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Topic: Shell Crisis of 1915

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	Shell Crisis of 1915 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Shell Crisis of 1915 brought down the government of the United Kingdom (then engaged in World War I) because it was widely perceived that the production of artillery shells for use by the British Army was inadequate.
		The Shell Scandal was reported back to the Home Front by The Times, which described the scandal in graphic detail, clearly pointing the finger of blame at the government.
		This led to the Shell Crisis of 1915, which brought down the Liberal British government under the Premiership of Herbert Henry Asquith.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915 (256 words)

	BBC Inside Out - Shell Shock
		In the early years of World War One, shell shock was believed to be the result of a physical injury to the nerves and being exposed to heavy bombardment.
		Shell shock was generally seen as a sign of emotional weakness or cowardice.
		Some shell shocked soldiers were shot dead by their own side after being charged with cowardice.
	www.bbc.co.uk /insideout/extra/series-1/shell_shocked.shtml (1138 words)

	::Total War::
		Total war was introduced to Britain in May 1915 and was to last until the end of the war in November 1918.
		The May 1915 shell crisis showed that the country was not on a full war footing and with talk of the 'big push' being made with due frequency, the men on the front line had to be suitably equipped.
		He responded to a crisis by setting up a committee - one to deal with the Dardanelles, one to deal with administration etc - but none of these committees were given sufficient powers to be effective.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /total_war.htm (1306 words)

	Winner of the 2004 WFA-USA Phi Alpha Theta Undergraduate Essay Award to Annessa Stagner
		To adequately interpret and judge both societies' reactions to shell shock, it is important to examine how the governments dealt with it, and how opinion makers, through writers and especially the media, reacted to their actions.
		"In 1915, the initial concern was wrongful certification, and throughout the war there was public apprehension that war heroes were locked in asylums against their will and to the shame of the nation." [21] The fear that shell-shocked soldiers were being court-martialed further concerned the public.
		America's attitude towards shell shock shifted once again in the summer of 1922 with a surge of instances in which shell-shocked soldiers were seen as violent and harmful.
	www.wfa-usa.org /new/shellshock.htm (3927 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Erich von Falkenhayn on the Champagne Offensive, September 1915
		Regarded as the major Allied undertaking of 1915 the offensive quickly became bogged down in the face of determined German opposition.
		Continuing their offensive, the French on this day, on and to the east of the Souain-Somme-Py road, with seventeen divisions, drove the remnants of two German divisions, on a front of 15 miles, with a depth of 2 miles, back into their rear positions, which unfortunately had also been shot to pieces.
		A serious crisis arose, leading the Staff of the Third Army to consider the advisability of a further withdrawal of the whole army front.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/champagne1915_falkenhayn.htm (1495 words)

	WWI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Beginning in 1915, the Italians mounted 11 major offensives along the Isonzo River north of Trieste, known collectively as the Battle of the Isonzo.
		By the spring of 1915, the Russians were driven back in Galicia, and in May, the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland’s southern fringes, capturing Warsaw on August 5 and forcing the Russians to withdraw from all of Poland.
		This issue was particularly explosive in Canada and opened a political gap between the French-Canadians—who claimed their true loyalty was to Canada and not the British Empire—and the English-speaking majority who saw the war as a duty to both Britain and Canada, and a way of demonstrating leadership and high contribution to the British Empire.
	en.explicatus.org /wiki/WWI (10653 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		As his management of the Home Rule crisis of 1912-14 demonstrated, he postponed difficult decisions rather than confronting them head-on, and had little skill in coordinating the activities of the members of his cabinet.
		The so-called "shell crisis" of 1915 forced him to appoint Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions and form a coalition government that remained dominated by Liberals, but Asquith continued to run the economy and the cabinet on much the same principles that had been current before the war.
		In some respects this political crisis was a direct result of the Battle of the Somme in the summer and fall of that year.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/bio/a/asquith.html (599 words)

	Dynamics of doctrine: the change in German tactical doctrine during the first world war
		However, the demands of the eastern front in 1915 denied the western front any additional German forces for an offensive, so the Germans were, compelled to remain on the defense in the west during that year.
		Although on the defensive in the west in 1915, in 1916 the Germans conducted a limited offensive at Verdun: the objective was attrition of the enemy rather than the classic German objective of rapid destruction of the enemy force.
		In 1915, for example, French infantry in one sector wore conspicuous linen cloth on their backs in a vain attempt to avoid being shelled by their own artillery.
	cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/Lupfer/lupfer.asp (19562 words)

	Choike - Death and disease: The oil curse
		Transnational companies such as Shell, Repsol, and Maxus appropriate territorial spaces under the pretext that they are of “public utility”, they contaminate bodies of water and river beds, they deforest virgin forests and generate impacts destroying the future.
		The Yariguis and Aripis were exterminated by the Standard Oil Company in 1915; in 1931 the Bari-Motilon people were violently attacked by the Gula, Mobil and Texas Petroleum Companies that indiscriminately murdered, set up electrified fences or gave out poisoned salt which they threw from planes as presents.
		This led to a community crisis that snowballed into a series of fatal events, leading to the death of over 1,500 people, hundreds of injured, 3,000 people arrested as hostages and a considerable part of the population fleeing to the mangrove forest and other villages (see WRM bulletin No. 92).
	www.choike.org /nuevo_eng/informes/3285.html (1126 words)

	Western Front Association Contributed Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		The British Trade Unions were generally restrictive in the means of employment and deployment of Trade Unionised labour, and solutions had to be found to increase flexibility and mobility of the existing workforce, and to find the new cadres of workers.
		Some of the men with important and badly needed skills, who had volunteered for the New Army in 1914 and early 1915, were recalled to their former jobs, though this had to be done against the general resistance of the military.
		The industrial problems were so acute that some British military actions on the Western Front were compromised by a combination of a shortage of shells, the large numbers of dud shells (up to 30%) and prematurely firing shells (up to 1 in 1,000).
	www.westernfront.co.uk /thegreatwar/articles/research/logisitics.htm (3825 words)

	World War I information information - Search.com
		The Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, General Yudenich, with a string of victories over the Ottoman forces, drove the Turks out of much of present-day Armenia, and tragically provided a context for the deportation and genocide against the Armenian population in eastern Armenia.
		Beginning in 1915, the Italians mounted 11 major offensives along the Isonzo river north of Trieste, known as the First through Eleventh Battles of the Isonzo.
		The Germans conducted air raids during 1915 and 1916 on England and London with airships with the intent to damage the morale and will to fight of the British and to cause aircraft to be reassigned to England away from the front lines.
	www.search.com /reference/World_War_I (10720 words)

	Anglo French-American Hospital, Neuilly-sur-Seine, 1915-16
		In the last century it had won its spurs at a time of public crisis-the first cholera epidemic-by opening the doors of the London Homoeopathic Hospital to the free admission of cholera cases, and carrying out homoeopathic treatment so successfully as to obtain special Parliamentary attention to its high standard of success.
		Before that time, on the Continent, where critical comparison was made between the old school and the new school results in the treatment of pneumonia, the honours of the time again fell to Homoeopathy.
		One was that of shell wound of the left elbow, with double fracture of the bones constituting the joint.
	www.gwpda.org /medical/hmehosp.htm (4413 words)

	A NEW CENTURY OF CHRISTIAN MARTYRDOM: THE UNTOLD MIDDLE EASTERN CRISIS by Srdja Trifkovic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		While extensively covered because of its photogenic value and its potential for further bloodshed, the stand-off has caused hardly a ripple in the Western world on what should be the obvious grounds for media scrutiny and public concern: the misuse and abuse of a Christian shrine by warring non-Christians in pursuit of their political objectives.
		The Bethlehem episode is thus illustrative of two parallel processes overlooked in the current Middle Eastern crisis: the apparently terminal decline of the Christian remnant in the Middle East after two millennia of precarious and mostly painful existence, and the remarkable indifference of the post-Christian Western world to its impending demise.
		Already by their choice of the stage for what soon became a propaganda exercise the Muslim gunmen who occupied the church desecrated the basilica built on the site of the grotto where Jesus Christ is believed to have been born.
	www.chroniclesmagazine.org /News/Trifkovic/NewsST060502.html (7357 words)

	National Shell Filling Factory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The factory was created as a result of the Shell Crisis of 1915.
		At the beginning of World War I shells were filled with Lyddite but this needed imported raw materials and so TNT was adopted.
		On 20 August 1915 Godfrey Chetwynd, 8th Viscount Chetwynd was given the task of designing, building and superintending the running of a factory to fill large calibre shells with Amatol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/National_Shell_Filling_Factory (262 words)

	Part Seven - Smith Administration - 1915 - 1920 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Bryan, who had served as President Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State through June 1915, was increasingly concerned with what he perceived as the country's drift toward the European conflict.
		In the crisis that is upon our country it behooves every true citizen to show his loyalty and devotion to the nation.
		The Ohio Northern University, with five of its sons members of the present congress, with many others already forming existing military units, with a splendid and competent battalion trained at Government expense, and with the whole student body ardent and earnest in patriotism desires to assure our most sincere and hearty support.
	www.onu.edu /library/onuhist1/photo/part_seven.htm (2072 words)

	Western Front Association Contributed Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		One of the many serious production problems that Kitchener encountered was that of insufficient shell production, which was further exacerbated by the draining away of munitions workers into the army.
		The failure to supply enough artillery shells to the Western Front was exacerbated by faulty fuses that caused many shells to not explode on contact, or to even worse, to explode prematurely in the barrel.
		When he was finally persuaded to support a land orientated modification Churchill’s Dardanelles plan in 1915, he failed to ensure the efficacy of the operational plan or to provide adequate follow-up of reinforcements and supplies.
	www.westernfront.co.uk /thegreatwar/articles/individuals/kitchener.htm (1324 words)

	[No title]
		THE VOYAGE OUT (1915) by Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) Chapter I As the streets that lead from the Strand to the Embankment are very narrow, it is better not to walk down them arm-in-arm.
		Happily the tropical suns had bleached the tapestries to a faded blue-green colour, and the mirror with its frame of shells, the work of the steward's love, when the time hung heavy in the southern seas, was quaint rather than ugly.
		Twisted shells with red lips like unicorn's horns ornamented the mantelpiece, which was draped by a pall of purple plush from which depended a certain number of balls.
	eserver.org /fiction/voyage-out.txt (22391 words)

	JTW News - Shell investors to vote on merger
		The move aims to simplify the chain of command and boost transparency after management was blamed for a crisis that saw Shell slash its reserves.
		Shell is currently the sixth biggest firm in London's FTSE 100 index, but a market value of more than £120bn would push it into the top two - almost on a par with oil giant BP.
		Investors will attend their annual general meetings in London and the Hague on Tuesday and are expected to get details of the plan to appoint one chief executive and merge the two boards.
	www.turkishweekly.net /news.php?id=13669 (1152 words)

	Use of U.S. Forces Abroad
		Marines were landed in Lebanon at the invitation of its government to help protect against threatened insurrection supported from the outside.
		On September 16, 1992 President Bush stated in a status report that he had ordered U.S. participation in the enforcement of a prohibition against Iraqi flights in a specified zone in southern Iraq, and aerial reconnaissance to monitor Iraqi compliance with the cease-fire resolution.
		On December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had deployed U.S. armed forces to Somalia in response to a humanitarian crisis and a U.N. Security Council Resolution determining that the situation constituted a threat to international peace.
	www.fas.org /man/crs/crs_931007.htm (8242 words)

	[No title]
		The crisis is resolved when Nikita Krushchev agrees to withdraw the missiles.
		The capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh was shelled by the Communists.
		Much of the White house was destroyed by shell fire.
	bhepple.freeshell.org /gjots/20th-century.gjots (13089 words)

	The Military And Wars - The Home Front
		The people must be left nothing but their eyes to weep with over the war.
		During World War I the British Shell Crisis of 1915 and the appointment of Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions was a recognition that the whole economy would have to be geared for war if the Allies were to prevail on the Western Front.
		From the beginning of World War I to the end of World War II, the home front came to define the entire population of combatant nations.
	www.jcs-group.com /military/ushome.html (1962 words)

	Lenin: Imperialism and Socialism in Italy
		Like Kautsky, Cunow and all the other opportunists, Barboni, with the basest intention of fooling a definite section of the masses, deliberately ascribes to the revolutionaries the silly plan to “frustrate the war” “immediately” and to allow themselves to be shot down at a moment most opportune for the bourgeoisie.
		He thus attempts to evade the task clearly formulated at Stuttgart and Basle, namely, to utilise the revolutionary crisis for systematic revolutionary propaganda and preparations for revolutionary mass action.
		Edito dall’autore a Campione d’Intelvi (provincia di Como), 1915.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1915/aug/x03.htm (2666 words)

	McFarland - Publisher of Reference and Scholarly Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		The Imperial Russian government’s efforts to procure much-needed military supplies in the American market before and after America’s entry into World War I are the focus of this work.
		It reveals the disorder that characterized the first Russian purchasing efforts in America in 1914 when the full demand had not yet been felt, and how these efforts were transformed by the shell crisis of 1915 and the involvement of representatives of the zemstvos and industry in the formal overseas purchasing process.
		This book also looks at Russia’s dependence on the British for funding, the mature phase of purchasing in mid—1916, a single order placed by the zemstvo movement with the American Locomotive Company, the Russian Supply Commission’s struggle to deal with America’s entry into the war, and the collapse of Russia’s Imperial and Provisional governments.
	www.mcfarlandpub.com /book-2.php?isbn=0-7864-1337-9 (259 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - Mass, Mobility, And The Red Army's Road To Operational Art 1918-1936 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		This crisis drew attention to the problem of the command and control of ever larger formations under conditions where the field commander could not exercise direct supervision.
		Russian dilemmas south of the Danube in the summer of 1877 were in good measure a result of the inability of the theater commander and his staff to provide effective command and control of the various detachments.
		If the Imperial Army had suffered from the economic backwardness of old Russia, enduring a shell crisis in 1915 which radically reduced its combat capabilities, the Red Army had to confront the utter disintegration of the national economy.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/redopart.htm (13425 words)

	Documents Relating to World War I
		Bernstorff and the Arabic Crisis, October 5, 1915
		Address to the President and Congress on Policies in the Americas by the Anti-Imperialist League, October 22, 1915.
		SHELL SHOCK AND ITS LESSONS, By Grafton Elliot Smith, MA.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/ww1.htm (2904 words)

	The Home and the World, R. Tagore, 1915, 1919
		MOTHER, today there comes back to mind the vermilion mark [1] at the parting of your hair, the sari [2] which you used to wear, with its wide red border, and those wonderful eyes of yours, full of depth and peace.
		There was again that tremor within me. I could feel the crisis coming, too importunate to be put off.
		She was aware that some crisis was impending, which in a moment would change the meaning of the whole world.
	www.eldritchpress.org /rt/hw.htm (22592 words)

	Total war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Posters were used to influence people's decisions about what to eat and what occupations to take (Women were used as nurses and in munitions factories), and to change the attitude of support towards the war effort.
		After the failure of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, the large British offensive in March 1915, the British Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Sir John French claimed that it failed due to a lack of shells.
		This led to the Shell Crisis of 1915 which brought down the Liberal British government under the Premiership of H.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Total_war (3902 words)

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