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	Crusade information - Search.com
		The 13th century crusades never expressed such a popular fever, and after Acre fell for the last time in 1291, and after the extermination of the Occitan Cathars in the Albigensian Crusade, the crusading ideal became devalued by Papal justifications of political and territorial aggressions within Catholic Europe.
		The eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX in 1270, again sailing from Aigues-Mortes, initially to come to the aid of the remnants of the Crusader states in Syria.
		The Crusaders' atrocities against Jews in the German and Hungarian towns, later also in those of France and England, and in the massacres of non-combatants in Palestine and Syria have become a significant part of the history of anti-Semitism.
	www.search.com /reference/Crusade (4545 words)

	CRUSADES - LoveToKnow Article on CRUSADES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		From the first the Crusade, however clerical in its conception, was largely secular in its conduct; and thus, somewhat paradoxically, a religious enterprise aided the growth of the secular motive, and contributed to the escape of the laity from that tendency towards a papal theocracy, which was evident in the pontificate of Greaorv VII.
		Crusaders from the Low Countries, England and the Scandinavian north took the coast route round western Europe; and it was natural that, landing for provisions and water, they should be asked, and should consent, to lend their aid to the natives against the Moors.
		The Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204.The history of the Fourth Crusade is a history of the predominance of the lay motive, of the attempt of the papacy to escape from that predominance, and to establish its old direction of the Crusade, and of the complete failure of its attempt.
	91.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CR/CRUSADES.htm (19679 words)

	Overview of the Crusades
		On a popular level, the first crusades unleashed an unprecedented wave of impassioned, personally felt pious fury that was expressed in the massacres of Jews that accompanied the movement of mobs through Europe, and the violent treatment of "schismatic" Orthodox Christians of the east.
		The 13th century crusades never expressed such a popular fever, and after Acre fell for the last time in 1291, and after the extermination of the Occitan Cathars in the Albigensian Crusade, the crusading ideal became devalued by Papal justifications of political and territorial aggressions within Catholic Europe.
		The eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX in 1270, again sailing from Aigues-Mortes, initially to come to the aid of the remnants of the Crusader states in Syria.
	www.cbn.com /spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/ChurchHistory/Crusades_Wikipedia.asp (3474 words)

	The Crusades - Simple English Wikipedia
		The Children's Crusade is a possibly fictitious or misinterpreted crusade of 1212.
		A crusading force from Hungary, Austria, and Bavaria captured Damietta a city in Egypt in 1219.
		The eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX in 1270, to help the Crusader states in Syria.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Crusades (816 words)

	CCL Conference 2003 : Under Fire
		The children's crusade was an unanticipated popular collective response on the part of the laity to a papal crusading appeal.
		Hence initial paradox: unarmed response to a crusading crisis.
		Motifs and myths: shepherds; innocence; the twelve-year-old Jesus; Christ amongst the doctors.
	www.princeton.edu /~cotsen/research/abstracts/dickinson.shtml (142 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries.
		On a popular level, the first crusades unleashed a wave of impassioned, personally felt pious fury that was expressed in the massacres of Jews that accompanied the movement of mobs through Europe, as well as the violent treatment of "schismatic" Orthodox Christians of the east.
		A traditional numbering scheme for the crusades gives us nine during the 11th to 13th centuries, as well as other smaller crusades that are mostly contemporaneous and unnumbered.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Crusades (3488 words)

	Crusade - Christianity Knowledge Base - a Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		When the First Crusade was preached in 1095, the Christian princes of northern Iberia had been fighting their way out of the mountains of Galicia and Asturias, the Basque Country and Navarre, with increasing success, for about a hundred years.
		A crusading force from Hungary, Austria, and Bavaria achieved a remarkable feat in the capture of Damietta in Egypt in 1219, but under the urgent insistence of the papal legate, Pelagius, they proceeded to a foolhardy attack on Cairo, and an inundation of the Nile compelled them to choose between surrender and destruction.
		The military experiences of the crusades also had their effects in Europe; for example, European castles became massive stone structures, as they were in the east, rather than smaller wooden buildings as they had typically been in the past.
	christianity.wikia.com /wiki/Crusade (4265 words)

	Definition of Albigensian Crusade
		The Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) was a 20-year military effort initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to crush the heretical sect of the Cathars in southern France.
		The crusading efforts can be divided into a number of periods, the first from 1209 to 1215 was a series of great success for the crusaders in Languedoc.
		In August the crusade proceeded to Termes and despite attacks from Pierre-Roger de Cabaret the siege was solid and in December the town fell.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Albigensian_Crusade (2053 words)

	Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Crusades were in part an outlet for an intense religious piety which rose up in the late 11th century among the lay public.
		Like pilgrims, each crusader swore a vow (a votus), to be fulfilled on successfully reaching Jerusalem, and they were granted a cloth cross (crux) to be sewn into their clothes.
		In Western Europe, the Crusades have traditionally been regarded by laypeople as heroic adventures, though the mass enthusiasm of common people was largely expended in the First Crusade, from which so few of their class returned.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Crusade.htm (3492 words)

	dictionary - Crusade
		In a broader sense, "crusade" can be used, always in a rhetorical and metaphorical sense, to identify as righteous any war that is given a religious justification ("Gott mit uns," "God with us") and asserted to be holy ("jihad" being the term used in specifically Muslim contexts).
		The Fourth Crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III in 1202, with the intention of invading the Holy Land through Egypt.
		The crusaders' atrocities against Jews in the German and Hungarian towns, later also in those of France and England, and in the massacres of non-combatants in Palestine and Syria have passed into Jewish popular history as a dark legend.
	www.medicalrace.com /dictionary/The_Crusades (3356 words)

	Robert Herdlein : Gallery : The Children's Crusade
		The Children's Crusade is a mysterious event that took place around 1212, when, according to scattered comments in chronicles, thousands of children undertook to free the Holy Land.
		In both instances of the crusade the number of children estimated to have been involved are staggering and the ends they met are incredibly tragic.
		This monk spoke of an old man commanding the shepherds who had been a slave in Egypt and promised the Sultan he would lead an army of Christians into bondage just as he had led Frankish children into slavery when he was a child.
	www.focusdesign.com /art/docs/crusade.htm (2425 words)

	Amazon.com: Crusade - The Complete Series (1999): DVD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Crusade was a well casted series with the potential for a great future.
		Crusade had the perfect cast, the perfect creator and primary writer (J. Michael Strazynski), wonderful characters, beautiful music, and it was killed before a single episode was aired.
		Crusade was to be another arc of an unfolding story from JMS within the Babylon 5 universe.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00061QJSK?v=glance (2407 words)

	UNF Crusades: Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This bibliography of literature on the Crusades in English is not meant to be exhaustive, but it is meant to point to the main sources (where English translations are available) and secondary works on the major areas of Crusade historiography; to be up to date; and to be a tool for further study.
		The Fourth Crusade: the conquest of Constantinople 1201-1204, Philadelphia, 1977 (Leicester, 1978).
		In Chronicles of the Crusades: being contemporary narratives of the crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion / by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf ; and of the crusade of St. Louis, by Lord John de Joinville.
	www.unf.edu /classes/crusades/crusadesbibliography.htm (7975 words)

	Crusades - Theopedia
		Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to capture the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars of southern France and the Northern Crusades.
		There were frequent "minor" crusades throughout this period, not only in Palestine but also in Spain and central Europe, against not only Muslims, but also Christian heretics and personal enemies of the Papacy or other powerful monarchs.
		The popular spirit of the movement was now dead, and the succeeding crusades are to be explained rather as arising from the Papacy's struggle to divert the military energies of the European nations toward Syria.
	www.theopedia.com /Crusades (1210 words)

	Soldiers of The Cross
		Though some of the clergy who were among the Crusaders tried to prevent the massacre, the size of the mob and its frenzy were unstoppable.
		Spared the horrors of the first two Crusades, the Jewish communities in England were not so fortunate when the third one began.
		But a few years later, European Jews were subjected to the "Shepherds' Crusade." Nearly 40,000, mostly teenage "Crusaders" pillaged, killed, and burned their way south across Europe.
	community.gospelcom.net /Brix?pageID=2780 (1420 words)

	JewishGates.Com - The Definitive Source for Talmudic Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The First Crusade (1096—99) had little immediate effect on the situation of the Jews, but it was in France that the first murderous persecutions occurred, accompanied by forced conversions in Rouen and Metz (but not in southern France, as some scholars have asserted recently).
		During the reign of Louis IX (1226—70), severe anti-Jewish persecutions took place in 1236 in the western provinces, which were not subject to the direct authority of the monarch.
		The worst of these was "The Shepherds' Crusade." In 1320 40,000 sixteen-year olds, shepherds by profession, marched on the French Jewish communities claiming that they were on a crusade to wipe out the murderers of Christ.
	www.jewishgates.com /file.asp?File_ID=68 (1558 words)

	The First Crusade
		Though the final fate of the first of these companies is described in the third chapter, they had all started before the main body, and their conduct had left a deep impression upon the peoples through whose lands they journeyed.
		Now, however, with the Crusaders on the march, the superior knowledge of the country enjoyed by the Turks and their swifter horses combined to offset the numerical advantage of the Christians.
		His son, Kilij Arslan Daud, whom the Crusaders called Soliman, was ruling at the time of the Crusade (1092-1106) and led the fighting in Asia Minor against the Christians.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/SOURCES/firstcrusade.htm (14709 words)

	Crusade Watch, Religious Conversion Watch, Evangelism watch - Bush-sponsored Evangelisation of India-I
		Recently one of my friends gave me a copy of Tehelka's February 7th, 2004 issue which carried a cover story under the title 'George Bush has a big conversion agenda in India.' I am given to understand that on the same theme there was a smaller follow-up article in the February 14th issue of Tehelka.
		What is most disturbing to note is that though Bush's initiative as a 11th century Crusader to fund 'salvation and religious conversion' has been stalled in the Congress over constitutional and civil rights concerns, yet he has pushed for its implementation through his own executive orders.
		Comstock was the chief vice-hunter of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, an organisation founded by wealthy and powerful purity crusaders including soap tycoon Samuel Colgate.
	www.crusadewatch.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=655&Itemid=57 (1314 words)

	Want to know more about the Crusades?
		With time, the Crusades have come to be regarded as a series of heroic adventures.
		By the Ninth Crusade, Antioch, Tripoli and Acre had fallen, removing all traces of the Christian occupation of Syria.
		The Crusades were one of the most interesting times for man. They were the fermentation of violence and meeting of different cultures and ideas.
	www.rediff.com /movies/2005/may/05mspec.htm (1142 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, according to Fulcherof Chartres (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		You are called shepherds; see that you do not act as hirelings.
		Circa 1100-1101, an anonymous writer connected with Bohemund of Antioch wrote the Gesta francorum et aliorum Hierosolymytanorum; (The Deeds of the Franks) This text was used by the later writers as a source.
		As those present were thus clearly informed by these and other words of this kind from the apostolic lord, the eyes of some were bathed in tears; some trembled, and yet others discussed the matter.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/urban2-5vers.html (5659 words)

	Cowboy Crusade Ministries-Main Page
		Whether, you ride bulls on the rodeo circuit, are a working cowboy on a large ranch, just have a few backyard horses or just love "country style living", the cowboy lifestyle is probably in your heart to stay.
		Cowboy Crusade Ministries (a non-profit corporation) was birthed with a vision to take the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the cowboy world, whether in an arena setting, at a fair, on the back of a pickup, or in a church.
		Through the vehicle of Christian Country Music, many doors have been opened to us at these horse events and cowboy gatherings, where we share our testimony of faith in a risen Savior who brings salvation to all even cowboys and cowgirls, who call upon His name.
	www.cowboycrusadeministries.org (230 words)

	Crusade
		After Byzantine emperor Alexius I called for help with defending recaptured Jerusalem.
		Pope Urban II preached a crusade, which was led by several of Europe's most important people.
		1250 French Bible illustration depicts Jews (identifiable by Pileum cornutum) being massacred by Crusaders
	www.1bx.com /en/Crusades.htm (3339 words)

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