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Topic: Shiga

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	Shiga-like toxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shiga-like toxin is Shiga toxin produced by the bacteria E.
		In 1977, researchers in Ottawa rediscovered the Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae in E. coli [1].
		The E. Coli version was named Verotoxin because of the ability of the toxic protein to kill Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells in culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shiga-like_toxin (95 words)

	Shiga Prefecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shiga Prefecture (滋賀県 Shiga-ken) is part of the Kinki region on Honshu island, Japan.
		Shiga was known as Omi Province before the prefectural system was established.
		Shiga shares a border with Fukui Prefecture in the north, Gifu Prefecture in the east, Mie Prefecture in the southeast, and Kyoto Prefecture in the west.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shiga_Prefecture (1287 words)

	SHIGA-Our Prefecture's Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Shiga Prefecture, located in about the middle of the Main Island of Japan, is known for the grand Omi Basin, and the lake of Biwa covering a sixth of the whole area of the prefecture.
		Shiga is bordered by mountainous areas in every direction: Nosaka Mountains form its northern border with Fukui, Ibuki Mountains constitute the eastern border with Gifu, Suzuka Mountains form the south-eastern border with Mie, and Hira and Hiei Mountains constitute the western border with Kyoto.
		Shiga itself was the political centre for some time, as we know from the old capital of Otsu in the reign of Tenchi emperor, and the castle of Azuchi in the reign of Nobunaga Oda, neither of which, however, exist now because of the frequent war flames.
	www.infowest.com /personal/r/rpurcell/shiga.html (784 words)

	The Epithelial Cell Cytoskeleton and Intracellular Trafficking: I. Shiga toxin B-subunit system: retrograde transport, ...
		Shiga toxin was identified as the active component (5).
		as Shiga toxin, Pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, and anthrax
		the Shiga toxin receptor, whereas <1% of the splenocytes and nonpurified
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/1/G1 (4444 words)

	Shiga Naoya: "Under The Ashen Moon" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Shiga was born in 1883 at a small port near Sendai, Ishinomaki.
		Shiga Naoya's work of literary remains to be prominent, which evolves in recurring theme of obsessive childhood memories; fantasy of murder and parricide and incest wish and the death in sublimated form.
		After the 2nd world war, Shiga was recognised as one of the most responsible writer for the stunting of modern Japanese fiction.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~xyang/j341/shigahir1.htm (571 words)

	Shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide induces intracellular signals that mediate cytoskeleton remodeling in ...
		Shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide induces intracellular signals that mediate cytoskeleton remodeling in human renal carcinoma-derived cells -- Takenouchi et al.
		Shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide induces intracellular signals that mediate cytoskeleton remodeling in human renal carcinoma-derived cells
		Shiga toxin is a bacterial toxin consisting of A and B subunits.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/117/17/3911 (294 words)

	SHIGA PREFECTURE -- A BRIEF PROFILE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		SHIGA PREFECTURE in Japan, located just to the north of the traditional capital city of Kyoto, centers on Lake Biwa, the largest fresh water lake in the nation.
		One of the most active organizations in Shiga Prefecture is the Shiga International Friendship Association (SIFA) whose stated mission is to foster improved relationships between the prefecture and other people and organizations throughout the world.
		One of the strongest relationships SIFA oversees is that between Shiga Prefecture and the State of Michigan in the United States.
	www.csuohio.edu /history/shiga96/shiga.html (367 words)

	Shiga like toxin (verotoxin)
		The effects of shiga like toxin 1 and shiga like toxin 2 have been shown to vary with cell type because Gb receptors are present in certain tissues, particularly sensory neurons and renal cells.
		Shiga like toxin 1 and shiga like toxin 2 differ in their effects on various tissues.
		Once the shiga like toxins have been endocytosed, they are retrogradely transported through the golgi apparatus to the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they effectively target the ribosomes.
	www.listlabs.com /Literature/163.htm (365 words)

	Efficient endosome-to-Golgi transport of Shiga toxin is dependent on dynamin and clathrin -- Lauvrak et al. 117 (11): ...
		to Shiga toxin by increasing the proportion of cell-associated
		Butyric acid increases the proportion of Shiga toxin endocytosed in a dynamin- and clathrin-dependent manner.
		a twofold increase in the proportion of Shiga toxin colocalized
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/11/2321 (6573 words)

	Emerging Infectious Diseases: Prevalence of Non-O157:H7 Shiga Toxin-Producing... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Emerging Infectious Diseases; 9/1/2000; Hinrichs, S.H. We determined the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in diarrheal stool samples from Nebraska by three methods: cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) culture, enterohemorrhagic E. coil (EHEC) enzyme immunoassay, and [stx.sub.1,2] polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
		Disease caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) ranges from self-limiting diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
		Multiplex PCR (3) was performed on isolated Shiga toxin-positive colonies to detect specific genes encoding Shiga toxins 1 and 2 ([stx.sub.1] and [stx.sub.2]), intimin (eaeA), and enterohemolysin A (ehxA).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:66705901&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (2529 words)

	Entry of ricin and Shiga toxin into cells: molecular mechanisms and medical perspectives
		In addition, ricin with its disulfide bond between the A- and B-moieties, and Shiga toxin with five subunits in the B-moiety are shown.
		The enzymatically active subunits are in green, whereas the binding moiety of ricin is in red, and the five small binding subunits of Shiga toxin are multicoloured.
		The disulfide bond (and the neighbouring carbon atoms) connecting the two chains of ricin, and the internal disulfide bond in the A-moiety of Shiga toxin are yellow.
	www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v19/n22/fig_tab/7593408ft.html (271 words)

	[No title]
		Shigella toxin (also known as Shiga toxin, Shigella dysenteriae toxin or Stx) and Shigella-like toxins (also known as Shiga-like toxin 1, verotoxin 1, or Stx-1, and Shiga-like toxin 2, verotoxin 2 or Stx-2) are extremely toxic.
		Shiga toxin containers to be removed from the chemical hood or BSC must be decontaminated (see Section 4.6.2) and placed in a labeled, unbreakable secondary container (see Section 4.3.2) prior to removal.
		Spill of Shiga toxin inside the chemical hood or BSC: Small spills may be decontaminated by gently covering the spill with paper towels and flooding the area (starting at perimeter and working towards the center) to arrive at a solution of 0.1N NaOH.
	www2.umdnj.edu /eohssweb/publications/ShigellaToxinSOP.doc (2520 words)

	Shiga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Shiga is situated at the center of Japan and has the Lake Biwa-ko, the largest lake in Japan at its center.
		Shiga has a number of scenic spots called Omi Hakkei, or eight scenic views of Omi, an old name for Shiga, which resemble the sights of Lake Tungtinghu in China.
		Shiga has the third largest number of national treasures and important cultural assets, after Nara and Kyoto.
	www.pacificislandtravel.com /asia/japan/about_destin/shiga.html (250 words)

	Shiga on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Prevalence and genetic profiling of virulence determinants of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, beef, and humans, Calcutta, India.
		O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains associated with sporadic cases of diarrhea in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
		Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome, Italy, 1988-2000.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Shiga.asp (604 words)

	TIME.com Print Page: -- The Puzzling World of Jason Shiga
		In both content and artwork Shiga emulates the style of Lat, a cartoonist with a Charles Shultz-level reputation in South East Asia.
		Shiga has recently created another CYOA-style book, "Hello, World," which has been cut in half horizontally, allowing the reader to create a story by flipping through either half.
		Shiga's most recent book, "Fleep" (Sparkplug Comic Books; 44 pp.; $5), mixes his love of puzzles with the more straightforward kind of story.
	www.time.com /time/columnist/printout/0,8816,386289,00.html (900 words)

	Jackson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Jackson's research interest is the molecular analysis of the Shiga toxin family of bacterial cytotoxins.Shiga toxin, which is produced by Shigella dysenteriae, is the prototype for a family of related Shiga-like cytotoxins.
		Jackson's laboratory uses mutational analysis to define domains of the Shiga toxin molecule that are required for cell entry and ribosome inactivation.
		Another area of research interest is the use of Shiga toxin for the development of recombinant proteins with the capacity to kill virus-infected or tumor cells.
	www.med.wayne.edu /immunology/department/jackson.html (350 words)

	Genome Analysis of a Novel Shiga Toxin 1 (Stx1)-Converting Phage Which Is Closely Related to Stx2-Converting Phages but ...
		Shiga toxins even when different are encoded at identical positions in the genomes of related temperate bacteriophages.
		Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections.
		Characterization of a Shiga toxin-encoding temperate bacteriophage of Shigella sonnei.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/185/13/3966 (1646 words)

	CDC - Multidrug-Resistant Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli O118:H16 in Latin America
		The strain was isolated during a study of fecal STEC in 205 healthy and 139 diarrheic cattle on 12 beef farms in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in February 2000; one case of STEC was found in a 1-month-old calf with diarrhea.
		The STEC O118:H16 strain from Brazil was found to be similar for virulence genes (Shiga toxin 1 [stx1], intimin beta 1 [eae β1], and EHEC-hemolysin [E-hlyA]) and for antimicrobial drug resistance to STEC O118:H16 strains, which were isolated in different countries of Europe (1).
		Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli strains from bovines: association of adhesion with carriage of eae and other genes.
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/EID/vol9no8/03-0062.htm (839 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Cattle Lack Vascular Receptors for Escherichia Coli O157:h7 Shiga Toxins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Shiga toxins also bound to epithelium in selected areas of the duodenum.
		However, Shiga toxins did not bind to the epithelium in gastrointestinal sites other than the duodenum, nor did they bind to blood vessels in any of the 6 intestinal and 5 extraintestinal organs examined.
		We suggest that the lack of enterocyte and vascular receptivity for Shiga toxins may be an explanation as to why E. coli O157:H7 infections are usually asymptomatic in cattle and why systemic vascular lesions have not been reported in Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infections in cattle.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=109581 (504 words)

	AllRefer.com - Shiga, Japan (Japanese Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Shiga, Japan (Japanese Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		It is predominantly an agricultural region, with rice the principal crop.
		Shiga includes part of Biwa, Japan's largest lake.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Shiga.html (131 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Modulation of Escherichia Coli Shiga Toxin Activity on Vero Cells by the Use of the ...
		We found that with as low as 0.3 micrograms swainsonine (a microgram is one one-millionth of a gram), the toxic effects of the "shiga toxins" on laboratory grown kidney cells were reduced by up to 100%.
		These results demonstrate that swainsonine was able to protect susceptible cells from being killed by the "shiga toxins" and may ultimately be able to be used as a drug to treat the life threatening effects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections.
		The primary receptor on the epithelial cell surface for Stx is the glycolipid receptor globotriaosylceramide, Gb3.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=126514 (537 words)

	Shiga toxin or Verotoxin: essential data
		Note: although Shiga toxin and Verotoxin are treated as different entities by the Australia Commission, they are structurally and functionally identical and considered the same thing by the scientific community.
		Like ricin A subunit, the A subunit of Shiga toxin is an N-glycosidase that modifies the RNA component of the ribosome to inactivate it and so bring a halt to protein synthesis leading to the death of the cell.
		This is because Shiga toxin is usually taken in with contaminated food or water.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Toxins/Verotox.html (568 words)

	Prevalence of Non-O157:H7 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Diarrheal Stool Samples from Nebraska
		Multiplex PCR (3) was performed on isolated Shiga toxin- positive colonies to detect specific genes encoding Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (stx
		Shiga toxins 1 and 2 are the main virulence factors associated with hemorrhagic colitis and HUS, presumably because they interact with endothelial cells at the site of infection and in the glomeruli and arterioles of the kidney (17).
		Molecular characterization of shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O113:H21 strain lacking eae responsible for a cluster of cases of HUS.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol6no5/fey.htm (2337 words)

	Geo Meds & Infectious Diseases - Cheleste Thorpe, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Infection with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli is a cause of bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis in humans, and has been linked with development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
		Because Shiga toxin-producing E. coli are non-invasive, it is thought that Shiga toxins gain access to the systemic vasculature from the gut lumen.
		Currently, we are studying the effects of Shiga toxins on host signal transduction and gene regulation in vitro and in vivo, with the intention of delineating strategies for prevention of HUS following infection with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli.
	www.nemc.org /infdisease/faculty_individuals/Cheleste_Thorpe.html (317 words)

	Industrial Research Center of Shiga prefecture
		With the recent spectacular developments in microelectronics, mechanics, exploitation of new materials, biotechnology and many other fields of technology, local manufacturing companies, especially of small to medium sizes, have been experiencing growing difficulty in upgrading their capacity to keep up with the progress.
		The Center now plays an important part in the promotion of local industrial development, as the key institution for supporting those companies, through such general services as technical consultation and guidance, the opening of facilities to the public and technology transfer, based on the technical capacity cultivated by its RandD activities.
		Industrial Research Center of Shiga Prefecture was established.
	www.shiga-irc.go.jp /index-e.html (162 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Paper Door and Other Stories by Shiga Naoya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Shiga's short stories are just as interesting as his longer works.
		Shiga, although considered one of the top modern japanese writers, is famous for the small amount of writting that he produced in his very long life.
		She never had physical relations with him, but the husband thought that was enough to excuse his affair.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0231121571 (477 words)

	[No title]
		Y. Shiga and S. King: "Estimating the spectral envelope of voiced speech using multi-frame analysis", Proc.
		Y. Shiga and S. King: "Estimation of voice source and vocal tract characteristics based on multi-frame analysis", Proc.
		Y. Shiga, Y. Hara, and T. Nitta: "English speech synthesis by rule using phonetic segments as a synthesis unit", Proc.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /s0197813/personal/resume.html (528 words)

	KSW : APAture 2002 : Jason Shiga
		Jason Shiga has been drawing comics since 1996 when he read Optic Nerve.
		Although he has made some comics about his place in the APA community, he is best known for his interactive comics.
		He has used every trick in the book from die cut holes, tabs, flaps and folds to rotating wheels in his attempt to bring interactivity to the masses.
	www.kearnystreet.org /programs/ksw-next/apature2002/artists/shiga_jason.html (406 words)

	Shiga - MSU, Gifted and Talented (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1968 Michigan and Shiga Prefecture in Japan became sister states.
		The Michigan-Shiga Student Exchange Program was initiated by the Michigan Department of Education and the Shiga Board of Education in 1990.
		o Shiga students of similar age are selected and then paired with the Michigan students of similar age and experience.
	www.msu.edu /user/gifted/shiga (575 words)

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