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	Shock wave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shock waves are characterized by a sudden change in the characteristics of the medium (such as pressure, temperature, or speed) as a positive step function.
		Shock waves are not sound waves; a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties on the order of a few mean free paths (roughly micro-meters at atmospheric conditions) in thickness.
		In this case, the gas ahead of the shock is stationary (in the laboratory frame), and the gas behind the shock is supersonic in the laboratory frame.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shock_wave (1652 words)

	PSRD:: Asteroid Heating: A Shocking View
		If shocked somewhat, the crystal structure is deformed and the extinction is wavy, a feature called "undulatory extinction." At higher shock pressure, the olivine crystal structure is messed up even further, forming small (only a few micrometers) domains that differ in their extinction positions.
		Rubin, A. (2004) Postshock annealing and postannealing shock in equilibrated ordinary chondrites: Implications for the thermal and shock histories of chondritic asteroids.
		Rubin, A. (2003) Chromite-plagioclase assemblages as a new shock indicator; implications for the shock and thermal histories of ordinary chondrites.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /April04/asteroidHeating.html (3239 words)

	6.1 Relativistic shock heating in planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometry
		Shock heating of a cold fluid in planar, cylindrical or spherical geometry has been used since the early developments of numerical relativistic hydrodynamics as a test case for hydrodynamic codes, because it has an analytical solution ([18] in planar symmetry; [111
		In all three cases the reflection causes compression and heating of the gas as kinetic energy is converted into internal energy.
		A shock is generated at the center of the sphere, which propagates upstream with constant speed.
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-1999-3/node24.html (1072 words)

	Why Liquid Cooled? - Shock Cooling: Problem Solved!
		But shock cooling isn't the only enemy - there is also shock heating to consider.
		As the power is increased the exhaust side of the head rapidly heats up while the intake side remains relatively cool.
		This uneven heating introduces the kinds of stresses that lead to cylinder head cracking and loss of valve seats.
	www.liquidcooledairpower.com /lc-shockcooling.shtml (324 words)

	PSRD: Portales Valley meteorite
		The heat source for differentiation is uncertain, as are the exact physical processes and conditions that allowed differentiation to proceed in small planetary bodies with weak gravity.
		Shock heating was not the major heat source involved in differentiation, but the stress waves associated with even modest shock events played a critical role in helping materials to separate and reconfigure during differentiation.
		A shock process was probably responsible for producing the obvious coarse vein structure, as experiments show that such veins cannot be produced easily by static heating.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /Sept05/PortalesValley.html (3228 words)

	No Title
		Although the identification of the slow mode shock supports a paradigm of the magnetic reconnection model as a main engine of plasma acceleration and heating, the occurrence probability to be identified as a slow shock is low.
		The slow shocks associated with magnetic reconnection are thought to be one of the powerful mechanisms to produce the hot and high speed plasmas, which energies are converted from the lobe magnetic field by reducing the amplitude of the magnetic field tangent to the shock.
		We choose the plane defined by the velocity v and the magnetic field B to be the (x, z) plane, and the shock normal z to be parallel to the flow velocity v in the shock upstream.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /IASTP/47 (3634 words)

	Fast Mode Nature of Earth's Bow Shock
		The figure demonstrates that Earth's bow shock is a fast mode shock, as well as showing the presence of gyrating ions in the shock's foot.
		Because the plasma is slowed, heated, compressed (ruling out an intermediate/Alfven shock), and the magnetic field is increased in strength and changed in direction (ruling out a slow mode shock).
		Second, most of the ion heating is perpendicular to the magnetic field and is much larger than the heating expected just from conservation of the first adiabatic invariant across the shock's magnetic ramp.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /~cairns/teaching/lecture13/node3.html (448 words)

	Heating sticker shock trimmed but not tamed by warm start - Dec. 7, 2005
		Heating oil use is now expected to drop 2 percent, rather than the earlier forecast of a 1 percent decline.
		Still, heating a home with heating oil is expected to cost $1,454, the most expensive of the energy options, according to the agency.
		Virtually all the homes using electricity to heat are in the south, giving natural gas about three quarters of homes in cold weather regions of the country.
	money.cnn.com /2005/12/07/news/economy/heating_costs (709 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-0811103-164117
		To this end, an existing mathematical model that has been used to predict low pressure bulk and localized heating of the granular high-explosive HMX ([CH2NNO2]4) is extended to account for compressibility and melting of the pure phase solid.
		The shock loading response of this material is complex and consists of both bulk heating due to compression and compaction, and grain scale heating due to stress localization and plastic deformation in the vicinity of intergranular contact surfaces.
		The model is shown to admit both steady subsonic and supersonic compaction wave structures that result in significant localized heating at the grain scale based on grain contact theory.
	etd.lsu.edu /docs/available/etd-0811103-164117 (390 words)

	CRASH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		This is probably due to adiabatic heating, as the entropy decreases (reasonable since the divergence is positive, there shouldn't be any shocking) during this period.
		Indidentally, this is probably not directly related to the shock, since they only decrease kinetic energy, but more realistically this increase in kinetic energy is a byproduct of the state of the system directly after the shock.
		But during our large shock we get a rather large increase in energy and this is purely attributed to the shock (or processes thereafter) imparting kinetic energy into the gas particles.
	physics.ucsc.edu /~tj/work/shock/crash.html (943 words)

	[15.03] A shock-wave heating model for chondrule formation: evaporation effects on molten particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		It is considered that dust particles, which are chondrule precursors, were heated and melted, and cooled again to solidify in a short period of time, and formed chondrules, although the heating mechanism responsible for the chondrule formation has not been clearly understood yet.
		In the model, dust grains are heated due to the drag heating in the post shock flow.
		Conditions of the shock flow in which dust particles can be heated up to the melting point have been revealed in previous work.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v33n3/dps2001/301.htm (314 words)

	Consumers to see expensive heating season ahead - Sep. 29, 2005
		Prices for natural gas, used to heat about three-quarters of U.S. households, and heating oil, used in just 8 percent of homes nationwide but used heavily in the Northeast, are both near record highs.
		Heating a typical home with natural gas in colder parts of the country is now expected to cost $1,568 this winter, up 64 percent from $957 last year, according to estimates from the National Energy Assistance Directors' Association, which coordinates energy relief for lower-income families.
		As for heating oil, with four oil refineries still down from Katrina and numerous refineries likely to be down a month or more from Rita, refiners nationwide might not be as quick to make the seasonal shift this year from gasoline to heating oil and its twin product, diesel fuel.
	money.cnn.com /2005/09/29/news/economy/heating_costs/index.htm (1096 words)

	6.1 Relativistic shock heating in planar, cylindrical and spherical geometry
		Shock heating of a cold fluid in planar, cylindrical, or spherical geometry has been used since the early developments of numerical relativistic hydrodynamics as a test case for hydrodynamic codes, because it has an analytical solution ([26] in planar symmetry, [183
		contains a summary of the results obtained for the shock heating test by various authors.
		Some authors have considered the problem of shock heating in cylindrical or spherical geometry using adapted coordinates to test the numerical treatment of geometrical factors [249
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-2003-7/articlesu19.html (1248 words)

	[39.10] Collisionless Shock Heating in Astrophysics: Observations of Shocks in Supernova Remnants and Coronal Mass ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The degree of thermal equilibration after the shock is important for the cosmic ray acceleration injection problem and the relative abundances of cosmic ray particles.
		We have measured the kinetic temperature of oxygen and protons in the collisionless shock of SN1006 and in shocks driven by coronal mass ejections(CMEs).
		The heliospheric observations are contrary to early shock theory that would have all species sharing heating equally or mass proportionately.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v35n5/aas203/135.htm (251 words)

	Shock Waves and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
		An assessment is given of the various types of thermonuclear device based on shock heating.
		The classical shock heating process in which the mean free path in the shocked gas is much smaller than the dimensions of the apparatus is analysed and it is shown that shock heating alone is unlikely to yield temperatures in excess of the order of 3 × 10
		The so-called Z pinch types of apparatus are limited by the growth of instabilities whereas the θ pinch devices are limited by the difficulty of recovering energy without undue ohmic losses.
	stacks.iop.org /0370-1328/75/412 (257 words)

	Measurements of Shock Heating Using Al Absorption Spectroscopy in Planar Targets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Heating by laser-driven shocks is important to inertial confinement fusion and other high-energy-density experiments.
		We report on OMEGA laser experiments where 1s-2p absorption lines in Al are used to measure the internal temperature of planar targets irradiated by square and ramped pulses.
		Further, it is found that the addition of Au-coated foams increases the target heating for both pulse shapes.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR00/DPP00/abs/S1340010.html (178 words)

	Scientific Highlights - Fast Electron Heating of Shock Compressed Plasmas
		Electrons, generated in the interaction between the high intensity laser pulse and the compressed fuel, travel through the target to the high density region where they deposit their kinetic energy, heating the fuel and triggering ignition.
		The experiment, conducted by a team led by Dr Dimitri Batani (Univ. of Milan) and funded through the Framework IV Large-Scale Facilities Access Scheme, compared the electron energy deposition rate in a plasma compressed to a few times solid density with that in cold material.
		Andre Bernadinello of Milan University and Fransesca Pisani of Ecole Polytechnique, France align the target in the EU Large Scale Facility access experiment to study fast electron heating of shock compressed plasmas (97RC1761).
	www.clf.rl.ac.uk /Highlights/FastElectronHeating.htm (237 words)

	Heating Sticker Shock
		GALLATIN GATEWAY, Mont. (AP) -- With oil prices going up and up, some people are going to be trying to find cheaper ways to heat their homes.
		Richardson says a lot of his customers are in the area because of the ski resorts.
		Others are ski bumbs who don't necessarily have a lot of money for electricity or heating oil.
	www.wboc.com /Global/story.asp?S=3763865 (318 words)

	MEASUREMENTS OF SHOCK HEATING IN LASER-DRIVEN TARGETS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The heating due to shocks driven into solid targets by high-power lasers is important to
		Rapidly rising square pulses produce shock heating of \sim25eV
		main heat front allowing the stability of the targets to be assessed.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR01/SHOCK01/abs/S450002.html (107 words)

	WSBTV.com - Money - STICKER SHOCK! Heating Bills Cause Gas Pains
		ATLANTA -- Opening this month's heating bill can be dangerous.
		Some homeowners are reporting a 300 percent jump in their monthly natural gas bills.
		WSBTV EEO Information Click here for advertising information.
	www.wsbtv.com /money/6050704/detail.html (275 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #5051758 - Shock heating of the solar wind plasma
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		640104 -- Astrophysics & Cosmology-- Solar Phenomena; SOLAR WIND-- SHOCK HEATING; DISTANCE;ENTROPY;HELIOSPHERE;MATHEMATICAL MODELS;PIONEER SPACE PROBES;SHOCK WAVES;SOLAR PROTONS;VOYAGER SPACE PROBES;WAVE PROPAGATION
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5051758 (134 words)

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