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	Channel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In communications, a channel is the route which a message follows, as it is transmitted between a communication source and a receiver.
		In geography and nautical/shipping contexts, channel means the course traveled by a body of water or the passage of a ship between land masses.
		In digital imaging, a channel is the fl and white representation of a specific color; by extension, the representation of a mask.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Channel (251 words)

	Maryland Sea Grant: Keep Clear: Big Ships in the Chesapeake Bay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A major shipping channel runs the length of the Chesapeake Bay, and through it pass millions of tons of cargo borne by ocean-going ships.
		Ships often travel faster than you might expect given their size, and they must maintain adequate speed to maintain steerage and maneuverability.
		Ships, tugs or barges may be maneuvering in the vicinity and sudden propeller wash or wakes generated by these vessels can be extremely dangerous to small craft.
	www.mdsg.umd.edu /CB/keepclear.html (1740 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Problems and Opportunities in the Design of Entrances to Ports and Harbors Proceedings of a ...
		Ship size increased at a slow enough pace that channel requirements, aid to navigation requirements, and ship maneuverability requirements could be determined by trial and error.
		The objective of navigation in restricted waterways is primarily to maintain the position of the ship in the proper location relative to the channel boundaries or the channel centerline (i.e., establishing a proper crosstrack position).
		Ship Maneuverability The amount of control force required to enable ships to negotiate waterways is one factor to be considered in the design of a new ship.
	www.nap.edu /openbook.php?record_id=745&page=53 (6867 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: HOUSTON SHIP CHANNEL
		The Houston Ship Channel, one of the busiest waterways in the United States, achieved its earliest significance as a link between interior Texas and the sea.
		Two synthetic rubber plants were located near the channel while the war was in progress, and after the war the channel became a center of the petrochemical industry.
		Congress approved a project to widen the channel to 300 feet from Fidelity Island to the turning basin in 1945, and in 1957 army engineers recommended that the entire channel be deepened to forty feet.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/HH/rhh11.html (1351 words)

	Encyclopedia: Houston, Texas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 led to Galveston losing its status as the major port city and economic power in Southeast Texas; subsequent development of the Houston ship channel and its port refineries shifted the honor to Houston.
		Houston's energy industry is a world powerhouse (particularly oil), but biomedical research, aeronautics and the ship channel are also large parts of the city's industrial base.
		Much of Houston's success as a petrochemical complex is due to its man-made ship channel, the Port of Houston, which is one of the busiest ports in the United States and second in the world in foreign tonnage.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Houston,-Texas (10267 words)

	Port of Houston
		Ships with four- or five-day readiness status are berthed at ports throughout the United States allowing them to remain close to potential military load-out sites.
		The ship channel follows the winding path of the San Jacinto River as it proceeds northwestward from Galveston Bay, passing west of Atkinson Island and Baytown to the mouth of Buffalo Bayou, thence westward toward Houston.
		The main channel has controlling depths of 42 to 45 ft (12.8 to 13.7 m) in the Entrance Channel, 42 to 44 ft (12.8 to 13.4 m) in the Outer Bar Channel, and 38 to 41.5 ft (12.6 to 12.7 m) in the Inner Bar Channel.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/facility/houston.htm (977 words)

	UH -Top Education Stories - Dioxin levels focus of ship channel study
		GALVESTON -- Dioxin levels in the Houston Ship Channel are the focus of a new study that environmentalists say is the first comprehensive review in the state of such contaminants in water.
		The study's goal is to assess dioxin levels in the channel, determine the extent of the problem and identify the sources of pollution.
		Preliminary analysis of samples of sediments and fish tissue collected by Rifai and her team indicate dioxin levels in the channel are consistent with data from 1993 and 1994, and sometimes they are higher.
	www.uh.edu /admin/media/topstories/2003/hc/200301/20030129uh.html (407 words)

	POHA \| Overview
		The Houston Ship Channel has been a catalyst for growth in Harris County since the first journey of a steamship up Buffalo Bayou in 1837.
		Ship channels to Houston, Galveston, Texas City and Port Bolivar extend from Bolivar Roads in the southern part of Galveston Bay.
		An alternate route of the Intracoastal Waterway crosses the Houston Ship and Texas City channels and passes through the northern end of Pelican Island.
	www.portofhouston.com /geninfo/overview1.html (594 words)

	International Shipbreaking Limited
		It is a man-made ship channel cut in from the Gulf of Mexico in 1934 has a 40-foot draft at mean low tide.
		By 1946, an additional channel at the junction of the Brownsville and Port Isabel channels was authorized to facilitate movement of vessels between the two ports and to relieve congestion.
		The entrance is marked by a lighted whistle buoy about 2 miles E of the jetties, a lighted 269°30' entrance range, a lighted bell buoy off the submerged part of the N jetty, and a lighted gong buoy off the end of the S jetty.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/facility/brownsville.htm (3099 words)

	FCC - Ship Radio Stations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These ships are known as "voluntary ships" because they are not required by treaty or statute to carry a radio but voluntarily fit some of the same equipment used by compulsory ships.
		Ships are considered as operating domestically when they do not travel to foreign ports or do not transmit radio communications to foreign stations.
		The station operates under the rules applicable to ship stations when the unit is aboard a ship, and under the rules applicable to private coast stations when the unit is on land.
	wireless.fcc.gov /marine/fctsht14.html (4237 words)

	Corpus Christi Caller Times Caller.com - Port presents dredging plan, will hear comments
		When the Port of Corpus Christi finished dredging its ship channel to 45 feet in 1989, it was among the deepest in the United States.
		The port's plan is to dredge the ship channel, widen the channel from 400 feet to 500 feet, add 12-foot-deep barge lanes and extend La Quinta Channel on the north side of the bay by 8,000 feet.
		Ships can be bigger or loaded more heavily with cargo, making it more economical to deliver more products per shipment.
	www.caller2.com /1999/august/14/today/business/4444.html (493 words)

	Houston: Around Town in Vintage Postcards, Ship Channel
		The Houston Ship Channel Company, partially owned by the City of Houston, was established to keep the channel at a depth of nine feet.
		In 1914, the ship channel was completed and the turning basin near Brady's Island became the new terminus for most of Houston's marine shipping.
		The postcards here represent various aspects of the Ship Channel and Buffalo Bayou, some of which may be surprising to Houstonians of the early 21st Century.
	home.sprynet.com /~lcseiler/houarnd5.htm (1101 words)

	CNN.com - Cargo ship hits Channel wreck - Dec. 16, 2002
		A cargo ship has run into the sunken Tricolor, the vessel that sank in the English Channel in one of the world's busiest shipping lanes.
		The Nicola, a 3,000 tonne ship registered in the Dutch Antilles, struck the Norwegian vessel, which sank off Dunkirk on Saturday after a collision with another vessel in thick fog.
		In a statement, Per Ronnevig, spokesman for shipping firm Wilhelmsen Lines, which owned the carrier, said as well as the cars, the Tricolor was also transporting 77 other cargo units, which mainly consisted of tractors and crane parts.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/12/16/channel.wreck (526 words)

	Discovery Channel :: Minoan Ship Replica To Sail Seas
		To water-proof the hull, Minoan ships were covered with a linen cloth coated in fir or pine-tree resin.
		The ship's name remains a closely guarded secret, but it will be carved on the hull in Minoans' linear B, one of Greece's oldest alphabets.
		Kourtis is hoping that the ship will be chosen to carry the 2004 Olympic flame on part of its journey between the island of Salamina, off Athens, and Piraeus, the Greek capital's harbor.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/afp/20030929/minoan.html (685 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Fuel tanker hits sunken ship in Channel
		A Turkish ship carrying 70,000 tonnes of highly flammable gas oil last night struck a sunken Norwegian vessel in the middle of the Channel after failing to heed French naval warnings.
		The tanker is the second ship to strike the Tricolor since it sank in a collision in the Channel with its cargo of 2,862 BMWs Volvos and Saabs on December 14.
		French maritime authorities last night claimed that the duty officer of the ship, the Vicky, had failed to heed several warnings and had allowed the ship to run on to the wreck of the Tricolor.
	www.guardian.co.uk /uk_news/story/0,3604,867476,00.html?=rss (631 words)

	Rochester Power Squadron-Marine Radio-telephone procedures-Calling Frequencies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The channels listed in the table are the only channels you may use, even if your radio has more channels available.
		Channel 9 is available for intership, ship and coast general purpose calling by noncommercial vessels.
		Channel 88 is only for use in the Great Lakes, St. Lawrence Seaway, and Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca and its approaches.
	www.usps.org /localusps/rochester/radio.htm (498 words)

	Corpus Christi Caller Times Caller.com - Coast Guard issues letter of negligence in ship crash; pilot said he was ...
		Coast Guard officials said a pilot operated an 800-foot tanker ship negligently when the ship crashed into an empty pier in Port Aransas Jan. 18, but the ship's pilot said he was not negligent.
		Pilot Michael Kershaw said the ship crashed because he was trying to avoid hitting a broken-down shrimp boat blocking the channel.
		Kershaw said he had no choice but to slow the ship and steer it into an area of the channel where he normally would not have gone in order to avoid hitting the shrimp boat.
	www.caller2.com /1999/june/19/today/local_ne/2118.html (597 words)

	CLUI Newsetter - Summer 2004 - Houston's Ship Channel
		The ship channel is an expanded version of an old muddy creek called the Buffalo Bayou, which connects downtown Houston to Galveston Bay and the Gulf.
		As we flow downstream on the Ship Channel, we get to the “upstream” end of the industry, at Galveston and the adjacent Gulf of Mexico, where the crude oil is extracted from the earth.
		The Galveston Channel, the sheltered inland side of the Island, is littered with oil rigs, towed in from the gulf for repair or scrap.
	www.clui.org /clui_4_1/lotl/v27/i.html (1859 words)

	ATSDR - Health Consultation - Houston Ship Channel and Tabbs Bay (a/k/a Houston Ship Channel), Houston, Harris County, ...
		A 1990 TDH consumption advisory for the Houston Ship Channel, the San Jacinto River, and Tabbs Bay was issued due to contamination of catfish and blue crabs with dioxins
		TDH evaluated chemical contaminants in fish and crabs from the Houston Ship Channel, San Jacinto River, and Tabbs Bay by comparing average concentrations of chemical contaminants with health-based assessment comparison (HAC) values for non-cancer and cancer endpoints.
		Average concentrations of contaminants in fish and crabs from the turning basin, the ship channel at the San Jacinto Monument, the San Jacinto River, and Tabbs Bay were below their respective cancer HAC values (Tables 1a - 4).
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /HAC/PHA/houstonship/hsc_p1.html (4054 words)

	Industry in Pasadena, Texas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Port of Houston and the Houston Ship Channel were formally opened in September of 1914.
		However, in order to keep the ship channel in operation tugs and dredge boats were needed and this provided employment for a few Pasadena residents.
		It was located across the channel from Pasadena and the community of Galena Park was developed to provide housing for its employees.
	www.sjcd.cc.tx.us /district/library/Pasadena/industry/saltilla.htm (181 words)

	PR&F News: Ship Channel Team shifts commercial business away from Navy Sea Range (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By scientifically and objectively demonstrating that any benefits from moving the ship channel were dependent on wind patterns that would probably increase emissions of nitrogen oxides coming back to shore rather than decreasing them, the team was able to gain consideration of a much better alternative that can potentially serve as a win-win situation.
		The alternative to moving the channel recommended by the Navy was to reduce the speed of commercial vessels in their present channel.
		Ships emissions are a direct function of engine output, and hence speed.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~pacrange/s1/news/2001/ShipChan.htm (738 words)

	Houston Ship Channel 50th Anniversary Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Houston Ship Channel was established in 1914; however, Buffalo Bayou, which flows through Houston, had been used for boat navigation as early as 1839.
		The Houston Ship Channel was completed in 1914, although many additional improvements and changes have been made since that date.
		One of the items is a pamphlet, "Buffalo Bayou and the Houston Ship Channel, 1820-1926." The other item is a promotional broadside, showing the layout of the city of Houston and railroads in the area.
	info.lib.uh.edu /sca/collections/faids/html/horn.html (365 words)

	Ocean Navigator Online - Dodging ships in a foggy Houston Ship Channel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		From here on, the channel is a 40-foot-deep canal through a wide area of shallow water ranging from three to 10 feet in depth.
		The spoil bank gradually slopes up from the main channel, and our strategy was to stay in depths of about 15 feet to keep us clear of passing ships but not at risk of running aground on a shallow patch or a lump of mud.
		We cautiously motored around its stern and out into the channel where we were amazed to see another ship with its deck lights shining, firmly stuck in the mud on the opposite bank with its stern blocking half the channel.
	www.oceannavigator.com /print.php?a=117 (1982 words)

	National Lighthouse Museum - Ambrose Lightship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lightships were used in the channel because the construction of a lighthouse would have been too dangerous in the deep turbulent waters or sandy bottoms.
		She proudly served at this station until 1932, when a newer ship replaced her, but her service was not over.
		For a period, she served as a Relief ship off Sandy Hook and during the Second World War, the Ambrose spent her time as an Examination ship at Fort Hancock, New Jersey.
	www.lighthousemuseum.org /nylights/ambrose.htm (169 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: SABINE-NECHES WATERWAY AND SABINE PASS SHIP CHANNEL
		With the Sabine Pass Ship Channel, the Sabine-Neches Waterway forms a Y-shaped set of interlocking river channels and canals extending from the Gulf of Mexico to Port Arthur, Beaumont, and Orange, Texas.
		Extensive construction to improve the waterways began with river and harbor acts of 1875, 1882, and 1896, when the mouth of the channel was deepened and jetties were built to prevent silting.
		At the mouth of the channel is the port of Sabine Pass, with jetties extending three miles into the Gulf of Mexico.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/SS/rrs2.html (558 words)

	Houston Ship Channel -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The channel, which was opened in 1914 and later improved, is 50.5 mi (81.3 km) long, 36 ft (11 m) deep, and has a minimum width of 300 ft (90 m).
		The fourth most populous city in the nation and the largest in Texas, Houston is the home of the world's largest man-made ship channel and the nation's third busiest seaport.
		The city is connected to Galveston Bay by the 52-mile (84-kilometer) Houston Ship Channel, along which is one of the world's greatest concentrations of industry.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9041212?tocId=9041212 (798 words)

	Breathtaking Ship Channel Stumps Scientists, ESTUARY Februrary 2000
		When the 10-foot-deep river suddenly hits the 35-foot-deep dredged ship channel, the water slows down and less mixing occurs.
		About 60,000-70,00 pounds of BOD (biological oxygen demand)-causing constituents flow into the deepwater channel from upstream each day, as opposed to an estimated 6,000 pounds coming from channel sediments, according to consultant Fred Lee, who is compiling the preliminary data in an issue paper.
		When the Grant Line barrier was opened last fall (sucking water away from the river), flows to the deepwater channel dropped from 800 to 100 cubic feet per second, dissolved oxygen levels halved, and residence time leaped from 10 to 30 days, according to Lee.
	www.estuarynewsletter.com /2000_02/article_07.php (1354 words)

	Experimental Galveston Bay/Houston Ship Channel Nowcasting/Forecasting System: Additional Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If the nearest points to both the west and east channel markers were greater than 100m away or if the start and stop times of the start and end points did not bracket the CTD cast time, the file was discarded from further analysis.
		In the case of the 1999 Houston Ship Channel Survey data, bin 1 is centered at 2.95 meters.
		The transect average normal velocity and average vertical velocity were used to compare with the appropriate Houston Ship Channel Model grid cell values over the nowcast period corresponding to the survey.
	chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov /CSDL/op/hgops/gbfore.s5.html (1417 words)

	Crane to clear Texas ship channel - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The channel was initially closed Thursday after the collision between the 784-foot tanker Genmar Strength and the 101-foot crew boat.
		The channel was opened to limited traffic late Thursday and vessels of less than 100 feet were allowed to transit the channel near the wreck with a Coast Guard escort.
		Early Friday, there were eight ships waiting to enter the ship channel from the Gulf, and three waiting to depart.
	www.washtimes.com /upi-breaking/20050429-011402-2759r.htm (213 words)

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