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	Shiga toxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, whose genes are considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages.
		The most common sources for Shiga toxin are the bacteria Shigella dysenteriae and the O157:H7 strain of Escherichia coli.
		The Shiga toxin found in Escherichia coli is also known as Shiga-like toxin although it is equivalent to the Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shiga_toxin (184 words)

	Shiga toxin or Verotoxin: essential data
		The toxin is a multisubunit protein made up one molecule of A subunit (32,000 molecular weight) responsible for the toxic action of the protein, and five molecules of the B subunit (7,700 molecular weight) responsible for binding to a specific cell type.
		The B subunits of the toxin bind to a component of the cell membrane known as Gb3 and the complex enters the cell.
		Like ricin A subunit, the A subunit of Shiga toxin is an N-glycosidase that modifies the RNA component of the ribosome to inactivate it and so bring a halt to protein synthesis leading to the death of the cell.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Toxins/Verotox.html (568 words)

	The Epithelial Cell Cytoskeleton and Intracellular Trafficking: I. Shiga toxin B-subunit system: retrograde transport, ...
		Shiga toxin is a member of the group of toxins with AB subunit structure.
		Shiga toxin was identified as the active component (5).
		the Shiga toxin receptor, whereas <1% of the splenocytes and nonpurified
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/1/G1 (4444 words)

	Efficient endosome-to-Golgi transport of Shiga toxin is dependent on dynamin and clathrin -- Lauvrak et al. 117 (11): ...
		toxin that is transported to the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic
		to Shiga toxin by increasing the proportion of cell-associated
		a twofold increase in the proportion of Shiga toxin colocalized
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/11/2321 (6605 words)

	[No title]
		Shigella toxin (also known as Shiga toxin, Shigella dysenteriae toxin or Stx) and Shigella-like toxins (also known as Shiga-like toxin 1, verotoxin 1, or Stx-1, and Shiga-like toxin 2, verotoxin 2 or Stx-2) are extremely toxic.
		Shiga toxin containers to be removed from the chemical hood or BSC must be decontaminated (see Section 4.6.2) and placed in a labeled, unbreakable secondary container (see Section 4.3.2) prior to removal.
		Spill of Shiga toxin inside the chemical hood or BSC: Small spills may be decontaminated by gently covering the spill with paper towels and flooding the area (starting at perimeter and working towards the center) to arrive at a solution of 0.1N NaOH.
	www2.umdnj.edu /eohssweb/publications/ShigellaToxinSOP.doc (2520 words)

	Toxin Gene Expression by Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli: the Role of Antibiotics and the Bacterial SOS Response
		Toxin synthesis by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) appears to be coregulated through induction of the integrated bacteriophage that encodes the toxin gene.
		Shiga toxins are key virulence factors in the pathogenesis of STEC disease (3).
		We conclude that SOS-mediated induction of Shiga toxins and toxin-encoding bacteriophages may contribute to the emerging epidemiologic pattern of STEC disease.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol6no5/kimmett.htm (3558 words)

	Role of the Disulfide Bond in Shiga Toxin A-chain for Toxin Entry into Cells -- Garred et al. 272 (17): 11414 -- ...
		Shiga toxin consists of an enzymatically active A-chain and a pentameric binding subunit.
		I-labeled toxin was added (100 ng/ml) in Hepes medium at 37 °C, and the incubation was continued for the indicated period.
		I-Labeled toxin at a concentration of 800 ng/ml in a reaction volume of 25 µl of Hepes medium was incubated with increasing
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/17/11414 (4778 words)

	Shiga like toxin (verotoxin)
		The effects of shiga like toxin 1 and shiga like toxin 2 have been shown to vary with cell type because Gb receptors are present in certain tissues, particularly sensory neurons and renal cells.
		Shiga like toxin 1 and shiga like toxin 2 differ in their effects on various tissues.
		Once the shiga like toxins have been endocytosed, they are retrogradely transported through the golgi apparatus to the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they effectively target the ribosomes.
	www.listlabs.com /Literature/163.htm (365 words)

	shiga toxin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Through some mechanism E.coli 0157:H7 has adapted the ability to produce the shiga toxins which are similar to these shiga toxins which are produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1.
		It is thought that it is the shiga toxin which is responsible for this because of the way in which it causes renal endothelial cell toxicity.
		This toxin is extremely important in the dramatic side effects of an E.coli infection, especially in an 0157:H7 infection.
	homepages.strath.ac.uk /~ddu97105/webpage1.html (359 words)

	Evaluation of Performance and Potential Clinical Impact of ProSpecT Shiga Toxin Escherichia coli Microplate Assay for ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		monoclonal mouse anti-Shiga toxin 1 and 2 conjugate.
		Clinical course and the role of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection in the hemolytic uremic syndrome in pediatric patients, 1997-2000, in Germany and Austria: a prospective study.
		Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/4/1652 (3488 words)

	Intro
		Shiga toxins inhibit protein synthesis in animal cells by removing a specific adenine from the 28S rRNA.
		Further investigations on the relationship between the sequence of the Shiga toxins and their properties and toxicity level are in progress.
		The Shiga toxins are encoded by bacteriophages, which are related to bacteriophage lambda.
	imol.vub.ac.be /subtopic9_micr.html (485 words)

	Escherichia coli Serogroup O107/O117 Lipopolysaccharide Binds and Neutralizes Shiga Toxin 2 -- Gamage et al. 186 (16): ...
		Responses of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells to Shiga toxins 1 and 2 and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis.
		Response to Shiga toxin 1 and 2 in a baboon model of hemolytic uremic syndrome.
		In vitro assessment of a chemically synthesized Shiga toxin receptor analog attached to chromosorb P (Synsorb Pk) as a specific absorbing agent of Shiga toxin 1 and 2.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/16/5506 (4950 words)

	Retrograde transport from the Golgi complex to the ER of both Shiga toxin and the nontoxic Shiga B-fragment is ...
		Retrograde transport from the Golgi complex to the ER of both Shiga toxin and the nontoxic Shiga B-fragment is regulated by butyric acid and cAMP -- Sandvig et al.
		Endocytosed Shiga toxin is transported from the Golgi complex to the
		fragment of Shiga toxin is sufficient for transport to the ER.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/abstract/126/1/53 (1384 words)

	Escherichia coli O157: H7 Infection in Humans -- Su and Brandt 123 (9): 698 -- Annals of Internal Medicine
		synthesis [146] and that Shiga-like toxins incubated with platelet-poor
		is that the organism releases its toxins in the bowel and that
		the neutralization of toxins by monoclonal antibodies and receptor
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/123/9/698 (9240 words)

	Shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide induces intracellular signals that mediate cytoskeleton remodeling in ...
		Shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide induces intracellular signals that mediate cytoskeleton remodeling in human renal carcinoma-derived cells -- Takenouchi et al.
		Shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide induces intracellular signals that mediate cytoskeleton remodeling in human renal carcinoma-derived cells
		Shiga toxin is a bacterial toxin consisting of A and B subunits.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/17/3911 (5696 words)

	Shiga-like toxin - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Shiga-like toxin is Shiga toxin produced by the bacteria E.
		In 1977, researchers in Ottawa rediscovered the Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae in E. coli [1].
		Shortly after, the Verotoxin was referred to as Shiga-like toxin because of its similarities to Shiga toxin.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Shiga-like_toxin (141 words)

	Serotypes and Virulence Gene Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Feces of ...
		Shiga toxin 1c-producing Escherichia coli strains: phenotypic and genetic characterization and association with human disease.
		Cluster of hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11.
		Osek, J. Prevalence of Shiga toxin genes among Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/7/3910 (5189 words)

	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) Shiga Toxin, EIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Detection of EHEC Shiga-like toxins by enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
		The disease is mediated by the production of a Shiga-like toxin which interferes with colonic brush border cells, protein synthesis, and ultimately causes cell death.
		Diagnosis of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infection by Detection of Shiga Toxins.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/nf10005130.htm (206 words)

	Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is a type of enterohemorrhagic E.
		Cases and outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli have been associated with the consumption of undercooked beef (especially ground beef), raw milk, unpasteurized apple juice, contaminated water, red leaf lettuce, alfalfa sprouts, and venison jerky.
		Further studies are being done to better understand the modes of transmission.
	www.cdphe.state.co.us /dc/epidemiology/stec_fs.html (334 words)

	The A-subunit of surface-bound Shiga toxin stimulates clathrin-dependent uptake of the toxin -- Torgersen et al. 272 ...
		The A-subunit of surface-bound Shiga toxin stimulates clathrin-dependent uptake of the toxin -- Torgersen et al.
		The A-subunit of surface-bound Shiga toxin stimulates clathrin-dependent uptake of the toxin
		In conclusion, the data indicate that the Shiga toxin
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/272/16/4103 (298 words)

	Variants of Shiga-like toxin II constitute a major toxin component in Escherichia coli O157 strains from patients with ...
		The prevalence and genotype of Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) in Escherichia coli
		Real-Time Fluorescence PCR Assays for Detection and Characterization of Shiga Toxin, Intimin, and Enterohemolysin Genes from Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli
		Isolation and Characterization of Sorbitol-Fermenting Shiga Toxin (Verocytotoxin)-Producing Escherichia coli O157:Hsstrains in the Czech Republic
	jmm.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/short/40/5/338 (1203 words)

	Characterization of the Baboon Responses to Shiga-Like Toxin : Descriptive Study of a New Primate Model of Toxic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The baboon response to intravenous infusion of Shiga toxin 1 (Stx-1)
		Selective targeting of Shiga toxin to villus cells of rabbit jejunum explains the effect of the toxin on intestinal electrolyte transport.
		Fontaine A, Arondel J, Sansonetti PJ: Role of Shiga toxin in pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, studied using a Tox mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1.
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/154/4/1285 (7524 words)

	Antibody Therapy in the Management of Shiga Toxin-Induced Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome -- Tzipori et al. 17 (4): 926 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the native toxin molecule, the A1 and A2 fragments are held
		Isolation and characterization of sorbitol-fermenting Shiga toxin (verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157:H– strains in the Czech Republic.
		Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains that express Shiga toxin (Stx) 2 alone are more neurotropic for gnotobiotic piglets than are isotypes producing only Stx1 or both Stx1 and Stx2.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/17/4/926 (8840 words)

	Sequence of Shiga Toxin 2 Phage 933W from Escherichia coli O157:H7: Shiga Toxin as a Phage Late-Gene Product -- ...
		syndrome, Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (Stx1 and Stx2) are phage encoded.
		Strauch, E., Schaudinn, C., Beutin, L. First-Time Isolation and Characterization of a Bacteriophage Encoding the Shiga Toxin 2c Variant, Which Is Globally Spread in Strains of Escherichia coli O157.
		Schmidt, H., Bielaszewska, M., Karch, H. Transduction of Enteric Escherichia coli Isolates with a Derivative of Shiga Toxin 2-Encoding Bacteriophage phi 3538 Isolated from Escherichia coli O157:H7.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/181/6/1767 (1756 words)

	Invited Review: Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Dairy Cattle and Their Products -- Hussein and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feed and raw milk of domestic cattle and sheep.
		Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype OX3:H21 as a cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
		Frequency of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle at a breeding farm and at a slaughterhouse in Japan.
	www.dairy-science.org /cgi/content/full/88/2/450 (6601 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		17 : Q776E7 0.97 0.96 281 349 21 89 69 0 0 89 Q776E7 Shiga toxin1 subunit B. 18 : Q6LDT3 0.97 0.96 1 69 21 89 69 0 0 89 Q6LDT3 Shiga toxin-like subunit B precursor.
		19 : Q776E7 0.97 0.96 141 209 21 89 69 0 0 89 Q776E7 Shiga toxin1 subunit B. 20 : Q776E7 0.97 0.96 211 279 21 89 69 0 0 89 Q776E7 Shiga toxin1 subunit B. 21 : Q6LDT3 0.97 0.96 211 279 21 89 69 0 0 89 Q6LDT3 Shiga toxin-like subunit B precursor.
		29 : Q776E7 0.97 0.96 1 69 21 89 69 0 0 89 Q776E7 Shiga toxin1 subunit B. 30 : Q776E7 0.97 0.96 71 139 21 89 69 0 0 89 Q776E7 Shiga toxin1 subunit B. 31 : Q779K3 0.97 0.96 211 279 21 89 69 0 0 89 Q779K3 StxB protein.
	www.infobiogen.fr /db/hssp/1c4q.hssp (4509 words)

	Endocytosis, intracellular transport, and cytotoxic action of Shiga toxin and ricin -- Sandvig and van Deurs 76 (4): ...
		toxin seems to be taken up exclusively from clathrin-coated pits.
		internalized toxin is transported to lysosomes for degradation.
		Role of lipid rafts in Shiga toxin 1 interaction with the apical surface of Caco-2 cells
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/76/4/949 (1808 words)

	Pathogenesis of Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome -- PROULX et al. 50 (2): 163 -- Pediatric Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pathogenesis of Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome -- PROULX et al.
		Shiga toxin 1-induced cytokine production is mediated by MAP kinase pathways and translation initiation factor eIF4E in the macrophage-like THP-1 cell line
		Shiga Toxin 1 Induces Apoptosis in the Human Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Line THP-1 by a Caspase-8-Dependent, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Independent Mechanism
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/abstract/50/2/163 (701 words)

	Structural Analysis of Phage-Borne stx Genes and Their Flanking Sequences in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and ...
		The stx-flanking regions of 49 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains and nine Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains
		Vernozy-Rozand, C., Montet, M. P., Bertin, Y., Trably, F., Girardeau, J. P., Martin, C., Livrelli, V., Beutin, L. Serotyping, stx2 Subtyping, and Characterization of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement Island of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 Strains Isolated from the Environment in France.
		Brett, K. N., Ramachandran, V., Hornitzky, M. A., Bettelheim, K. A., Walker, M. J., Djordjevic, S. stx1c Is the Most Common Shiga Toxin 1 Subtype among Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Sheep but Not among Isolates from Cattle.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/68/9/4856 (1171 words)

	shiga toxin page 2 - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
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	www.onelook.com /?w=shiga+toxin+page+2&ls=a (109 words)

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