monarch in 1925.
		After the success of the Revolt and the defeat of Germany and Turkey, Sharif Hussein was understandably angered and embittered by Britain's failure to honour her promises in full regarding Hashimite rule in the former Ottoman provinces.
		In view of this and, in particular, of Talal's mental condition and his grandson Hussein's tender age it was not surprising that the Iraqi Regent, 'Abd al-Ilah, intervened and, in so doing, alarmed those favouring the preservation of Jordan's independence and the succession of Talal and Hussein.
	www.archiveeditions.co.uk /Leafcopy/590-2.htm (1215 words)

	AM Archive - Iraq opposition outlines war strategy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		DELEGATION SPOKESMAN SHARIF HUSSEIN: The entirety of the Iraqi population is opposed to Saddam Hussein.
		JOHN SHOVELAN: Sharif Hussein's delegation has detailed knowledge of how Saddam Hussein is preparing to fight a war and victory for the United States might be far from easy.
		SHARIF HUSSEIN: Internally, he is positioning himself so that there would be no significant battles in the field.
	www.abc.net.au /am/stories/s644311.htm (576 words)

	British-Yemeni Society: The story of Peter Davey (1914-1947)
		In these first months in Beihan, he met Sharif Hussein and his brother Awadh, Sheikh Qassim, Ali bin Munasser of the Bal Harith, the various Musabein section leaders and the Abida in their tents.
		Of Hussein, Davey observed in 1944, ‘I could not wish for a better friend, English or Arab, and I feel a genuine respect for him,’ although he was not blind to Hussein’s cupidity and ambition, which ultimately brought the two into conflict.
		Hussein could be impetuous and Davey fell foul of this in 1946 when the Sharif started to build a fort on a rock at the head of the valley within view of the Yemeni frontier.
	www.al-bab.com /bys/articles/hartley03.htm (2756 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sharif Abdallah paid two visits to Cairo where he had secret talks with Jerusalem Governor Ronald Storrs about the possibility of taking action against the Turks to gain independence.
		Palestinians had no other representative or leader but Sharif Hussein, and they were prevented from traveling to seek external help: moreover, they were never asked for their opinion vis-à-vis the governing and administering of their country.
		On the major political scene, they supported the Sharif and his sons, Faisal and Abdallah, in their new chapter of confronting the allies.
	www.passia.org /about_us/MahdiPapers/15.DOC (2660 words)

	Arab Israeli Conflict: The Quest for Peace
		In 1921, Winston Churchill suggested that "Transjordan" be separated from the Palestine Mandate and ruled by Abdullah, the son of Britain's ally (Sharif Hussein).
		One year before this (1920), Feisal, Sharif Hussein's other son, was made King of Iraq in compensation for Britain's forcing him to relinquish the throne of Damascus, Syria.
		King Hussein declined to participate fearing the loss of even more of his land should the Arab states not succeed against the powerful Israeli army.
	sullivan.virtualactivism.net /peacequest/background.html (2191 words)

	Sharif Hussein bin Ali (1853-1931) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sharif Hussein is best known for launching the Great Arab Revolt in June 1916 against the Ottoman army.
		Sharif Hussein’s sons Emir Ali, Emir Abdullah (King Hussein’s grandfather), Emir Faisal and Emir Zeid’s forces led the Arab Army against the Turks.
		While the colonial powers of Britain and France denied the Arabs their promised single unified Arab state, it is nevertheless testimony to the effectiveness of the Great Arab Revolt that the Hashemite family secured Arab rule over all of modern Jordan, most of the Arabian peninsula and Syria.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /sharif_hussein.html (239 words)

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