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Topic: Sherbro language

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	Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology - SL Sierra Leone - Sprache, Langue, Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ethnologue - Mande - Language of SL (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=emk
		ethnologue - Ndema Sherbro - Language of SL (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bun
		ethnologue - Sitia Sherbro - Language of SL (E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bun
	www.etymologie.info /~e/s_/sl-sprach.html (1766 words)

	Sierra Leone. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The two main ethnic groups are the Mende, who speak a Mande language and live in the central and southern parts of the country, and the Temne, who speak a W Atlantic language and live in the north.
		English is the country’s official language and Krio, a mixture of several African languages and English, is the lingua franca.
		They became active as missionaries, traders, and civil servants along the Sierra Leone coast and on Sherbro Island as well as in other regions of coastal W Africa, especially among the Yoruba of present-day SW Nigeria.
	www.bartleby.com /65/si/SierraLe.html (2204 words)

	Already Details
		This language was the prototype for the speech of the vast majority of African Americans.
		Use of this language made it possible for Africans from various ethnic and linguistic groups, e.g., Yoruba, Ibo, Hausa, Akan, Wolof, Mande, etc., to communicate with each other as well as with the Europeans with whom they came in contact.
		Indeed, the most dynamic aspects of the English language as spoken in the United States have been added by the popular speakers of the African American idiom, whether in the world of words of the contemporary rap musicians, the past jazz musicians, or the street slang that gives American English its more authentic color.
	www.mochasuite.com /Stories/ashaa_details.asp?ID=95 (3705 words)

	African Studies
		Language instruction was the early focus of the Committee, with Hausa, Swahili, and Fanti (for which Francis N. Nkrumah, later Kwame Nkrumah, first president of Ghana, served as instructor) being the original three languages taught.
		Several areas of weakness were identified -- francophone African literature, non-western/non-Arabic African languages and literature, primary resource materials, and periodicals from Africa -- all of which have largely been remedied, mostly through the use of Title VI funds awarded to the Penn Library.
		General-audience primers, "teach yourself" language manuals, and juvenilia are not collected unless either required by the scarcity of more scholarly materials for the subject or recommended for its treatment of the subject.
	www.library.upenn.edu /collections/policies/african.html (2313 words)

	IIALC 1930, Practical Orthography of African Languages
		It would obviously be a great advantage if in the orthography of the new language, the value of the letters were the same, or as nearly as possible the same, as those they have already learnt for their mother tongue.
		The change from mother tongue to another language may not be very difficult for the Negro, because of his linguistic ability and because the two languages are generally closely related, and their construction, grammar, idiom, and vocabulary are often very similar.
		In the Akan language of West Africa the w in wu, wo, and wɔ is quite a distinct sound from the w in wi, we, and wɛ, but as the use of the two sounds is determined by the following vowel, they may be considered for practical purposes as one.
	www.bisharat.net /Documents/poal30.htm (5661 words)

	Sierra Leonean Americans
		The Gullah/Geechee people were able to preserve some of their original language, culture, and identity for a number of reasons.
		Although it is not uncommon for newer arrivals to work two or three jobs to support themselves and their families in Sierra Leone, others have been able to attain respect and professional status in a variety of well-paid careers.
		However, Gullah language and traditions are still energetically preserved and promoted by organizations such as the Gullah/Geechee Sea Island Coalition and by the Penn Center at Penn School on St. Helena Island.
	www.everyculture.com /multi/Pa-Sp/Sierra-Leonean-Americans.html (7437 words)

	"we'll kill you if you cry"
		Unlawful carnal knowledge of a girl between the ages of thirteen and fourteen, whether with or without her consent, is, however, only considered a misdemeanor and carries a maximum sentence of two years.
		The language "with or without her consent" refers only to cases of unlawful carnal knowledge that do not constitute rape; for example, an eighteen-year-old man who has sexual intercourse with a thirteen-year-old girl with her consent.
		The Mende, Krim, Sherbro, Vai, Karonko and Yalunka adhere to this custom, whereas the Temne, Susu, Limba, Loko, Kissi and Kono allow a widow to select her own husband and do not require a refund of the marriage payments if she marries outside her deceased husband's family.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2003/sierraleone/sierleon0103-05.htm (10763 words)

	Sherbro (Bulom) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		"It has revealed that Sherbro is declining due to advancement of Mende (as well as Temne and Krio) in nearly all but the most remote Sherbro areas.
		children: "We are told that in the case of tribal intermarriage, the Sherbro spouse (whether husband or wife) wouls learn the language of the one they married.
		From the information we have gathered in the many Sherbro speaking aresas we visited, we believe that this is a very high estimate", IVERSON and CAMERON 1986:13; members of the ethnic group between 40,000 and 175,000, but only 50% or less are having a good command of the language, CAMERON, B. p.c.
	www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp /Redbook/Africa/AF_src.cgi?language0=0&language1=0&language2=0&language3=0&language4=Sherbro&language5=0 (265 words)

	Sherbro language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Sherbro language (also known as Southern Bullom, Shiba, Amampa, Mampa, and Mampwa) is an endangered language of Sierra Leone.
		It belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family.
		While Sherbo has more speakers than the other Bullom languages, its use is declining among the Sherbo people, in favor of Temne, Mende and Krio.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Sherbro_language (128 words)

	History of SIERRA LEONE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sharp's answer is that they should settle in the continent from which they or their ancestors came.
		By agreement with a local chief of the Temne tribe, known to the British as King Tom, twenty miles of hilly coast are secured for the purpose (they lie between the mouths of two notorious slaving rivers, the Sierra Leone and the Sherbro).
		Captured by slave traders in regions throughout west Africa, the recaptives have not even a common language.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad45 (1657 words)

	EveryTongue.com Language Recordings Main page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Here is the list of languages that you can hear if you order the cassette tape.
		Here is a list of the languages that do not have a recording.
		Here you can listen to a recording in a language you know and then listen to the same recording in a language that you want to learn.
	www.everytongue.com (531 words)

	Ndebele language resources (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ndebele language spoken in South Africa The Ndebele people of Zimbabwe, also known as the Matabele The Sindebele language spoken in Zimbabwe, also known as Matabele This is a disambiguation page â” a list...
		The bare form typically does not occur in the language: in the country of Botswana the people are the Batswana, one person...
		Ndebele Bible Ndebele is a language spoken in certain parts of Africa such as Zimbabwe and South Africa.
	www.mongabay.com.cob-web.org:8888 /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Ndebele.html (1471 words)

	National Tourist Board - History of Sierra Leone
		More than six centuries ago, tribes from the African interior decided to settle in the virgin forest, where they would be protected by the mountains on one side and the sea on the other.
		The country then became a single entity with a shared history, culture and language called krio which evoked out of the fatua and mixed languages of various other settlers and traders.
		Though English is the official language, Krio is widely spoken throughout the country allowing different tribal groups a common language.
	www.welcometosierraleone.org /history.asp (951 words)

	Bemba language resources
		Bemba is one of the eight official languages of Zambia.
		NEW: Read a paper outlining the structure of a Zambian Bantu language*: Bemba Thanks to the CBOLD project at UC Berkeley from which most bibliographic references were taken.
		Bemba and its dialects are spoken and understood by a sizable percentage of the population of Zambia.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Bemba.html (1378 words)

	Ivory Salt Cellar, Sierra Leone - Picture - MSN Encarta
		As the European market for such objects increased, African artists began to create objects specifically for export.
		This 16th-century ivory salt cellar was carved on Sherbro Island in Sierra Leone.
		Scholars have identified four of the eight figures that ring its base as Portuguese, evidence of the influence of Portuguese traders in western Africa.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461542349/Ivory_Salt_Cellar_Sierra_Leone.html (83 words)

	Sierra Leone Bibliography - Compiled by Peter C. Andersen - Sierra Leone Web
		Coke, Thomas, "An interesting narrative of a mission, sent to Sierra Leone, in Africa by the Methodists, in 1811, to which is prefixed, an account of the rise, progress, disasters, and present state of that colony: the whole interspersed with a variety of remarkable particulars," Paris and Son [London], 1812.
		Ehret, Rebecca, "Language Attitudes and the Linguistic Construction of Ethnic Identity: The Case of Krio in Sierra Leone." In Languages Choices: Conditions, Constraints and Consequences," edited by Martin Pütz, J. Benjamins [Amsterdam, Philadelphia] 1997.
		Sumner, A. [Rev.], "A Hand-Book of the Sherbro Language," Crown Agents for the Colonies for the Government of Sierra Leone [London], 1921.
	www.sierra-leone.org /bibliography.html (9884 words)

	Ethnologue: Sierra Leone
		Second language users prefer their indigenous languages for informal situations.
		Bandi, mainly in Liberia, is considered to be a separate language.
		Dialects: SHENGE SHERBRO, SITIA SHERBRO, NDEMA SHERBRO, PENINSULA SHERBRO.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Sier.html (1361 words)

	The Sherbro Speaking People Group of Sierra Leone (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Traditionally, the administration of Sherbro territory is subject to the rule of their own Chiefs, under the general supervision of a Provincial Commissioner, a District Commissioner and his assistant, who are British.
		The Sherbro language has been identified as endangered in a 1986 sociolinguistic survey, the reason for which was the advancement of Mende in nearly all but the most remote Sherbro areas.
		In addition, in the case of tribal intermarriage, the Sherbro spouse (husband or wife) would learn the language of the one they married.
	www.jesusfilm.ca.cob-web.org:8888 /getinvolved/distributionsherbrosierraleone.html (408 words)

	History
		Traditional historiography has customarily presented it as people by successive waves of invaders; but the language pattern suggests that the coastal Bulom (Sherbro), Temne and Limba have been in continuous settled occupation for a long time, with sporadic immigration from inland by Mande-speaking people including Vai, Loko and Mende.
		They organized themselves in small political units of independent kingdoms or chiefdoms, the powers of whose rulers were checked by councils.
		Though the Portuguese were among the first in the region and their language formed the basis for trade, their influence had diminished by the 1650s.
	www.cocsl.com /history.htm (849 words)

	02.01.02: Looking at Human Struggle Through The Language Arts Curriculum: The Faces of Slavery
		It is purported that Cinque died in 1879 on the Island of Sherbro off the coast of Africa and that he may be buried beside the Christian Mission there.
		During class discussion, there are many issues to explore: how Africans turned against each other when confronted with the power of guns, the confusion Ibrahima felt in being betrayed by his fellow Africans, and how in the United States he was treated as being less than human.
		Because there is a poignant section of the story that deals with Ibrahima and his fellow captives being put into shackles and loaded onto slave ships, it is here that the teacher can introduce a lesson exploring what the slave ships were like.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/2002/1/02.01.02.x.html (4671 words)

	The Amistad Revolt
		They are ignorant of our language, of the usages of civilized society, and the obligations of Christianity.
		Under these circumstances, several friends of human rights have met to consult upon the case of these unfortunate men, and have appointed the undersigned a Committee to employ interpreters and able counsel and take all the necessary means to secure the rights of the accused.
		But all of the Amistad captives were keen to learn, and at times they grasped their Yale Divinity School teachers at the end of the day, pleading with them to stay just a bit longer.
	www.usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/amistad (5567 words)

	Nyländer, Gustavus Reinhold, Sierra Leone, Church Missionary Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The earliest of the CMS missionaries in West Africa to see his linguistic work in print, he published (1813-1816) a quantity of material in and on the Bullom language, which has been little studied since, and one with a limited printed literature and missionary use to date.
		One daughter was the first wife of the missionary linguist, J. Schön, and descendants from this marriage served the CMS during the rest of the century.
		Hair, "Freetown and the Study of West African Languages, 1800-1875," Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, B, 221 (1959): 579-586, "Early Vernacular Printing in Africa," Sierra Leone Language Reviews 3 (1964): 47-52, and The Early Study of Nigerian Languages (2d ed., 1995).
	www.dacb.org /stories/sierraleone/nylander_gustavus.html (310 words)

	About the Center for Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania
		The African languages offered at Penn during this period included Bantu, Fanti, Hausa, Ibo, and Swahili.
		In 1942 the University hired African students as language instructors for these courses.
		One of these students was Kwame Nkrumah, the great Pan-African leader who became both the prime minister and president of Ghana.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /africana/study_africa.html (239 words)

	Creston Refugee Committee is sponsoring Georgina Samai and her family from Conakry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is a private sponsorship, where 100% of the financial responsibility would be needed.
		Education, language skills, trauma counselling, and work would appear to be this families immediate needs.
		This family from Sierra Leone had been targeted even before the war because the husband was a journalist and spoke against the most secret society for women and the misdeeds of the authorities.
	www.crestonbc.com /crestonrefugeecommittee/firstfamily.htm (287 words)

	Sierra Leone Provinces
		1900: Sierra Leone colony consisted of Sherbro Island and adjacent islets, and a disjoint area on the Sierra Leone peninsula around Freetown.
		Bandajuma and Panguma districts were replaced by Central, North Sherbro, and Railway.
		The Freetown section of the colony remained separate, but the Sherbro Island part merged with Southern.
	www.statoids.com /usl.html (300 words)

	Johnson, Henry, Sierra Leone/Nigeria, Anglican (CMS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Engaged in translating and reducing Native languages at Sherbro.
		Translated into the Mendé; language the Gospel of St. Luke, the Acts of the Apostles, Romans, Corinthians, and a Reading Book, etc; also began translation of New Testament and Prayer into Nupe, and prepared Primers and Catechisms in Nupe and Igbira.
		Church Missionary Society, Register of Missionaries (Clerical, Lay and Female) and Native Clergy from 1804 to 1904.
	www.dacb.org /stories/sierraleone/johnson_henry.html (131 words)

	Temne people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The English word "cola" (as in Coca-Cola, which originally contained extracts of the kola nut), is said to derive from the Temne word aŋ-kola (kola nut).
		The Temne speak a language in the Atlantic sub-family that closely resembles the Sherbro language spoken in Sierra Leone and the Baga language spoken in the Republic of Guinea.
		Sierra Leone's national politics centers on the competition between the north, dominated by the Temne and their neighbors and allies, the Limba, and the south dominated by the Mende and their political allies, the Sherbro, Kissi, Gola, etc. Temne culture places great emphasis on individualism, hard work, and personal initiative.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Temne_people (411 words)

	44 Celebrity Eyes Lincoln KirsteinPicks@ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
		Human dancers, hopefully but helplessly, must always dare to assume the quality and compete with the power of birds.
		Flight and the denial of gravity, fluttering, soaring, stalking and pecking, are all parts of an aviary language which, based on the observation of birdy movement, has, over many centuries and in many cultures, been absorbed into the idiom of the academic dance.
		In this mask, the bird spread-eagled across the carved bi-ped's countenance forms for me an ancestral image of the greatest of Western European dance-dramas in the classic tradition: Tchaikowsky's "Lac des Cynes," in its recent brilliant metamorphosis, "Swan Lake" by George Balanchine.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /44eyes/kirsteinpicks.html (348 words)

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