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	Eduard Shevardnadze
		Shevardnadze was a strong supporter of the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan, which was completed in February 1989.
		He was instrumental in preliminary negotiations for the summit meetings between Gorbachev and United States president Ronald Reagan in Switzerland in 1985 and Iceland in 1986; the Iceland summit was a breakthrough in relations between the USSR and the United States and led to unprecedented arms-control agreements.
		In 1990 Shevardnadze resigned as foreign minister, protesting the planned use of military force to quell unrest in the USSR and warning against the growing influence of Communist conservatives.
	www.osgf.ge /all/ika/eduard_shevardnadze.htm (957 words)

	Shevardnadze, Eduard Amvrosiyevich on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Known for pragmatism rather than polemicism, Shevardnadze served as the head of the Georgian Communist party from 1972 to 1985.
		After Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia's ouster in 1992, Shevardnadze became head of an interim government in Georgia, his homeland, and later that year he was elected parliament chairman (head of state).
		Shevardnadze won the presidency in a popular election in 1995 after surviving an assassination attempt earlier in the year; he was again a target of assassins in 1998.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Shevardn.asp (343 words)

	The Anniston Star - Shevardnadze: Only his resignation would end Georgia’s political crisis
		Shevardnadze, who ruled Georgia for 12 years after playing an instrumental role in the final days of the Soviet bloc, spoke with reporters at his hilltop residence in the capital, Tbilisi, wearing a smart business suit and speaking in slow, measured phrases.
		Shevardnadze said the means the opposition used to take power and force him from the parliament chamber were wrong, and called demonstrators "simply mistaken" for their beliefs.
		Shevardnadze said his biggest political failure was his inability to prevent Georgia from splintering amid a tide of separatism in the early 1990s.
	www.jaxnews.com /news/2003/as-world-1127-0-3k26q5413.htm (609 words)

	Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze — Infoplease.com
		Known for pragmatism rather than polemicism, Shevardnadze served as the head of the Georgian Communist party from 1972 to 1985.
		After Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia's ouster in 1992, Shevardnadze became head of an interim government in Georgia, his homeland, and later that year he was elected parliament chairman (head of state).
		Shevardnadze won the presidency in a popular election in 1995 after surviving an assassination attempt earlier in the year; he was again a target of assassins in 1998.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0844896.html (247 words)

	The Betrayal of Democracy in Post-Soviet Georgia
		Shevardnadze also accepted the exclusion of the Georgian language as an official language of Georgia until widespread protest forced the Soviet regime to reaccept Georgian on a par with Russian within the republic.
		Shevardnadze also issued the ridiculous warning that an electoral victory by Revival would be a "coup d'etat." In a country where the police force is four times larger than the military, Shevardnadze evidently intended for Georgian voters to go to the polls in a climate of fear.
		Shevardnadze may be planning another war against the relatively prosperous region of Adjaria to remove Abashidze in the near future (perhaps with the aid of his new US helicopters).
	www.antiwar.com /orig/nagle1.html (2770 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Shevardnadze's fall from grace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shevardnadze was rewarded in 1972 with his appointment as first secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, and in 1988 he was promoted again, this time to the Politburo in Moscow.
		Shevardnadze's critics say he entered into a pact with the devil - powerful interests were allowed to get away with corruption in exchange for giving him their political loyalty.
		Shevardnadze himself was lucky to survive two assassination attempts in 1995 and 1998.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/34450721-CDE8-47E7-A931-E507043F4E38.htm (709 words)

	Shevardnadze steps down as Georgia leader - The Washington Times: World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shevardnadze was forced to seek shelter in his residence after being whisked away from the parliament building on Saturday afternoon by heavily armed bodyguards after the opposition surged into the assembly, undeterred by other security forces who had ringed the building for days.
		Shevardnadze also was a heroic figure for Georgians, particularly for the critical — and brave — role he played in ending the civil war that the country plunged into soon after winning independence in 1991.
		Shevardnadze's minister of justice but fell out of favor when he went public with pictures of huge villas that other Cabinet members had constructed around the capital, which they could not possibly have paid for with their modest state salaries.
	www.washtimes.com /world/20031124-124425-8325r.htm (891 words)

	Shevardnadze Quits in Georgia 'Velvet Revolution'
		Shevardnadze announced that he had quit, bowing to opposition protesters who stormed parliament declaring a 'velvet revolution' and demanding his resignation.
		Shevardnadze's white-haired head was bowed as he walked away, but the former Soviet foreign minister -- accused in mass protests in the poverty-plagued country of vote-rigging -- gave a strained smile and lifted his hand to wave goodbye.
		Shevardnadze had said earlier in the day he was ready to discuss key opposition demands, including an early presidential poll, but opponents said it was too late for talks.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines03/1123-07.htm (798 words)

	Eduard Shevardnadze
		In November 1993, Shevardnadze was able to merge three small parties with a breakaway faction of the Republicans to form a new party, the Union of Citizens of Georgia, of which he became chairman.
		Shevardnadze has said could escalate into a "civil war." Although rigid in their positions, all sides continue to say they want to avoid bloodshed and are open to discussion.
		Shevardnadze announced the parliament would meet after the official results of the 02 November 2003 election were released on 21 November, showing the main government party had won the election with around 21 percent of the vote.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/georgia/politics-shevardnadze.htm (3309 words)

	michael specter--rainy days in georgia
		To achieve this success, Shevardnadze drew on the full and often contradictory arsenal of his political talents: he was pragmatic enough to negotiate with killers and ruthless enough to side with the most successful among them.
		Shevardnadze, the youngest of five children, was a talented student and his parents urged him to become a doctor.
		Shevardnadze works hard at the task; Georgia has gained entry to the Council of Europe, and Shevardnadze has said that in a few years he will "knock on NATO's door," a goal that even he realizes Georgia is unlikely to achieve.
	www.michaelspecter.com /ny/2000/2000_12_18_tbilisi.html (4640 words)

	CNN.com - Georgians party as president steps down - Nov. 23, 2003
		Shevardnadze's resignation, in what the opposition is calling a "bloodless revolution," ends his 11 years as president of the small former Soviet republic.
		The talks between Shevardnadze, Saakashvili and Zurab Zhvania were held at the president's residence and overseen by the Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov.
		Shevardnadze had given the protesters a 48-hour deadline to leave the parliament and called on military units to crack down on demonstrations.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/europe/11/23/georgia.protests (737 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Europe / Embattled Shevardnadze quits in Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shevardnadze, 75, was the Soviet Union's foreign minister when the former Communist regimes of Eastern Europe fell in the late 1980s during mostly bloodless "people power" rebellions.
		Shevardnadze, who as Georgia's leader since 1992 had pursued a pro-Western foreign policy but had grown increasingly authoritarian and unpopular in the impoverished Caucasus nation of 5 million people, then addressed the country.
		Shevardnadze survived two assassination attempts in the 1990s, and fought popular unrest with clampdowns on media freedom, bringing scorn from Georgians who had no intention of returning to Soviet-style repression.
	www.boston.com /news/world/europe/articles/2003/11/24/embattled_shevardnadze_quits_in_georgia (836 words)

	Shevardnadze’s Journey by Ariel Cohen - Policy Review, No. 124 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shevardnadze, as many in Georgia, was a convivial, well-mannered, and elegant man comfortable starring as a flowery toastmaster in the long and liquid dinners so popular in Georgia, performances many Russians enjoy as much as the delectable cuisine served at such events.
		During their vacations together, Gorbachev and Shevardnadze took long walks on the beach, confessing secretly to each other that the system was bankrupt, that it was no longer possible to continue “business as usual,” and that massive reforms were necessary.
		Shevardnadze was reluctant to return to his homeland, knowing the extent of the challenge.
	www.policyreview.org /apr04/cohen.html (4300 words)

	Institute for War and Peace Reporting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shevardnadze, in an interview with IWPR and other journalists five days after he was forced to resign as president on November 23, also acknowledged that, at the age of 75, his political career was over.
		Shevardnadze's angriest words were reserved for the non-government organisations that monitored the elections - which he still insisted had been fair, despite widespread condemnation - and carried out a parallel count.
		Shevardnadze said he was ready to offer the new leaders advice, now that they were in power.
	www.iwpr.net /index.pl?archive/cau/cau_200312_ga_06_1_eng.txt (1266 words)

	AllRefer.com - Georgia - The First Shevardnadze Period \| Georgian Information Resource
		As party first secretary, Shevardnadze used purges to attack the corruption and chauvinism for which Georgia's elite had become infamous even among the corrupt and chauvinistic republics of the Soviet Union.
		Shevardnadze dealt with nationalism and dissent by explaining his policies to hostile audiences and seeking compromise solutions.
		Shevardnadze took a series of steps to diffuse the crisis, including an affirmative action program that increased the role of Abkhazian elites in running "their" region, despite the minority status of their group in Abkhazia.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/georgia/georgia24.html (467 words)

	No. 91-P 59 (Attachment) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shevardnadze's claim to be one of the leaders of the democratic movement in the Soviet Union, there is a very nasty dark side to his own career.
		Shevardnadze's efforts in Georgia, but some "samizdat" publications of the period, as well as several books by Soviet and Georgian dissidents, contain considerable information.
		Shevardnadze underwent a fundamental conversion to the values of peace, democracy and the rule of law.
	www.security-policy.org /papers/1991/91-P59at.html (654 words)

	The elections in Georgia: an analysis of Shevardnadze's victory
		Shevardnadze has been emphatically stating for some time that his country intends to join NATO by 2005, at the latest.
		Russia did not support Shevardnadze's rivals in the elections, although it would have had ample opportunity to do so, since the three regions of the country that have, at least partially, withdrawn themselves from the Georgian government's sphere of influence—Abkhasia, Adzhariya and South Ossetia—are heavily influenced by Russia in several ways.
		One of the signatories of the resolution was Dzhumber Patiashvili, Shevardnadze's main opponent in the recent elections.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2000/may2000/geor-m02.shtml (2037 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shevardnadze yesterday reiterated that he has no intention of stepping down before his mandate expires in 2005.
		Shevardnadze yesterday promised to investigate the allegations of massive election fraud that triggered the protests.
		One of the Revival leaders, parliamentarian Djemal Gogitidze, urged radical opposition activists to end their calls for Shevardnadze's resignation and to close ranks behind what he described as the "constitutional order." Gogitidze also issued a veiled ultimatum to Saakashvili's supporters, saying time is running out before the political standoff takes a more confrontational tone.
	www.rferl.org /nca/features/2003/11/18112003175604.asp (1263 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG - Shevardnadze
		In 1985, when the Georgian Edward Shevardnadze was unexpectedly appointed by Gorbachev to be his Foreign Minister, it was probably the first time that most people in the West, including the politicians who later came to believe that they knew him well, had ever heard of him.
		Shevardnadze, it is so painful that you are not even now expressing your sorrow at committing such inhuman and illegal acts as these.
		Shevardnadze, was your "creative" and "wise" stewardship of the state during your period of activity in Georgia.
	www.abkhazia.org /shevy.html (4480 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Europe / Shevardnadze says he chose ouster to avoid a bloodbath
		But Shevardnadze decided not to call in the military, certain that any effort to quell the protests would end in a bloodbath.
		Sitting in the office of his residence on a hillside on the edge of Tbilisi, Shevardnadze looked at the portraits of him filling the room and reflected on the weeks of political tension that began with claims of fraud in the Nov. 2 parliamentary elections.
		The tainted voting sparked protests led by National Movement head Mikhail Saakashvili, who agitated for the elections to be annulled and for Shevardnadze to step down.
	www.boston.com /news/world/europe/articles/2003/11/27/shevardnadze_says_he_chose_ouster_to_avoid_a_bloodbath (280 words)

	Georgian uprising forces Shevardnadze to quit: Leaves country, speaker to act as president -DAWN - Top Stories; ...
		Mr Shevardnadze’s white-haired head was bowed as he walked away, but the former Soviet foreign minister — accused in mass protests in the poverty-plagued country of vote-rigging — gave a strained smile and lifted his hand to wave goodbye.
		Shevardnadze and the police of Georgia and the armed forces, as well as the acting president, preserve stability and calm in the country,” said Mr Saakashvili.
		Mr Shevardnadze had said earlier in the day he was ready to discuss opposition demands, but opponents said it was too late for talks.
	www.dawn.com /2003/11/24/top2.htm (634 words)

	Pravda.RU Eduard Shevardnadze left state chancellery "without tears" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		While answering journalists' questions, Shevardnadze said that he was leaving the building of the State Chancellery without tears, but with regrets because the building was constructed during his time in government service and he worked in its walls for the better part of 25 years.
		While answering journalists' questions, Shevardnadze said that he was leaving the building of the State Chancellery without tears, but with regrets because the building was constructed during his time in government service and he worked in its walls for the better part of 25 years More details...
		Shevardnadze told journalists that he was going home and that it was no longer his affair who would perform the duties of the presidency, Rosbalt reported.
	newsfromrussia.com /world/2003/11/26/51479.html (1966 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Georgia's Shevardnadze resigns as opposition threatens to storm his residence
		Shevardnadze's resignation caps a political career during which he won admiration in the West by helping guide the Cold War to an end as Soviet foreign minister under Mikhail Gorbachev.
		Shevardnadze said maintaining peace was paramount in his decision to resign.
		Shevardnadze was firmly Western-leaning, repeatedly expressing aspirations for the country to join NATO and other European structures.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20031123-1559-georgia-protests.html (1080 words)

	CNN.com - Shevardnadze rues broken promises - Nov. 24, 2003
		Claims that Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze rigged the November 2 parlimentary elections were the last straw for the opposition but the seeds of discontent were sewn long beforehand.
		Shevardnadze tried to work things out with the opposition, but the talks failed and up to 20,000 protesters converged on the capital city to demand his resignation.
		Shevardnadze acknowledged the problems, saying "about 8 percent to 10 percent of the ballots were invalid," but that it should be dealt with in the courts.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/europe/11/23/georgia.background (412 words)

	Enron: Enron Corp. -- Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Shevardnadze will join former U.S. Secretary of State, James A. Baker III for a “town hall” meeting to reflect on historic events that brought about a peaceful end to the cold war nearly 10 years ago.
		President Shevardnadze had a significant impact on bringing the cold war to an end as foreign minister of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1990, acting as a leader for democratic reform movements.
		In 1992, Shevardnadze was asked to return to his native country of Georgia amid political, social and economic unrest to help restore peace and democracy.
	www.enron.com /corp/pressroom/releases/1999/ene/EnronPrizePressRelease.html (413 words)

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