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	Shiism - MSN Encarta
		Introduction; Early Shiism and its Origins; The Various Shiite Groups and Sects; Contemporary Shiite Sects; General Similarities and Differences between the Shiite Sects; The Concept and Exercise of Authority in Shiite Belief; Differences Between Shiites and Sunnis; Influences of Shiite on Sunni Belief
		Shiism, collective term for several distinct Muslim sects that make up some 10 per cent of the Muslim world—the rest being chiefly Sunni.
		The term Shiism is derived from the Arabic phrase Shiat Ali, which means “the partisans of Ali ibn Abi Talib”.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570168/Shiism.html (1200 words)

	Religions of Iran: A brief introduction to Shi'ism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Twelver Shiism appears to have grown in size partly because it did not have a living Imam; many other descendants or alleged descendants of the Prophet called themselves the Imam, formented militarty revolt, and were killed.
		By not having a living Imam, Twelver Shiism was able to survive and grow, and other Shiis often were absorbed into it when their revolts were crushed and their Imams executed.
		Shiism recognizes the institution of temporary marriage, where a man and woman can agree to marry for a particular length of time that can be as short as a few hours.
	www.iranchamber.com /religions/introduction_to_shiism.php (2085 words)

	Dying for God: Shiism
		First, the politically quietistic attitude Shiism developed in the imam's absence tended to elevate suffering in the path of the imam to a worthy attitude and guaranteed sufferers a reward commensurate with the degree of their righteous suffering.
		Shiism reconciled these injustices with the clear directives of the Prophet, who, they felt, had explicitly designated them the true Muslims, by adopting the explanation that God's inscrutable plan underlay it all and that all these events were foreordained for specific reasons.
		Shiism, however, has strong elements of an "Imitatio Husayn," and it is here that the heroic aspects of Husayn emerge most strongly.
	bahai-library.org /theses/dying/dying5.shiism.html (10792 words)

	Shiism As Mahdism: Reflections On A Doctrine of Hope
		Not long ago, in the West in particular, Shiism was typically viewed as a relatively small and unimportant sect of Islam, whereas today it is increasingly seen as a major influence in international affairs.
		Yet, although Shiism is now a topic of major political and scholarly discussions, as a form of theology it has been relatively neglected.
		Consequently, strictly speaking Mahdism puts Shiism in a perpetual state of motion, giving it a built-in mechanism for self-overhaul, by virtue of the fact that in the Imam’s absence no one can close the gate of ijtihad, in contrast to Sunism, or declare special custodianship of the kernel of Mahdism.
	www.payvand.com /news/03/nov/1126.html (1578 words)

	Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly . Printable Page \| PBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		But in practice, at the folk level in particular, Shiism is far more passionate and attached to rituals that are associated with the imams, who are like saints.
		For the longest time, the Sunni violence against the Shiites, their refusal to accept the cultural revival of Shiism, and the assumption of power in Iraq by the majority Shiites set the tone for the conflict in the region.
		A quietist historically in Shiism means that it is the job of the ayatollah to protect the community and its interests and its identity.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/religionandethics/week950/p-exclusive.html (7836 words)

	Religions of Iran: Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shii
		Besides the arena of Shiism, the themes of suffering, pain, asceticism, sacrifice, and martyrdom find two other primary loci in Islam: martyrdom in war and the spiritual martyrdom of asceticism.
		It will be seen Shiism, while occasionally and especially since the beginning of the twentieth century manifesting a revolutionary spirit, clearly leans toward this interiorized, non-literal practice of martyrdom.
		The key event shaping all subsequent Shii history and, according to Shii theology, all history preceding the event, is the rebellion of Muhammad's grandson Husayn against the Umayyad dynasty at the end of the decade of 670 C.E. and his subsequent martyrdom at Karbala in 680.
	www.iranchamber.com /religions/articles/martyrdom_in_shii.php (12519 words)

	Iranian Shiism under Debate
		These questions, which go the heart of Shiism's role in the larger polity, are, significantly, being asked by notable members of the clerical establishment and by other renowned thinkers.
		Equally important is the fluid political context within which these Shiite thinkers are gaining increasing intellectual popularity among the urban middle classes, therefore magnifying the relevance of their writings to evolving political circumstances.
		At both a theoretical and a practical level, Iranian Shiism appears to be undergoing a fundamental process of reformation.
	www.mepc.org /journal_vol10/0306_kamrava.asp (348 words)

	Shiism’s Waxing Crescent - Council on Foreign Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
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		Shortly after the attacks of September 11, 2001, a Jordanian jihadi, fresh from fighting U.S. forces in Afghanistan, entered the Kurdish no-fly zone in northern Iraq.
	www.cfr.org /publication/10901/shiisms_waxing_crescent.html (777 words)

	comparative in Islam
		Arkoun goes on to show that within Shiism, the Shii theory of ijtihad which relies on the authority of the Imams and marja' al-taqlid, is open to criticism in the same manner.
		Yet, in the scope of this article, the contradictory differences between Shiism and Sunnism in the area of Quran and Hadith are the most important, as they create solid evidence for a serious problem in Islam, caused by what otherwise might be excused as minor differences.
		The second practice, mutah, is based on the historical precedent set by the actions of the companions of Muhammad, such as Zubayr al-Sahabi, as well as the teachings of the Imams, both of which are contained in their Hadith.
	www.al-emaan.org /Isminislam.htm (3220 words)

	-- Beliefnet.com
		While there are doctrinal differences within its sub-sects, all Shiites believe their imams are the rightful heirs of the Prophet, and that Ali and his descendents possessed spiritual and political authority, including infallibility and special powers to discern hidden meanings in the Qur'an.
		Shiism became the official religion in neighboring Iran in the 16th century, but Iraq remained for several centuries under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, a Sunni state that made significant efforts to counteract Shiism.
		However, ethnic, cultural and political differences with Iran developed Iraqi Shiism along a different trajectory than its Iranian counterpart, and to this day their social and political views can differ significantly.
	www.beliefnet.com /story/124/story_12455_2.html (376 words)

	Khomeini : A Moderate or A Fanatic Shiite [Foreword] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Texts such as this in English are few and far between while books, magazines and newspapers promoting Shiism at the expense of the true Islam have inundated the English-speaking world.
		Guyana, Trinidad, USA, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Thailand) are mostly situated far away form the Middle-East where Shiism was spawned and nurtured hence, Muslims of these areas are totally unaware of the subversive role which Shiite sects have played throughout Islamic history.
		Consequently, the translation of works written by those with first-hand knowledge of the Shiism and the Iranian revolt is imperative in order to fill the information gap for English-readers seeking clarity on Shiist claims and objectively searching for pure, unadulterated Islam.
	www.bilalphilips.com /books/khomi01f.htm (493 words)

	About The Ismaili Imamat and Origins of Shiism
		The essence of Shiism lies in the desire to search for the true meaning of the revelation in order to understand the purpose of human existence and its destiny.
		Indeed, the principle of submission to the Imam's guidance, explicitly derived from the revelation, is considered essential for nurturing and developing the gift of intellect whose role in Shiism is elevated as an important facet of the faith.
		An honest believer accepts the norms and ethics of the faith which guide his quest, recognises his own inner capacities and knows that when in doubt he should seek the guidance of the one vested with authority who, in Shia tradition, is the Alid imam of the time from the Prophet's progeny.
	www.akdn.org /imamat/imamat.html (2435 words)

	Historical Background of the Religion of Shiism
		It is obvious from their own disputes over the birth of Shi'ism, that the attempts to make Shi'itization (call to disunity) the original message of the Holy Nabi (Sallallahu alayhi wa Sallam) is a failure and can only fool the naives who go after every drum beater.
		It is not amazing therefore, that the alliance between the Jews and the Persian Majoos (Zoroastrians) prosper to revenge from those who destroyed their dreams and humiliated a civilization not long ago, was one of two super powers in the world.
		This is briefly why Shi'ism prospered mainly in the land of the Fire worshippers, Persia, from the hands of the Safavid Dynasty.
	www.geocities.com /~abdulwahid/ahlibayt/history_of_shiism.html (3168 words)

	The development of Twelver-Shiism
		They buttressed their position by pointing to the fact that the Shiites used to be divided to several sects after the death of each Imam and lack of knowledge of the next Imam.
		Though the philosophical conjectural evidences and weak conflicting single narrator traditions, cannot disprove the generalization in the Qur'an nor restrict it, or restrict the general injunction, historical realities deny the existence of any special case where the existence of any special case where the Imam was a small child.
		The history of Shiism points that: Imam Jawwad for example gave his will to his son Ali Hadi, through Abdullah bin Musawir, and made an overseer on his inheritance, including gardens, wealth expenditures, slaves e.t.c, till the time when Ali bin Muhammad became matured.
	www.ansar.org /english/alkatib/7.htm (2913 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		We will also talk briefly about the history and key elements of Shiism and Shiite culture in general and specifically in Iran.
		In our first three lectures, we talked about and saw how, under the umbrella of Shiism and the cultural politics of the Iranian government, many rituals, manifestations and musical activities are not only free, but also financed and encouraged to take place.
		AYOUB, M. Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shiism.
	archnet.org /courses/contemporary_Iran.html (1830 words)

	Hosay: Caribbean Cultural Expression of a Shi’ite Heritage [Archive] - Islamica Community Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Persia’s conversion to Shiism was so strong that later attempts to convert Iran back to Sunnism by Afghan rulers were unequivocal failures.
		With the example of Shiism in Iran, we can see how religion must be willing to adapt to indigenous ways of understanding the world if it wishes to survive in foreign territories.
		Most notably, what we must recognize in the examples of the popular understandings of Shiism in Iran and India is the fact that Shiism has survived and remained a point of reference for many in these lands largely due to the willingness of the religion to be reconciled with indigenous customs.
	www.islamicaweb.com /archive/t-33802 (2550 words)

	Art and Culture of Iranian Shiism to be Discussed in Oxford
		Oxford University will be the host of a conference on the Art and material Culture of Iranian Shiism, 7-8 of July 2006.
		Tehran, 28 June 2006 (CHN) -- The conference on the Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shiism will be held at Oxford University from 7-8 July 2006 by the attendance of scholars, experts in Iranian studies and historians.
		It will also include Iranian Shiism as it has spread to other areas of the Islamic world, in particular India and East Africa,” says Iran Heritage Foundation in its announcement.
	www.payvand.com /news/06/jun/1272.html (304 words)

	Ahmad al-Rahim, former advisor to Jay Garner, speaks on Shiism in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		New York (KurdishMedia.com) 19 October 2004: On Thursday, October 14, Beirut born Iraqi academic Ahmad al-Rahim gave a presentation entitled “Shi’ism, Democracy, and the Future of Iraq” at New York’s famous Saint Bartholomew’s Church organized by the Center for Religious Inquiry.
		Speaking of the Sadr family, Rahim addressed the contributions of Mohammed Baqir al-Sadr to Iraqi Shi’ism.
		This Imam Sadr attempted to promote a modern brand of Shi’ism, and argued against the domination of Western philosophy, particularly communism, in the Islamic world.
	www.kurdmedia.com /news.asp?id=5635 (720 words)

	The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shiism
		Despite the numerous studies of Iranian art and material culture, covering architecture, object studies, flat art and photography, very little work has been published on the subject of Shiite art per se.
		The aim of this conference is to bring together for the first time the Anthropologists, Folklorists, Historians of Islamic Art, Theologians and Historians who work on the Material Culture of Iranian Shiism.
		At this conference we will discuss further the specifics of the Material Culture of Shiism in Iran and its influence on and its exchange with other Shiite communities around the world.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~shmatcul/programs.html (465 words)

	BrothersJudd Blog: IT MIGHT CLARIFY FOLKS' THINKING...
		We had battled radical Shiism in Iran and in Lebanon in the 1980s.
		The symbols of Shiism we associated with political violence--radical mullahs, martyrology, suicide bombers.
		We were susceptible as well to the representations made to us by rulers in the Sunni-ruled states about the dangers of radical Shiism.
	www.brothersjudd.com /blog/archives/2006/09/it_might_clarif.html (864 words)

	Shiite page
		In order to fully understand Shiism and how it differs from Sunni Islam, the historical origins of Shiism must be considered.
		The differences between Shiism and Sunnism are numerous with many details, as well as larger topics such as eschatology and divine justice, left untouched in this article.
		In conclusion, while it is true that Shiism and Sunnism are united in many ways, the blatant differences in fundamental areas, such as the composition and interpretation of the Quran and Hadith, leave profound problems for Islam as a body of religious belief.
	www.rim.org /muslim/shiite.htm (3131 words)

	The Art and Material Culture of Iranian Shiism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		July 7-8, 2006 - Oxford, UK Despite the numerous studies of Iranian art and material culture, covering architecture, object studies, flat art and photography, very little work has been published on the subject of Shiite art per se.
		The conference will cover Iran from earliest Islamic times until the 21st century, but expects to focus on four main periods, Safavid, Qajar, Pahlavi and post-Revolutionary Iran.
		It will also include Iranian Shiism as it has spread to other areas of the Islamic world, in particular India and East Africa.
	www.oriental.cam.ac.uk /shiiteart.html (167 words)

	Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism by Martin Kramer
		In their mountainous corner of Syria, the Alawis claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism.
		On the one hand, much influence might be gained by laying claim to this community for Twelver Shi'ism; on the other, much authority might be lost by endorsing people of questionable belief.
		But once the star of Twelver Shi'ism had risen in Iran and Lebanon, the regime had every reason to press the religious shaykhs to compromise and to do their share to deflate the Sunni argument against Alawi primacy.
	www.geocities.com /martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm (7663 words)

	Middle East Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Salman al-Udeh lashes out at Iran accusing it of aiding its co-religionist Shiites in Iraq.
		DUBAI - A top Saudi cleric Monday warned of waves of conversion to Shiism by Sunni Muslims, motivated by the strong showing by Shiite Hezbollah militants against Israel and the situation in Iraq.
		"Due to the political presence of Shiite groups in Iraq and after the confrontation between Hezbollah and Israel in Lebanon, many Sunnis have developed a kind of allegiance to Shiism," Sunni cleric Salman al-Udeh told Al-Jazeera news channel.
	www.middle-east-online.com /english/?id=17983 (355 words)

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