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Topic: Shockley Semiconductor

	Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory was the first company to work on silicon semiconductor devices in what came to be known as Silicon Valley.
		In 1956 William Shockley opened Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory as a division of Beckman Instruments in Mountain View; his plan was to develop a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than current transistors.
		In one famous incident Shockley's secretary accidentally cut her finger and he became convinced it was a plot against him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory (381 words)

	William Shockley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shockley was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956, along with Bardeen and Brattain.
		Shockley believed that the higher rate of reproduction among African Americans was having a "dysgenic" effect, and expressed an interest in eugenics.
		Shockley's published writings on this topic, such as in Letters to the Editor of the Palo Alto Times, were largely based on the research of Cyril Burt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley (1594 words)

	FT.com / Arts & weekend / Books - Madness in the method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		William Shockley, one of three scientists who won the Nobel prize for the invention of the transistor, was a deeply flawed and, for most of his life, thoroughly unpleasant individual.
		And as the head of Shockley Semiconductor, the Santa Clara valley’s pioneering silicon chip company, he was insufferable: his hand-picked, hugely gifted staff left en masse within months to form Fairchild Semiconductor, itself the catalyst for a diaspora of scientific talent that was to create the modern Silicon Valley.
		Shockley was born in London in 1910 of American parents; an only child devastated by his father’s death when he was 15.
	www.ft.com /cms/s/023470c6-0736-11db-9067-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=27955682-300e-11da-ba9f-00000e2511c8,print=yes.html (610 words)

	People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Shockley, a very competitive and sometimes infuriating man, was determined to make his imprint on the discovery.
		In a remarkable series of insights made over a few short weeks, he greatly extended the understanding of semiconductor materials and developed the underlying theory of another, much more robust amplifying device--a kind of sandwich made of a crystal with varying impurities added, which came to be known as the junction transistor.
		At Bell Labs, Shockley recognized early on that the solution to one of the technological nightmares of the day--the cost and unreliability of the vacuum tubes used as valves to control the flow of electrons in radios and telephone-relay systems--lay in solid-state physics.
	www.infoclub.com.np /lifestyle/people/s&t/william.htm (1350 words)

	INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS REGARDING DRUG MNCs,
		Shockley in turn drafted Walter Brattain of Bell, an outstanding experimentalist, and John Bardeen, a theoretical physicist of University of Minnesota.
		Shockley eventually prepared the junction (sandwitch) transistor which was more robust and more practical and easier to manufacture.
		Shockley however saw its potential and founded a company, Shockley Semiconductor in Palo Alto.Those who left him eventually started Fairchild Semiconcuctor and Intel (co-inventor of integrated circuit along with Texas Instruments).
	www.patentmatics.org /pub56.htm (493 words)

	Robert Noyce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert Noyce (December 12, 1927 - June 3, 1990), nicknamed the Mayor of Silicon Valley, co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel in 1968.
		He is also credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip.
		He joined William Shockley at the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory division of Beckman Instruments, but left with the "Traitorous Eight" to create the influential Fairchild Semiconductor corporation.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Robert_Noyce (241 words)

	William Bradford Shockley
		Shockley joined the technical staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 and there began experiments that led to the invention and development of the junction transistor.
		John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and Shockley applied for a patent in 1948 [2]; this device which was described as a germanium "transfer resistance" unit, from which the name "transistor" was derived.
		Shockley continued his research on the device to create the germanium junction transfer transistor, which was much more reliable than the first unit.
	courses.cs.vt.edu /~cs1104/BuildingBlocks/Shockley.html (570 words)

	Shockley Semiconductor
		Shockley man aged to hire eight of the best scientists from the East Coast, who were attracted by his scientific reputation.
		But however brilliant Shockley was, who was called a "marvellous intuitive problem solver" and a "tremendous generator of ideas" by Robert Noyce, it soon turned out that he was "hard as hell to work with", as his style was "oppressive" and he "didn't have trust and faith in other individuals."
		When Shockley refused the suggestions of his eight engineers who wanted to concentrate on silicon transistors, while their boss pursued research on four-layer diodes, they decided to quit and start their own firm in 1957.
	www.silicon-valley-story.de /sv/shockley.html (825 words)

	Shockley's colleagues reflect on the man who brought silicon to Silicon Valley: 10/02
		About 30 colleagues of William Shockley, who came to Stanford in 1963 as a professor of electrical engineering and died in 1989, met Friday at the Center for Integrated Systems (CIS) to honor the co-inventor of the transistor.
		Shockley was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for that accomplishment in 1956, but later in his career publicized views on race, intelligence and eugenics that made him a leper among laureates.
		Shockley left Bell Labs in Murray Hill, N.J., in 1955 and headed west, convinced that germanium was not the material of choice for making miniature electrical switches.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/2002/october30/shockley-1023.html (423 words)

	Silicon Valley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		William Shockley had quit Bell Labs in 1953 in a disagreement over the way the transistor had been presented to the public which, due to patent concerns, led to his name being sidelined in favor of his co-inventors, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain.
		There he intended to supersede the transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley diode) that he felt would take over the market, but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor.
		Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Silicon_Valley (2378 words)

	Articles - Integrated circuit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board.
		The integrated circuit was made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication.
		The semiconductors of the periodic table of the chemical elements were identified as the most likely materials for a ´´solid state vacuum tube´´ by researchers like William Shockley at Bell Laboratories starting in the 1930s.
	www.zdiamond.net /articles/Integrated_circuit (2841 words)

	Mountain View Voice: Silicon chip sprouted at this vegetable market (February 24, 2006)
		The goal of Shockley Labs was to "engage promptly and vigorously in activities related to semiconductors," according to the agreement Shockley had with Beckman.
		Shockley called this bunch the "Traitorous Eight," but they were known in other circles as the "Fairchild Eight." (One of them, Jay Last, joins three other former Shockley researchers at the Computer History Museum this Monday).
		Shockley had a vision that silicon technology and transistors would be a massive industry.
	www.mv-voice.com /story.php?story_id=1062 (668 words)

	Michael Riordan's: Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The cold-war arms race with the Soviet Union had begun, and the fledgling semiconductor industry was destined to be backed by the US government at a pace that was further accelerated by the launch of Sputnik and the subsequent space race with the Soviet Union.
		But even though Shockley thus proved himself again to be a prodigious recruiter of talent, he was unable to manage the creative talent he had brought together with Beckman's backing.
		Matters such as Shockley's gradual change in personality as he became a celebrity, and the changes in the working atmosphere which made Bardeen decide to return to an academic career, are dealt with in a forthright manner.
	www.santacruzpl.org /science/books/crystal_review.html (1222 words)

	Y Combinator: They Would be Gods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In discussing the development of semiconductors in Silicon Valley, many roads originate with Arnold Beckman, the man who hired William Shockley away from Bell Labs and brought him to the San Francisco Bay area to establish the Shockley Semiconductor Labs of Beckman Instruments (now Beckman Coulter).
		Reconciling that impression of Shockley with the small, inadequate, and dirty building that Shockley had leased to start the company was the first of many events informing Kleiner that Shockley's technical brilliance was not matched by practical experience.
		Every semiconductor manufacturer in the late 1960s was fully integrated: grew its own silicon or geranium ingots, designed and manufactured its own circuits, performed its own testing, and integrated circuits into packaging suitable for their end use.
	ycombinator.com /gods.html (7607 words)

	MentoNet - A pocket history
		Shockley, a Palo Alto native, had invented the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey, an accomplishment for which the group later received the Nobel Prize in physics.
		Shockley returned to the Peninsula to establish Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1955.
		The total semiconductor employment on the Peninsula grew from 6,000 workers in 1966 to 27,000 in 1977.
	www.mentonet.com /pages/pockethistory.php?PHPSESSID=83dfe9852ed1de34fdfe6f606e33f861 (1543 words)

	Lab 0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Shockley worked with two other men, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, who were present when Shockley was not to witness the first reactions between electrical signals and crystal germanium.
		Shockley greatly contributed to the refinement of the Navy's radar system and in 1955-56 continued on as a deputy director in the one of Department of Defense's evaluation groups.
		Shockley was a prestigious lecturer and visiting professor at various colleges nd was the first Pontiaff professor of engineering science at Stanford University.
	www.willamette.edu /~ksollino/lab0.htm (395 words)

	Shockley Semiconductor
		Founded in 1955, Shockley Semiconductor was the brainchild of William Shockley.
		Shockley pulled together a team of talented young men who have been referred to as the greatest collection of electronic geniuses ever assembled.
		Shockley Semiconductor was the first semiconductor company to arrive in that area of California -- it gave birth to Silicon Valley.
	www.pbs.org /transistor/background1/corgs/shocksemi.html (162 words)

	William Bradford Shockley
		William Bradford Shockley (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) American physicist, eugenicist and co-inventor of the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics.
		Even so, Shockley thought he should have the patent, since the team's work was motivated by Shockley's idea using field effects.
		He thought this work was important to the genetics of the population, and came to describe it as the most important work of his career, even though it severely tarnished his reputation.
	www.mlahanas.de /Physics/Bios/WilliamBradfordShockley.html (1478 words)

	[No title]
		Shockley, a theorist, designed what was then called a field-effect amplifier (and later called a transistor), but it did not work.
		Shockley, for his part, rode a second wave of celebrity, though it could hardly have been as satisfying as the first.
		Emmy Lanning Shockley, a psychiatric nurse whom Shockley married in 1955 after divorcing his first wife, says an article about a teenager who had been hired to blind a delicatessen owner precipitated her husband's interest in the subject.
	www1.hollins.edu /faculty/richter/327/AbsentCreation.htm (3731 words)

	City commemorates Shockley Lab site (December 15, 2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		William Shockley did much of the groundbreaking work in the 1950s and '60s that led to the creation of the first microchips.
		Emmy Shockley said her husband "had a feeling his work was important, but he had more of an interest in just getting work done." He may have seen the potential of his work to grow, but foreseeing such a pervasive influence was impossible, she said.
		Shockley, who died in 1989, became a controversial figure toward the end of his life for advancing a theory of the intellectual inferiority of African-Americans.
	www.mv-voice.com /morgue/2000/2000_12_15.shockley.html (455 words)

	Chapter Excerpt: How Would You Move Mount Fuji? by William Poundstone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In August 1957 William Shockley was recruiting staff for his Palo Alto, California, start-up, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory.
		Shockley had been part of the Bell Labs team that invented the transistor.
		Shockley, seething at the previous answer, now relaxed like a man sinking into a hot bath.
	www.twbookmark.com /books/36/0316919160/chapter_excerpt16790.html (5171 words)

	ROBERT N
		As it was, Shockley and Noyce's scientific vision -- and egos -- clashed.
		When seven of the young researchers at Shockley semiconductor got together to consider leaving the company, they realized they needed a leader.
		Noyce learned from Shockley's mistakes and he gave his young, bright employees phenomenal room to accomplish what they wished, in many ways defining the Silicon Valley working style was his third revolution.
	www.thiel.edu /digitalelectronics/people/noyce/noyce2.htm (689 words)

	IEEEVM: The Fairchild Eight
		Shockley had an abrasive personality that produced friction with many of his colleagues.
		When Bardeen and Brattain informed Shockley of their invention, Shockley was elated but felt that he had been left out of the work.
		Shockley Semiconductor could have been one of Silicon Valley’s earliest and greatest successes.
	www.ieee-virtual-museum.org /collection/event.php?id=3456896&lid=1 (538 words)

	Discussion to mark 50th anniversary of Shockley Semiconductor Lab
		The founding fathers of the semiconductor industry will discuss the birth of Silicon Valley at a Stanford panel on Sept. 27, in recognition of the 50th anniversary of the launch of Shockley Semiconductor Lab.
		To mark the anniversary, several of the founding fathers of the semiconductor industry, the solid state program at Stanford, and Silicon Valley—many of whom worked at Shockley's lab—are meeting at Stanford for a panel discussion.
		They will discuss the early years of the valley, what it was like to work for Shockley, how their experiences in Shockley's lab influenced their own career decisions and whether Silicon Valley would look the way it does today if Shockley had not recruited them to come to the area.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/2005/september28/shock-092805.html (322 words)

	The Traitorous Eight Traitorously Leave Shockley Semiconductor
		With William Shockley's difficult managerial style, working at Shockley Semiconductor became increasingly difficult for the researchers there.
		Shockley felt betrayed by the people underneath him, yet the researchers still didn't have the leadership they wanted.
		Thus Fairchild Semiconductor was born -- a company dedicated to building transistors the way they wanted to, not the way Shockley decreed.
	www.pbs.org /transistor/album1/eight/index.html (303 words)

	WPS:archives:Solid state datasheets:Shockley
		Shockley was project manager, but it appears that Bardeen and Brattain did nearly all of the real work developing the first transistor, though based upon some of Shockley's earlier physics; Shockley's work was headed in an unfruitful direction at the time.
		Shockley managed to wangle himself into the glory and Nobel Prize post facto, mainly through politics.
		I have a Shockley Transistor Company catalog from 1958 or so, but I cannot find it right now, but I'll scan it and put it here when I do.
	wps.com /www.wps.com/archives/solid-state-datasheets/Shockley (195 words)

	Computer History Museum - Press Room - Fiftieth Anniversary of the Company that put the Silicon in Silicon Valley
		The legacy of the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and the origins of the semiconductor industry in Silicon Valley will be explored in a panel discussion at the Computer History Museum on February 27.
		The Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory was officially announced on February 13, 1956, by Arnold O. Beckman, founder and CEO of Beckman Instruments, and William Shockley, Nobel Prize winner and co-inventor of the transistor.
		In September 1957, a group of eight Shockley employees, led by Robert Noyce and later referred to as the "traitorous eight," resigned to form Fairchild Semiconductor.
	www.computerhistory.org /about/press_relations/releases/20060206_anniversary (641 words)

	Shockley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Born in London and raised in Palo Alto, Shockley received his Ph.D. in solid-state physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1932 and joined the staff of Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, in 1936.
		Dr. Shockley left Bell Labs in 1955 to establish Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory (part of Beckman Instruments, Inc.), an effort that was instrumental in the birth of Silicon Valley and the electronics industry.
		Shockley later became a distinguished professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University.
	www.lucent.com /minds/transistor/inventors3.html (158 words)

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