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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Shatt al Arab
		The Shatt al-Arab (Arabic: شط العرب;) or Arvand (called اروندرود: arvandrūd in Persian), also called the Shatt-al-Arab waterway, is a river in Southwest Asia of some 200 km in length, formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in southern Iraq.
		Shatt al Arab, tidal river, 120 mi (193 km) long, formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, flowing SE to the Persian Gulf, forming part of the Iraq-Iran border; the Karun is its chief tributary.
		Bounded by the Kerkhah and Shatt al-Arab rivers on the west, the Arab Gulf on the south, and the Zagros Mountains on the north and east, the region was strategically situated in relation to major navigational arteries feeding into the Gulf, as well as the important Shatt al-Arab port of Basra.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Shatt-al_Arab (854 words)

	Shatt al Arab - MSN Encarta
		Shatt al Arab, river in southwest Asia, serving, for about the second half of its course, as a boundary between Iraq and Iran.
		Oil is produced, stored, and shipped from the Al Başrah and Ābādān areas, and large quantities of dates are produced along the banks of the Shatt al Arab.
		The Shatt al Arab is a vital strategic waterway, as it constitutes Iraq’s only access to the sea and provides a transportation corridor for oil exports and commodity imports for both Iran and Iraq.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575658/Shatt_al_Arab.html (517 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Shatt al Arab
		Shatt al Arab, tidal river, 120 mi (193 km) long, formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, flowing SE to the Persian Gulf, forming part of the Iraq-Iran border; the Karun is its chief tributary.
		The Shatt al Arab flowed through a broad, swampy delta, but the marshlands in Iraq were drained in the early 1990s in order to increase government control over the Arab Shiites (Marsh Arabs) who lived there.
		Iraq and Iran have disputed navigation rights on the Shatt al Arab since 1935, when an international commission gave Iraq total control of the Shatt al Arab, leaving Iran with control only of the approaches to Abadan and Khorramshahr, its chief ports, and unable to develop new port facilities in the delta.
	www.reference.com /browse/columbia/ShattalA (286 words)

	Shatt Al Arab - MSN Encarta
		Shatt Al Arab, river in south-west Asia, serving as a boundary between Iraq and Iran, and formed from the merging of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq as they approach the sea.
		The area surrounding the Shatt Al Arab is largely alluvial lands and swamps.
		This marshy landscape is the habitat of an Arab people who, through their relative isolation, have developed a distinctive culture reliant on the marsh environment.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575658/Shatt_Al_Arab.html (556 words)

	annotatedreference
		Shatt Al Arab River is formed when the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of Iraq and the Karun river of Iran meet near Basrah in Iraq.
		The structure of populations of Acanthopagrus latus in the Shatt al-Arab River and Khor al-Zubair area of Iraq was assessed from electrophoretic and morphological characters.
		A population of the intertidal, ovoviviparous, cirolanid isopod Annina mesopotamica was studied at the Al-Chibassy tributary of the Shatt Al-Arab river from 14 May 1973 to 29 April 1974, and at the Garmat-Ali river of the Shatt Al-Arab, Basrah, Iraq from 5 November 1984 to 30 June 1986.
	www.kisr.edu.kw /isd/mfd/mfdlpub/shattalarab.html (7859 words)

	Shatt al Arab - Encyclopedia.com
		To preclude Iraqi political pressure and interference with its oil and freight shipments on the Shatt al Arab, Iran built ports on the Persian Gulf to handle foreign trade.
		Iran and Iraq negotiated territorial agreements over the Shatt al Arab waterway in 1975, but by the end of the decade skirmishes in the area became prevalent.
		The Shatt al Arab remains a source of conflict, as limited water access and unresolved maritime boundaries in the region persist.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ShattalA.html (1125 words)

	Shatt Al Arab: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		...Basra on the western bank of the Shatt Al Arab waterway, where the waters of the...gunboats patrolling the disputed Shatt Al Arab waterway, which is the southern...near the Basra oil terminal in the Shatt Al Arab or off the port of Umm Qasr.
		SHATT AL ARAB shat al a rab, tidal river, 120 mi...the Karun is its chief tributary.
		Khorramshahr, on the Shatt al Arab, is the countrys chief general...great part due to conflict over the Shatt al Arab waterway.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/shatt_al_arab.jsp (1903 words)

	Eden Again, Marshland Information - Bibliography A-L
		The presence of Barbus luteus and Heteropneustes fossilis in the Khor al Zubair, in the North-West of the Arab Gulf.
		The Reproductive-Biology of Parhyale-Basrensis Salman (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the Shatt Al-Arab River.
		Cronel, H. The Arabs of the Marshes - between the Euphrates and the Tigris - French - Thesiger,W. Nouvelle Revue Francaise, (373): p.
	www.edenagain.org /bibliography/allbib.html (6641 words)

	Iran’s imperial project in the Shatt al-Arab — The Henry Jackson Society
		The Iranian regime is in the process of ethnically cleansing the Ahwazi Arab residents who have populated the banks of the Shatt al-Arab for centuries, as it sees them as having innate pan-Arab sympathies and thereby threatening Iranian control of the waterway.
		The Marsh Arabs of Iraq’s Basra province suffered ethnic cleansing and repression under Saddam’s regime while in Iran the Ahwazi Arabs have endured violent persecution under the Pahlavi dynasty and the Islamic Republic.
		The regime’s activities in Khuzestan and the left bank of the Shatt al-Arab are related to the rise of militias in Basra and the British government’s discovery that weapons used by insurgents were likely to have originated from the IRGC via the Iranian-backed Lebanese Hezbollah.
	zope06.v.servelocity.net /hjs/sections/middleeast/shatt_al_arab (1450 words)

	[No title]
		Al- Hassan, L. Vertebral abnormalities in fishes from Iraq and UAE, Arabian Gulf.
		Al-Hassan, L. and Na’ama, A. A case of pugheadedness in the croaker Johnius aneus from Khor Al-Zubai, NorthWest of the Arab Gulf, Basrah, Iraq.
		Al-Hello, A. and Al-Obaidi, A. The chemistry of Shatt Al-Arab waters from Qurna to Al-Fao.
	www.msc-basra.com /researches.htm (3383 words)

	Iranica.com - SHATT AL-ARAB
		From the late 16th century onwards the Banu Ka¿b, an Arab tribe belonging to the Banu K¨afa@ja, were settled in and around Quban by Afra@sia@b Pasha Dayri who won the area between Bandar Ma¿æur and the Shatt al-Arab from the Safavid client ruler, Bekta@æ AÚg@a@ Afæa@r (Perry, p.
		At the same time, silt carried into the Shatt al-Arab by the Karun was beginning to cause problems for Iraqi shipping, such that official, sanctioned Persian participation in the governance of the Shatt al-Arab was warranted.
		Idem, The Arabs of the Gulf 1602-1784, Leidschendamm, The Netherlands, 1993.
	www.iranica.com /articles/ot_grp5/ot_shatt_al_arab_20040909.html (2037 words)

	SHATT-AL-ARAB
		While the containment of conflict was short-lived, the 1639 treaty is significant because it became the basis of future treaties and, in effect, established the framework of future contentions over borders.
		The treaties of 1639 and 1746 simply gave recognition to the effective autonomy of the Arab tribes of the region, which the Ottomans could not change, and to their nominal Persian allegiance, which the Persians could not enforce.
		While border clashes between Iraq and Iran recurred throughout the period 1971 to 1974, the Iraqi army, locked in internecine war with the Kurds, was hardly in a position to resist Iranian pressures.
	www.defencejournal.com /jul99/shatt-al-arab.htm (3517 words)

	Shatt al-Arab
		Lining the 193-km-long (120-mile-long) Shatt al-Arab estuary, formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, is the largest date palm forest in the world.
		Salinisation in the Shatt al-Arab region began emerging in the late 1960s.
		In addition, with the outbreak of the Iran - Iraq war in 1980 the palm forest was unavoidably caught in the prolonged and intense crossfire.
	na.unep.net /digital_atlas2/webatlas.php?id=169 (416 words)

	The Shatt Al-Arab: Obstacle to Iran-Iraq Peace
		It was to follow the low-water mark on the north (Persian) bank, instead of the "thalweg" or middle of the river with the exception of the two ports of Abadan and Khorramshahr.
		Baghdad then informed Tehran that since the Shatt was an integral part of Iraq, Iranian vessels should lower their flags before entering the river, and no Iranian navy personnel could be on board ships inside the Shatt.
		Pending arbitration, an interim administration for the Shatt could be instituted that would not interfere with withdrawal of troops to "the internationally recognized borders, as called for by UN Security Council Resolution 598.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0489/8904008.htm (988 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Iranians begun using this name for the Shatt al-Arab during the later Pahlavi period, and continue to do so after the revolution of 1978-79.
		The region of Shatt al-Arab considered to be the largest date palm forest in the world.In the mid-1970s, the region counted some 17-18 million date palms or a fifth of the world's 90 million palm trees.
		Tensions between the opposing empires that extended across a wide range of religious, cultural and political conflicts, led to the outbreak of hostilities in the 19th century and eventually yielded the Second Treaty of Erzurum between the two parties, in 1847, after protracted negotiations, which included British and Russian delegates.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Shatt_Al-Arab (1021 words)

	AL-AHWAZ NEWS >>>>>
		The left bank of the Shatt al-Arab is witnessing a large-scale militarisation programme which is being conducted under the auspices of the Arvand Free Zone Organisation (AFZO), a state-run group that aims to extend the regime's economic, political and military influence over the Shatt al-Arab and ultimately Iraq.
		The AFZO's plans for the military-industrial zone were outlined in a letter issued to indigenous Ahwazi Arab residents living within the zone instructing them that their land would be confiscated (click here to download the BAFS report).
		The zone is in three segments: an island and adjacent land measuring 30 square km, a strip of land north of Khorramshahr measuring 25 square km and an in-land eastern segment measuring around 100 square km in area.
	www.ahwaz.org.uk /2007/03/kidnapping-and-irans-militarisation-of.html (1203 words)

	Persian Gulf. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The gulf is bordered by Oman and the United Arab Emirates to the south, to the west by Qatar and Saudi Arabia, to the north by Kuwait and Iraq, and along the entire east coast by Iran.
		In 1853, Britain and the Arab sheikhdoms of the Persian Gulf signed the Perpetual Maritime Truce, formalizing the temporary truces of 1820 and 1835.
		The much-contested rights over the Shatt al Arab led Iran and Iraq into an 8-year war in the 1980s (see Iran-Iraq War).
	www.bartleby.com /65/pe/PersGulf.html (713 words)

	Shatt-al-Arab (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Shatt el Arab river rises in the Tertiary and Mesozoic northwest-southeast trending Zagros fold belt.
		The Shatt el Arab delta is located at the northern end of an elongate shallow sea where semidiurnal tidal variations reach about 2.5 m.
		Although much of the delta is made up of broad marshes and associated lowlands that are valuable as agricultural lands, most coastal regions are tidal flats and sabkhas devoid of extensive vegetation where salts are deposited [38-i01].
	www.geol.lsu.edu /WDD/ASIAN/Shatt-al-Arab/shatt-al-arab.htm (1014 words)

	Water Quality
		Al Bakri, D. and W. Kittaneh, Physicochemical characteristics and pollution indicators in the intertidal zone of Kuwait: Implications for benthic ecology.
		Al-Ghadban, A.N., et al., Preliminary assessment of the impact of draining of Iraqi marshes on Kuwait's northern marine environment.
		Alsaadi, H.A., et al., On the Influence of the Sewage Drainage from Basrah City on the Phytoplankton and Related Nutrients in the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary, Iraq.
	www.iraqfoundation.org /projects/edenagain/bib/water_quality.html (2127 words)

	Shatt al-Arab: danger zone between Iraq and Iran
		Known to Arabs and in the English-speaking world as the Shatt al-Arab and to the Iranians as the Arvand Roud, the waterway is a wide river through which the waters of both the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers flow into the Gulf.
		The Shatt al-Arab is more strategic for Iraq than for Iran, since for the former it is part of only a small maritime coastline at the northern end of the Gulf.
		In peacetime, the Shatt is one of Iraq's economic lungs, providing the sole oil export route that does not depend on long overland pipelines that are especially vulnerable to sabotage.
	www.turkishpress.com /news.asp?id=168147 (414 words)

	[No title]
		The Shatt al Arab, formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers above Basra, is the most important waterway at the head of the Gulf.
		During the early 20th century, when the dominant power in the Middle East was European, Iraq was brought to agree that the legal frontier should run along the Thalweg, a German term meaning the line running along the deepest point of the river bed.
		Another was to regain the Thalweg in the Shatt al Arab.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2004/06/23/do2301.xml (895 words)

	The Iran-Iraq War
		In particular, the two have disputed control of the Shatt al-Arab, the major waterway connecting the Persian Gulf with the Iranian ports of Khorramshahr and Abadan, and the Iraqi port of Basra.
		In 1847 a treaty was signed that established the Shatt as a boundary between Iraq and Iran (then the Ottomans and the Persians, respectively).
		In 1975, a new agreement was reached whereby the midpoint of the Shatt was determined to be the boundary between the countries.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/arabs/iraniraq.html (2756 words)

	Shad of the Shatt Al-Arab River in Iraq
		he Shatt Al-Arab River ("Stream of the Arabs") is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at Qarmat 'Ali, 160 kilometers north of the Arabian Gulf (Figure 1).
		The total landings of sbour in Shatt Al-Arab River is unknown, but landing estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization area (Shatt Al-Arab River estuary) showed 6,576 tons in the Basrah fish market during 1990-1991.
		Gonad maturation data suggest that sbour spawn in the upper reaches of Shatt Al-Arab (probably in the marsh area) during May-August and then migrate to the sea during September-November, when they were landed in Kuwait.
	www.cbr.washington.edu /~hinrich/shad/JOURNAL4.2/vol4n2.htm (4396 words)

	Shatt al Arab
		The Shatt al Arab flows into the Persian Gulf.
		The Shatt al Arab forms the boundary between Iraq and Iran and its ownership has frequently been disputed.
		Attempts to expand sovereignty over the whole of the Shatt al Arab by Iraq was one of the issues which brought about the Iraq-Iran conflict.
	www.harrys-stuff.com /overland-1/shatt-al-arab.php (77 words)

	Encyclopedia on the HistoryChannel.co.uk
		Series of wars and territorial conflicts between Israel and various Arab states in the Middle East since the founding of the state of Israel in May 1948.
		He was born at Valladolid, the son of the Habsburg emperor Charles V, and in 1554 married Queen Mary I of...
		Country on the Arabian peninsula, stretching from the Red Sea in the west to the Gulf in the east, bounded north by Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait; east by Qatar and United Arab Emirates; southeast by...
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /staging/search/search.php?searchtext=ottoman&refinetext=&search_page=3&themes=&cts=&&word=ShattalA (4184 words)

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