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	Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
		FN1 The trial court found that title to the property which petitioners Shelley sought to purchase was held by one Bishop, a real estate dealer, who placed the property in the name of Josephine Fitzgerald.
		Shelley, 1946, 355 Mo. 814, 198 S.W.2d 679.
		There, a Negro, barred from the occupancy of certain property by the terms of an ordinance similar to that in the Buchanan case, sought injunctive relief in the federal courts to enjoin the enforcement of the ordinance on the grounds that its provisions violated the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment.
	www.brownat50.org /brownCases/PreBrownCases/ShelleyvKraemer1948.html (5271 words)

	Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 1948
		Jackson, the Court used Shelley to block enforcement of a restrictive racial covenant by instituting a suit for damages [rather than absolute exclusion as was the case in Shelley].
		Deans, 281 U.S. There, a Negro, barred from the occupancy of certain property by the terms of an ordinance similar to that, in the Buchanan case, sought injunctive relief in the federal courts to enjoin the enforcement of the ordinance on the grounds that its provisions violated the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment.
		Shelley, 355 Mo. 814, 198 S.W.2d 679 (1946).
	www.lectlaw.com /files/case33.htm (5134 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Deans, 1930, 281 U.S. There, a Negro, barred from the occupancy of certain property by the terms of an ordinance similar to that in the Buchanan case, sought injunctive relief in the federal courts to enjoin the enforcement of the ordinance on the grounds that its provisions violated the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment.
		Swing, 1941, 312 U.S., enforcement by state courts of the common-law policy of the State, which resulted in the restraining of peaceful picketing, was held to be state action of the sort prohibited by the Amendment's guaranties of freedom of discussion.
		Tompkins, 1938, 304 U.S. 1487, it is clear that the common- law rules enunciated by state courts in judicial opinions are to be regarded as a part of the law of the State.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=334&page=1 (5093 words)

	Civil Rights: Shelley v. Kraemer
		Buckley, 271 U.S. There, suit was brought in the courts of the District of Columbia to enjoin a threatened violation of certain restrictive covenants relating to lands situated in the city of Washington.
		Lee, 311 U.S. In that case, petitioners, white property owners, were enjoined by the state courts from violating the terms of a restrictive agreement.
		Deans, 281 U.S. There, a Negro, barred from the occupancy of certain property by the terms of an ordinance similar to that, in the Buchanan case, sought injunctive relief in the federal courts to enjoin the enforcement of the ordinance on the grounds that its provisions violated the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment.
	www.nationalcenter.org /shelley.html (4424 words)

	SSRN-Was Shelley v. Kraemer Incorrectly Decided? Some New Answers by Mark Rosen
		Kraemer, the 1948 decision that famously forbade state courts from enforcing racially restrictive covenants, has proven to be immensely difficult to justify.
		Under Shelley's attribution rationale, a contract's substantive provisions are to be attributed to the state when a court enforces the contract.
		Thus although Shelley ruled that racially restrictive covenants themselves were perfectly legal, it held that judicial enforcement of the covenants constituted state action that violated the Equal Protection Clause.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=897274 (684 words)

	SHELLEY V KRAEMER, 1948. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Tyler, 1927, 273 U.S. 668, a unanimous court, on the authority of Buchanan v.
		Swing, 1941, 312 U.S. 321, enforcement by state courts of the common-law policy of the State, which resulted in the restraining of peaceful picketing, was held to be state action of the sort prohibited by the Amendment's guaranties of freedom of discussion.
		Only recently this Court has had occasion to declare that a state law which denied equal enjoyment of property rights to a designated class of citizens of specified race and ancestry, was not a legitimate exercise of the state's police power but violated the guaranty of the equal protection of the laws.
	www.agh-attorneys.com /4_shelley_v_kraemer.htm (4854 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Kraemers appealed, and the Missouri Supreme Court, on December 9, 1946, reversed the trial court and directed that the terms of the racial covenant be enforced.
		Kraemer, holding that racial restrictive covenants cannot be enforced by the courts since this would constitute state action in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
		Kraemer was to reinstate the viability of the Fourteenth Amendment, after 52 years, and render the doctrine of "separate but equal" vulnerable to future successful legal attack.
	www.umsl.edu /services/library/blackstudies/shelley.htm (613 words)

	Property, Prof
		It isn't clear if Kraemer was an original party to the agreement, or if they are a successor to an original party.
		Look to the original writing, not to the deed or what documents the Kraemers may have signed when they bought their house.
		Kraemer also claims that the value of the land would be diminished.
	www.nvo.com /mikelaw/nss-folder/property/propertyMar15.htm (935 words)

	First Amendment
		Kraemer related to the issue of a restrictive covenant which prohibited fl families from moving into a neighborhood.
		For example, state courts have held that private restrictions prohibiting children could not be enforced by the court under the holding in Shelley v.
		Kraemer did apply and that therefore enforcement of the restriction would constitute state action.
	www.meeb.com /articles/first_amendment.htm (1050 words)

	Shelley v. Kraemer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kraemer, 334 U.S.) was an important United States Supreme Court civil rights case.
		At the time of purchase, they were not aware that a restrictive covenant had been in place on the property since 1911.
		The Supreme Court of Missouri held that the covenant was enforceable against the purchasers because the covenant was a purely private agreement between the original parties thereto, which "ran with the land" and was enforceable against subsequent owners.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer (337 words)

	Univ. of California v. Bakke
		Kraemer, 334 U.S. En route to this crucial battle over the scope of judicial review, the parties fight a sharp preliminary action over the proper characterization of the special admissions program.
		Kraemer, supra, at 22.] The guarantee of equal protection cannot mean one thing when applied to one individual and something else when applied to a person of another color.
		Kraemer, 334 U.S., at 22 ; Missouri ex rel.
	www.dickinson.edu /~rudaleva/bakke.htm (6995 words)

	Eduhistory.com
		A companion case dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the District of Columbia, (not a state and therefore not subject to the Fourteenth Amendment), Bolling v.
		Brown is undoubtedly the most famous of a group of U.S. Supreme Court cases which principally deal with the struggle of fl Americans to recover the rights of citizenship expressly given to them by the Constitution of the United States.
		In this second Brown decision, "Brown II," the Warren Court ordered the states' compliance with Brown I "with all deliberate speed." Even so, formal compliance with the provisions of these two cases was not expedited, and in the South most public schools would not be desegregated until about 1970 under the Nixon administration.
	www.eduhistory.com (1052 words)

	"Deeds of Mistrust: Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) and Restrictive Covenants in Chicago, 1927-1950"
		While writing the book he was asked by the NAACP to author a lengthy memo on the social effects of covenants, a memo that was distributed to the lawyers and supporters of the NAACP in Shelley v.
		Kraemer, the Supreme Court case on covenants heard in 1948.
		Kraemer led to one less humiliation of the sort faced by the Hansberry and Motley families, and removed a degree of state sanction from overt housing discrimination.
	www.public.asu.edu /~wplotkin/DeedsWeb/newberry.html (6856 words)

	The Struggle for Fair Housing in (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Shelleys, an African-American family, purchased a home whose title included a restrictive covenant designed to legally preserve racially segregated housing patterns.
		In this second landmark case, the United States Supreme Court went far beyond the decision in Shelley v Kraemer which had limited only the state's enforcement of restrictive covenants.
		In Jones v Mayer, the Supreme Court determined that the Mayer Company, developers of a private subdivision in St. Louis could not deny the Jones family the opportunity to purchase a home based solely on Mr.
	stlouis.missouri.org /501c/ehoc/struggle_for_fair_housing_in.htm (358 words)

	Constitutional Law Center: Supreme Court: Landmark Decisions
		Kramer, the Shelleys, a fl family, purchased a home that was subject to a racially restrictive covenant.
		A neighbor sued to enforce the covenant against the Shelleys.
		Within a decade, the high court would further repel the forces of segregation in Brown v.
	conlaw.usatoday.findlaw.com /supreme_court/landmark2.html (551 words)

	Baltimore/Washington International Airport \| Thurgood Marshall
		He was influenced by its dynamic new dean, Charles Hamilton Houston, who instilled in his students the desire to apply the tenets of the Constitution to all Americans.
		Paramount in Houston's outlook was the need to overturn the 1898 Supreme Court ruling, Plessy v.
		It was felt that the person who so successfully fought for the rights of America's oppressed minority would be the perfect person to ensure the rights of the White citizens in these two former European colonies.
	www.bwiairport.com /about_bwi/thurgood_marshall (848 words)

	The University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law - Brown V BOE
		The University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law - Brown V BOE
		Clifton Forge, 1918, 124 Va. 781, 97 S.E. But the present cases, unlike those just discussed, do not involve actionby state legislatures or city councils.
		97, the Court said: 'The judicial act of the highest court of the state, in authoritatively construing and enforcing its laws, is the act of the state.' In Brinkerhoff--Faris Trust and Savings Co. v.
	www.law.arizona.edu /Frontpage/BrownVBOE/Cases/casehistory5.htm (5255 words)

	MITCHELL v. MULLIGAN
		I recognize that this argument is contrary to dicta of this circuit; however, I respectfully submit that, upon careful analysis of Faretta v.
		In addition to dismissing the complaint, which it did without granting the opportunity for oral argument and without stating its reasons, the District Court also denied, without comment, a motion for reconsideration of its order dismissing the Complaint, and further, refused to grant leave to amend.
		Administrative convenience, by itself, does not constitute a valid basis for the imposition of disparate treatment upon persons who, with respect to the activity in question, are basically in the same position as others who are not singled out for different treatment.
	www.caught.net /prose/mitchell.htm (7337 words)

	Fair Housing
		On August 11, 1945, the Shelleys received title to a parcel covered in the agreement.
		On October 9, 1945, the owners of the other property brought suit in Circuit Court asking that the Shelleys be restrained from taking possession of the property and that judgement be entered divesting title from the Shelleys and revesting title in the seller, or a court appointed receiver.
		The Circuit Court ruled with the Shelleys, stating that the agreement was not to become effective until signed by all property owners in the district, and 9 owners did not sign.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/swandal/AGEC347s/lectures/real22.htm (1016 words)

	Reach and Teach - CIVIO (for citizens)
		At issue is the constitutionality of policies that consider race to encourage diversity in the classroom.
		Board of Education of Topeka and Swann v.
		ACLU) but that a monument in front of the Texas State Capitol inscribed with the Ten Commandments is OK (Van Orden v.
	www.reachandteach.com /static/index.php?page=civiohome (728 words)

	Reporting Civil Rights: Timeline 1942-1973: 1948
		Randolph warns Truman at White House meeting on March 22 that he will lead a civil disobedience campaign against the draft unless the armed forces are integrated.
		Kraemer, Supreme Court rules 6—0 on May 3 that judicial enforcement of racially restrictive property convenants is a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
		Democratic national convention adopts liberal platform plank on civil rights, July 14, causing split in the party, and on July 17 Southern "Dixiecrats" hold a States' Rights convention and nominate Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president.
	www.reportingcivilrights.org /timeline/year.jsp?year=1948 (143 words)

	ACLU of Montana - 50 Pivotal Cases: Shelley v. Kraemer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		ACLU of Montana - 50 Pivotal Cases: Shelley v.
		Kraemer, 334 U.S. "No property shall be occupied by any person not of the Caucasian race."
		The Supreme Court of Missouri rules the Shelleys must move out.
	www.aclumontana.org /PublicEducation/CD/50Cases/Shelley.htm (198 words)

	[No title]
		Johnson (1989): Ct. ruled that the purely symbolic quality of the flag made any law prohibiting its destruction or "misuse" a content-based suppression of speech.
		Held that free speech did not extend to "words usedin such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent." (Not good law) Leaflets Urging Strikes—Abrams v.
		US (1919): Ct. affirmed on the strength of Schenck but Holmes dissented on the grounds that the proper use of the clear and present test was for speech that "imminently threatens immediate interference." (Not good law) Advocating "Ultimate Revolution"—Gitlow v.
	adam.rosi-kessel.org /law/outlines/con_law_2000_First_Amendment.doc (585 words)

	Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
		Kraemer and other white property owners governed by a restrictive covenant brought suit in Illinois State court seeking to block the Shelley family, who were African-American, from owning property.
		The plaintiffs lost at trial, but on appeal the Missouri Supreme Court reversed and ruled that the agreement was effective and that it did not violate the Shelleys' constitutional rights.
		The Shelleys then appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court.
	www.infoplease.com /us/supreme-court/cases/ar38.html (492 words)

	De Novo: Bush v. Gore v. Schiavo
		This would be to overthrow in fact what was established in theory; and would seem, at first view, an absurdity too gross to be insisted on.
		As for liberals' sudden love for state courts, remember that we are longtime fans of the FL Supreme Court -- hence Armen's invocation of Bush v.
		Lopez and Morrison are Commerce Clause; figure out how this case involves interstate commerce even in as attenuated a fashion as the subject of the Congressional interference coming from interstate commerce (guns) or interstate commerce's being deleteriously affected by the subject of the Congressional interference (violence against women).
	www.blogdenovo.org /archives/000787.html (2191 words)

	Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 1948 - OD Board
		Kraemer, 334 U.S. The US Courts ruling after 1948 are all
		Court's disposition of the case of Richmond v.
		Shelley sought to purchase was held by one Bishop, a real estate dealer,
	www.originaldissent.com /forums/showthread.php?t=9959 (6178 words)

	Missouri Court Cases
		Regarding Gaines, he never did enroll in the law school, disappearing from the scene never to be heard from again after the Court rendered its opinion.
		In St. Louis, where the Shelley case originated, such racial contracts set aside nearly five square miles of housing from fl ownership.
		When the African-American Shelley family purchased a house in the restricted neighborhood, a white family, the Kraemers, sought an injunction to block occupancy.
	www.jimcrowhistory.org /scripts/jimcrow/courtcases.cgi?state=Missouri (579 words)

	Oyez - Shelley v. Kraemer
		The Kraemers were a white couple who owned a residence in a Missouri neighborhood governed by a restrictive covenant.
		The Shelleys were a fl couple who moved into the Kraemers neighborhood.
		The Kraemers went to court to enforce the restrictive covenant against the Shelleys.
	www.oyez.org /cases/1940-1949/1947/1947_72 (179 words)

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