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Topic: Shingon Buddhism

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	Shingon Buddhism
		Shingon (真言宗) is a major school of Japanese Buddhism, and the most important school of Vajrayana Buddhism outside of the Himalayan region.
		Shingon arose in Japan's Heian period (794-1185) when the monk Kukai went to China in 804 where he studied the tantra and returned armed with many texts and art works, and developed his own synthesis of esoteric practice and doctrine, centred on the cosmic Buddha Vairocana.
		One thing that sets Shingon apart from the other surviving schools of esoteric Buddhism in Tibet is the use of calligraphy, instead of pictorial representations, to represent Buddha figures in their mandalas.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/s/sh/shingon_buddhism.html (737 words)

	Shingon and Tendai Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Shingon and Tendai Buddhism simultaneously gained influence in Japan during the Heian period (794-1160), when the imperial court flourished in the capital Kyoto, known as Heian 'Peace and Tranquillity').
		Shingon was transmitted to Japan on his return from China by the monk Kukai (774-835), widely known in Japan by his posthumous name of Kobo Daishi.
		Shingon is renowned for the richness of its artistic heritage, based on mandala designs similar in form and colouring to those found in Tibetan Tantric Buddhism, to which Shingon and to a lesser extent Tendai are historically related.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/easia/shingon.html (454 words)

	Shingon Buddhism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Esoteric Buddhism holds that it is not ineffable, and that it is readily communicated via esoteric rituals which involve the use of mantras, mudras, and mandalas.
		This shrine is styled from the Buzanha sect of Shingon Buddhism.
		Esoteric Buddhism is also practised, although to a lesser extent, in the Japanese Tendai School founded at around the same time as the Shingon School in the early 9th century (Heian period) as well as by shugenja, practitioners of shugendo, a form of mountain asceticism, also known as yamabushi.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shingon_Buddhism (1229 words)

	Northern California Koyasan Temple (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the Shingon tradition, the practitioner uses the same techniques that were used over 1,200 years ago by Kukai, and have been transmitted orally generation after generation to the present.
		Shingon Buddhism grants salvation and enlightenment to human beings who would otherwise be caught in the cycle of birth and death.
		Kobo Daishi (Kukai), the founder of Shingon Buddhism, was born in the town of Zentsuji in Kagawa Prefecture in Japan in 774.
	www.koyasan.org /nckoyasan/introduction.html (1110 words)

	Japanese Buddhism
		Buddhism was imported to Japan via China and Korea in form of a present from the friendly Korean kingdom of Kudara (Paikche) in the 6th century.
		While Buddhism was welcomed by the ruling nobles as Japan's new state religion, it did not initially spread among the common people due to its complex theories.
		Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi fought the militant Buddhist monasteries (especially the Jodo sects) thoroughly in the end of the 16th century and practically extinguished Buddhist activities on the political sector.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2055.html (611 words)

	Kûkai (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In Shingon practice, therefore the Taizô mandala (rishin) is hung on the east wall of the meditation hall; and the Kongôkai mandala (chishin) is hung on the west wall.
		Shingon has inherited much of the metaphysics of Chinese Mahâyâna thought: e.g., the equation of hosshin and hôkai, traceable to Hua-yen Buddhism; and the equation of the hosshin with the universal Buddha-nature inherent in all beings as their “original enlightenment”, traceable to T’ien-t’ai (Tiantai; Jpn: Tendai) Buddhism.
		Shingon ritual meditative practice, as such, involving all three activities is meant to intentionally express the realization of one's participation in the cosmic mantra language of the hosshin.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/kukai (14540 words)

	Journal of Global Buddhism: Shoji Research Article v.4
		The presence of syncretism in the history of Buddhism is frequently mentioned with regard to its adaptation in Asia,(29) although its presence in and explanatory value for Buddhist practice in western countries has been little researched.
		Traditional Buddhism in Japan, as much as in Brazil is reserved for funeral ceremonies and for the worship of ancestors inside a family religiosity.
		In the Sri Lankan context, for which the concept of Protestant Buddhism was initially created, the influence of spirit cults and syncretic tendencies with Hindu elements in Buddhism was justified as a consequence of the distinction between the worldly (laukika) and the supramundane (lokottara) (Bechert 1978: 219, Gombrich and Obeyesekere 1988: 16).
	www.globalbuddhism.org /4/shoji032.htm (12851 words)

	CSI: Ram 1
		Shingon, the school of the "True Words," was founded by K´kai (774-835, also known with his posthumous, onorific name as K¿b¿ Daishi) in the early ninth century, and is one of the most important and influential traditions of Japanese Buddhism.
		Shingon semiotics, initially outlined by K´kai on the basis of Indian and Chinese doctrines, was further developed by numerous scholar monks, both inside and outside the Shingon school, throughout premodern Japanese history.
		Kaji is a key concept in Shingon ritual theory and soteriology: it implies a ritual interaction between the practitioner and a deity in the Tantric pantheon (according to esoteric Buddhism, all deities and buddhas are local and partial manifestations of Mah‘vairocana) that operates a transformative effect.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /epc/srb/cyber/ram1.html (8311 words)

	Wikinfo \| Vajrayana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Vajrayāna Buddhism is last of three great waves in the development of Buddhism, the previous two being known as Hinayana (or Shravakayana), and Mahayana.
		Vajrayana Buddhism developed in Northern India circa 7th century and was exported to China, Japan, and Tibet.
		Esoteric Buddhism holds that it is not ineffable, and that it is communicated via esotric rituals which involve the use of mantras, mudras, and mandalas.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Vajrayana (829 words)

	Kukai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In Shingon, these mysteries are passed on in the form of speech (true words) from teacher to student; none of these true words are written down or available to anyone outside this line of transmission (hence the term Esoteric Buddhism).
		Anything that had beauty revealed the truth of the Buddha; as a result, the art of the Hiei monks made the religion profoundly popular at the Heian court and deeply influenced the development of Japanese culture that was being forged at that court.
		For this reason, although the monks of Mount Hiei became the most powerful Buddhists at court, esoteric Shingon Buddhism was the most important religion of the Heian period and the early feudal period.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ANCJAPAN/KUKAI.HTM (378 words)

	Encyclopedia of Aikido [SHINGON BUDDHISM]
		Shingon, lit., "True Words." A sect of Mahayana Buddhism introduced into Japan by a monk named Kukai (also, Kobo Daishi, 774-835) who established a monastery in Mt. Koya in Wakayama Prefecture.
		Shingon Buddhism is a mystical teaching that seeks enlightenment during one's lifetime through the cultivation of the three mysteries of Buddhism: Body, Speech and Mind.
		Morihei Ueshiba studied Shingon at the Jizo Temple in TANABE about age seven and is said to have been taught the nine Chinese classics and practices of esoteric Buddhism.
	www.aikidojournal.com /encyclopedia.php?entryID=949 (184 words)

	Shingon (Chen-yen) of BuddhistLinks.org
		Shingon is a major school of Japanese Buddhism, and the most important school of Vajrayana Buddhism outside of the Himalayan region.
		Shingon arose in Japan 's Heian period (794 - 1185) when the monk Kukai went to China in 804 where he studied the tantra and returned armed with many texts and art works, and developed his own synthesis of esoteric practice and doctrine, centred on the cosmic Buddha Vairocana.
		Shingon School The Shingon (Tantric) tradition of Mahayana Buddhism arose in India in approximately the 6th century AD, although its roots go back many hundreds of years before that.
	buddhistlinks.org /Shingon.htm (1705 words)

	The British Shingon Buddhist Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Shingon Buddhism is a mystical (Mikkyo) teaching which seeks to awaken direct experience of Enlightenment through study and practice of the 'Three Mysteries' (called in Japanese the 'Sammitsu') of Body, Speech and Mind.
		The title 'Shingon' is a Japanese pronounciation of the Chinese term 'Chen Yen' meaning 'True word' which term itself is a representation of the Sanscrit word 'Mantra'.
		In mainland Japan esoteric Buddhism (Mikkyo) is mainly run through two different groups, one founded by Kukai (Koyasan Tomitsu) and the other by Saicho (Tendai Taimitsu) as part of the Tendai teaching.
	website.lineone.net /~kongoryuji (513 words)

	The Esoteric Buddhist Schools
		All of the various other schools of Mahayana Buddhism posit in their world view the situation wherein man finds himself separate from the ideal state, from Buddhahood, and so must work himself up to that state.
		All schools of Buddhism view Enlightenment (Buddhahood, satori, or Nirvana) as a mental state, a state of mind wherein the mind is totally awakened to its real nature (totally and truly self-aware).
		Shingon Buddhists deny any such attitude, and so look to all the Buddha's and all the all the Bobhisattvas for their compassionate guidance and understanding.
	www.asunam.com /buddhist_schools.htm (725 words)

	Tendai Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Using the examples of Tendai and Nichiren Buddhism and their interactions throughout the medieval period, she calls into question both overly facile distinctions between "old" and "new" Buddhism and the long‑standing scholarly assumptions that have perpetuated them.
		Stone argues that "original enlightenment thought" represents a substantial rethinking of Buddhist enlightenment that cuts across the distinction between "old" and "new" institutions and was particularly characteristic of the medieval period.
		Original enlightenment thought, in a broad sense, was not exclusive to Tendai Buddhism, nor is the question of its relationship to the new Kamakura Buddhism limited to the Kamakura period.
	www.wordtrade.com /religion/buddhism/budtendaiR.htm (1386 words)

	The Man Closest to the Gods
		Shingon Buddhism, Vijnanavada Buddhism, and the life of the historical Buddha, are all sources from which Virgo Shaka’s persona is put together.
		The Japanese transliteration of “Sakya” is “Shaka”, and the historical Buddha is refered to by the Shingon school as “Shaka Nyorai”, one of the thirteen Buddhas who assist people during their lifetime, and after death guide them to the realm of enlightenment.
		Mudras and lotus flowers are both important to Shingon Buddhism, but this imagery is common in Buddhist artwork depicting the Amida Buddha of the Pure Land School.
	www.sweetprince.net /essays/buddhismtermpaper.html (2092 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Shingon Buddhism, referred to as esoteric Buddhism, was introduced to Japan in 816.
		Rituals are integral to Shingon, and one of the ways art has historically helped Shingon priests in their rituals is through meditative practice, George Tanabe says.
		This idea of spiritual transformation in the here and now fuels the Shingon belief in a diversity of deity which, in turn, inspires their diverse art.
	www.buddhistnews.tv /current/shingon-art-N.php (944 words)

	Shingon Buddhism, Koyasan, Garan, Japan Attractions, Kukai, Kongobu-ji Temple
		Located in the mist shrouded mountains of the Wakayama Prefecture, Mount Koya (Koyasan) is one of the country’s holiest mountains and the center of Shingon Buddhism in Japan.
		Shingon Buddhism was introduced to Japan in 805 by Kobo Daishi, otherwise known as Kukai.
		Long off limits to women, Koyasan and its 100 Shingon monasteries are now open to the public at large, and offer a quiet retreat for tourists seeking a bit of meditation during their journey through Japan.
	www.destination360.com /asia/japan/mount-koya.php (533 words)

	Shingon Buddhism - school of Japanese Buddhism
		Shingon (真言宗) is a major school of Japanese Buddhism, and the most important esoteric, or Tantric, school outside India and Tibet.
		Shingon arose in Japan's Heian period (794-1185) when the monk Kukai went to China, studied the Tantra and returned, armed with many texts and art works, and developed his own synthesis of esoteric practice and doctrine, centred on the cosmic Buddha Vairocana.
		One thing that sets Shingon apart from the other surviving schools of Tantric Buddhism in Tibet is the use of calligraphy, instead of pictorial representations, to represent Buddha figures in their mandalas.
	www.japan-101.com /culture/shingon_buddhism.htm (376 words)

	Shingon Buddhist Intl. Institute: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		SHINGON BUDDHISM is a religion that was established by Kôbô Daishi (Kûkai) at the beginning of the Heian period (9th century), and its teachings are known as Shingon Esoteric Buddhism (Shingon Buddhism).
		The teachings of Shingon are based on the Mahâvairocana Sutra (J: Dainichi-kyô) and the Vajrasekhara sutra (J: Kongôchô-kyô), the fundamental sutras of Shingon.
		Shingon represents the middle period of esoteric Buddhist development in India.
	www.shingon.org /history/history.html (251 words)

	Mandala Society and the Shingon Center
		Mandala Society and the Shingon Center of Rijeka, Croatia, are devoted to the dissemination and practice of Buddhist spiritual culture, principally through teachings of the great master and saint Kobo Daishi Kukai, the founder of Japanese Shingon tradition of Esoteric Buddhism.
		As well as lecturing on the Dharma and teaching basic Shingon meditation, he is active in translating and publishing books and essays on Buddhism, and is particularly interested in the integral approach to spiritual culture in everyday life.
		Shingon proper is in the latter of course.
	www.mandala.hr /society.html (1451 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Features
		Shingon Buddhism's openness and accessibility sets it apart from other traditions, says Reyn Tsuru, executive director of the Shingon Mission on Sheridan Street.
		Shingon Buddhists in Hawaii will celebrate their 100th anniversary in the same spirit as the open-door policy at the Sheridan Street Shingon temple.
		Shingon, which is described as esoteric Buddhism, contains "a tradition of mysticism, symbolism and rituals, a lot of pageantry and color that appealed to the ancient Japanese and is still part of court rituals," said Buddhist scholar Al Bloom.
	starbulletin.com /2002/08/10/features/story1.html (754 words)

	Shingon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This version of Vairocana was held to be within all things, and the goal of Shingon was the realization that one's nature was identical with Vairocana, achieved through contemplation and ritual practices.
		Shingon became one of the principal Buddhist sects of the Heian period, supplanting earlier sects and enjoying more popular support than its great rival, Tendai Buddhism.
		Shingon lost some of its popularity at the end of the Heian era as it grew rich and worldly, and evangelistic movements such as Pure Land Buddhism supplanted it in public affection, but it remains one of Japan's most important sects, at present numbering some 12 million adherents.
	www.compsoc.net /~gemini/simons/historyweb/shingon.html (468 words)

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