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Topic: Shina languages

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	Languages & Writing Systems - Crystalinks
		Language is an ever evolving process on planet Earth varying from culture to culture and place to place depending on the needs of the civilization that existed at that timeline.
		Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate.
		The languages of North Asia are those spoken from the Arctic Ocean on the north to South Asia and China on the south and from the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
	www.crystalinks.com /languages.html (2691 words)

	OPF
		Kashmiri is bounded on the north by the Shina language.
		One author claimed that the origin and growth of the Punjabi language was "a result of administrative divisions of northern India since Mughal rule," made Punjab a central administrative division; its language rose to prominence after the 16th century due to the socio-political situation.
		The Siraiki language is spoken in the central part of Pakistan, on either side of Indus, approximately from 280 N to 330 N longitude and including the reaches of Chenab and Sutlej, which correspond to the southwestern part of Punjab and adjacent areas.
	www.opf.org.pk /almanac/L/languages.htm (7298 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Indo-Iranian pt. 4
		You have reached the fourth page of Indo-Iranian languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		updated 8-7-2003 The Dardic languages (Indo-Hittite) comprise one sub-branch of the Indic sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo- Hittite family of languages.
		updated 8-6-2003 Shina (Indo-Hittite) belongs to the Dardic group of languages under the Indic sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian sub-branch of the Indo-European branch of the Indo-Hittite family of languages.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/indirn4h.htm (526 words)

	Kashmiri Language: Roots, Evolution and Affinity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Considering Dardic languages, including the Shina- Khowar group, to have developed from the Indo-Iranian branch of Aryan, he uses the cover term Pishacha to describe them and observes that Kashmiri too shares their characteristics and so must be grouped with them.
		The postpositions used are hund or sund with masculine singular and hinz or sinz with feminine singular nouns and pronouns in case of animate objects the plural forms being, hindy or sindy and hinzi or sinzi respectively Punjabi uses handa or hunda and sanda and Sindhi sanda.
		Being a record of the Kashmiri language as it was spoken in the 15th century, the last two works shed useful light on its medieval development and are greatly helpful in tracing earlier forms of a good number of Kashmiri words.
	www.koausa.org /Languages/Shashi.html (6841 words)

	Languages of Northern Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		According to linguists, many languages of the world are on the verge of extinction due to a lack of government support for their development and increasing globalization, which causes a loss of ethnic identity.
		The Frontier Language Institute (FLI) was established under the auspices of the Frontier Language Welfare Organization (FLWO) to conduct research on languages spoken in different parts of the Frontier.
		Among 69 languages in Pakistan, 26 are spoken in NWFP and 12 are being used in district Chitral alone.
	www.fli-online.org /diversity.htm (718 words)

	Dying Languages; Ormuri
		Shina: Shina is spoken in a large mountainous area stretching from eastern Baltistan to Chitral and from Hunza to Indus Kohistan.
		The language according to Carla is spoken by pockets of people living in the northern ends of several valleys in the Northern Areas and across the borders in the mountainous Pamir regions of China, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan.
		Their language is known as Ormuri although the words Baraki, Bargista, Barakey have also been used for the language by the historians and linguists in the past.
	www.khyber.org /publications/016-020/ormuri.shtml (6275 words)

	A n u k r i t i . N e t - Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
		Brokskat (Brok 'rock'; Skat 'language') is a member of Shina sub-group of languages of Dardic group which belongs to the Indian Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages.
		The Shina languages of Dardic group are spoken in Gelgit, Gurez, Chilas, Kargil, Dras, the Indus valley and Swat Kohistan.
		The meanings are given in Urdu, the official language of the State, in Hindi and English, the official and associate official language of the Union.
	www.anukriti.net /dicbooks/Brokskat-Urdu/8.html (316 words)

	Shina language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shina is a Dardic Language and is spoken by majority of people in Northern Areas of Pakistan.
		It is also spoken in Kargil and Ladakh valleys of India.
		Shina contrast two tones, a level tone and a rising tone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shina_language (102 words)

	Ethnologue: Pakistan
		A distinct language from its neighbors; 47% lexical similarity with Shumashti, 44% with Dameli, 42% with Savi and Grangali.
		Second languages are Urdu for the educated, with varied proficiency, and Pashto or Panjabi.
		Pahari means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Pakn.html (4028 words)

	Dardic languages - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Dardic languages are the languages of the Dards.
		Their relationship to the other subfamilies of this family is not yet settled.
		Dardic languages, See also, External links, Dardic languages, Lists of Indo-European languages, Languages of Pakistan and Languages of Afghanistan.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Dardic_languages (105 words)

	Jammu & Kashmir: Distribution of Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Among the Indo-European languages, Kashmiri, Shina, and several other local tongues (spoken over much of the Northern Areas and in a small portion of Kargil district) form a distinct Dardic group, whose area of dominance also extends across the northern part of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan and into northeastern Afghanistan.
		Also within the Indo-European family are several locally dominant languages, most notably Gojri, the language spoken by the Gujar and Bakerwal pastoral communities, and various dialects collectively grouped under the designation "Pahari" (i.e., of the mountains).
		In interpreting the accompanying map and the foregoing table an important caveat is in order: the transitions from one language area to another do not normally follow administrative boundaries.
	www.kashmirstudygroup.net /awayforward/mapsexplan/languages.html (419 words)

	Council of Pisa - LoveToKnow 1911
		The family includes the group of Kafir languages spoken in Kafiristan, Khowar, spoken in the Chitral country, and the group of Shina languages, which includes the Shina of Gilgit, Kohistani, spoken in the Kohistans of the Indus and Swat rivers, and Kashmiri.
		Of all these Kashmiri is the only one which has received any literary cultivation, and of which the number of speakers is known.
		The Pisaca languages are Aryan by origin, but are neither Iranian nor Indo - Aryan.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Council_of_Pisa (681 words)

	Dardic and Nuristani languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Though Dardic and Nuristani languages are considered by the majority of linguists as two separate groups of languages, they are very close in structure and in vocabulary, and can be described together.
		As it is usual with mountainous tongues, it is hard to distinguish between separate languages and dialects of one.
		Many languages have no writing at all: this is explained by the fact that the majority of their speakers are illiterate peasants.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/indo/dardic.html (517 words)

	Jouvert 7.1: Shina Afolayan, "The Question of a Post-Colonial Culture"
		In as much as language is necessary for thought, and the latter is of import in concretising cultural identities, then Africa has neglected a more crucial deconstruction, the decolonisation of the mind seen as the disestablishment of the European languages that have contributed immensely to the colonial conquest.
		Language, then, is the carrier of a people's identity, the vehicle of a certain way of seeing things, experiencing and feeling, determinant of particular outlooks on life.
		More significantly, the imposition of a language is only a part of the immense array of colonial structures and processes which through their calculated impositions, refusals and denials gradually prevailed over the collective self of the people.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /jouvert/v7is1/afola.htm (3672 words)

	Ethnologue report for Pakistan
		Lexical similarity 90% among dialects, 70% with Chilisso, 61% with Gowro, 58% with Bateri, 49% with Shina, 28% with Kalami and Torwali.
		Shina is the primary language in Gilgit and Diamer districts.
		Dialects: Lexical similarity 50% with Kolai Shina, 48% with Palas Shina, 42% with Gilgiti Shina, 35% with Chail Torwali, 31% with Biori Phalura, 27% with Bateri, 23% with Kalami, 22% with Kalkoti.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Pakistan (3292 words)

	[No title]
		Kesar of Layul: A Central Asian Epic in the Shina of Gultari.
		Presented at the Conference on Null Elements in South Asian Languages at the University of Delhi, January 1997.
		The Distribution of the Compound Verb in the Languages of North India and the Question of its Origin.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /test/peter_hook_test/~pehook/publication.html (998 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages.
		PL 522: Araki, an unwritten Austronesian language belonging to the Oceanic subgroup, is now spoken by less than a dozen people in a small islet of Vanuatu; it is likely to disappear very soon.
		While the language has few speakers left, it is not quite extinct: Ger Reesink was fortunate enough to collect some materials from a few of the last remaining speakers.
		Language classification includes Jerold A. Edmondson's 'Nùng An: origin of a species'; Lawrence A. Reid's 'Morphosyntactic evidence for the position of Chamorro in the Austronesian family'; and Theraphan L.-Thongkum's 'A brief look at the thirteen Mon-Khmer languages of Xekong Province, Southern Laos'.
	www.ogmios.org /2012.htm (1638 words)

	Wikinfo \| China in world languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In English and in several other European languages, the name "Cathay" became widely used largely as a result of English translations of the adventures of Marco Polo, which used this word for China.
		Those used in European languages have indirect names came from the sea-route that bear little resemblance to what is used in China.
		In 1946, the Republic of China demanded the prohibition of use of "Shina" to Japan.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=China_in_world_languages (874 words)

	[No title]
		Some scholars believe the languages to stem from an undifferentiated stage of Indo-Iranian; others believe the Eastern and Khowari groups to be Indo-Aryan, with the Kafiri subgroup being separate.
		Except for Shina, the languages of the Eastern subgroup have been radically changed by the influence of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken farther south.
		The Dardic languages differ from the other Indo-Iranian languages in their sound systems and in the preservation of a number of words lost in India and Iran after the time of Vedic Sanskrit.
	www.triadna.ru /dictionary/lang/dardic_languages.htm (189 words)

	Dardic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Dardic languages are the languages of the Dard people.
		Labelling the Dardic languages as a linguistic sub-family poses a few problems since these languages are not related to each other genetically besides being Indo-Iranian.
		Their relationship to the other subfamilies of the Indo-Iranian is not yet settled, though some linguistics texts tend to classify some of them as a sub group of Indo-Aryan languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dardic_languages (156 words)

	Vitasta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kashmiri language is primarily spoken in the Kashmir valley of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.
		It is only in the absence of reliable comparative data about Dardic languages, a geographic or ethnographic label is frequently applied to a group of languages or dialects.
		Kashmiri is therefore characterized as a verb 2 language.
	www.koausa.org /Vitasta/6a.html (1902 words)

1" rowspan="1"> Subfamily 1" rowspan="1"> Group 1" rowspan="1"> Subgroup 1" rowspan="1"> Languages and Principal Dialects Asterisk indicates a dead language.

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Shina
		Shina Whatever you're looking for you can get it on eBay.
		Indo-Iranian INDO-IRANIAN [Indo-Iranian] subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, spoken by more than a billion people, chiefly in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (see The Indo-European Family of Languages, table).
		Indo-European Family of Languages, The INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY OF LANGUAGES, THE [Indo-European Family of Languages, The] The Indo-European Family of Languages
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Shina (262 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		All these were grouped by the 1981 Census of India under the term “Hindi,” in marked contrast to Census practice up to the year 1971; and it is no longer feasible to disaggregate them.
		It is based on extrapolations from the data of the censuses of 1981, the latest year for which reasonably complete census data (except for the Northern Areas) are available.
		In preparing the table we have assumed that the proportions of speakers of specific languages within each region remained constant since 1981, while recognizing that a variety of factors may be at work to weaken the validity of that assumption.
	www.kashmirstudygroup.net /awayforward05/p7_distlang.html (495 words)

	[No title]
		To appear in Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2005.
		Case as Agreement: Ergative in Eastern Shina, Dative in Kashmiri and Poguli, and Labile Subjects in Kashmiri and Gujarati Intransitive Inceptives (with Omkar N. Koul).
		Kashmiri as a V-2 Language (with O.N. Koul).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~pehook/publication.html (1112 words)

	South Asian Media Net
		The second or third language of most Pakistanis for whom it is not the mother tongue.Arabic script in Nastaliq style with several extra characters is used.
		State language and medium of instruction in government schools in Jammu and Kashmir.
		Languages and dialects in the Western Hindi group are Hindustani, Bangaru, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji, Bundeli; see separate entries.
	www.southasianmedia.net /major_issues/Kashmir/languages_kash.cfm?did=57 (2226 words)

	Pushp & Warikoo: Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kashmiri is a unique language in the Indian linguistic context.
		In Shina auxiliary forms hanus, hane, hanu, haniek etc. are used which bear a similarity to hun, hai, hain, honge etc. It must be stated that substantive verb forms based on the root chha occur in many Indian languages, but not in Dardic languages.
		Surely words relating to parts of the body 'physical states and conditions names of close relatives, animals and bids, edibles, minerals, objects of common use etc.
	koshur.org /Linguistic/2.html (6833 words)

	Saxena: Himalayan Languages [Indologica]
		With its many and diverse languages, including some with very long documented histories, its cultural diversity, and its widespread multilingualism - both the stable and transient kind - the Himalayan region is a treasure trove of empirical data for linguistic research on language typology and universals, historical linguistics, language contact and areal linguistics.
		The volume is divided into three parts: First, a general overview is given of the linguistic study of Himalayan languages and language communities.
		The papers in the third part of the volume address topics in historical and areal linguistics, with an emphasis on the Tibeto-Burman languages of the region, discussing grammaticalization processes (in Sunwar, Newar, Seke, Tshangla and Bantawa) and the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman.
	indologica.blogg.de /eintrag.php?id=313 (447 words)

	LINGUIST List 10.1236: Shina: Grammatical Label, Word Order Universal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Dear colleagues, The Shina language has verbal sequences which are superficially like the noun-plus-verb conjunct sequences familiar in other Indo-Aryan languages.
		there is no language where the verb 'kick' precedes its direct object but the verb 'hit' follows its direct object." The claim refers to "argument classes" in order to allow for differences between different kinds of arguments to verbs, i.e.
		And given that verbs can be marked in item-specific ways in many other domains, it would be an interesting empirical property if indeed no languages exist where verbs (or nouns/adjectives) can show lexeme-specific word order with respect to their arguments.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/10/10-1236.html (563 words)

	history (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gar in local language mean ‘Any where’ and Khil means a central place where people could stay.
		The languages spoken are Shina, Balti, Purig, Ladakhi ec.
		As the Balti and Shina languages are written in Urdu script, Urdu is common in the area.
	kargil.nic.in.cob-web.org:8888 /profile/history.htm (608 words)

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Topic: Shina languages

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