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Topic: Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory

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	Fairchild Semiconductor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Fairchild Semiconductor was a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, formed in 1957, that introduced the first commercially available integrated circuit (although at almost the same time as one from Texas Instruments) and would go on to become one of the major players in the evolution of Silicon Valley in the 1960s.
		In 1956 William Shockley opened Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Palo Alto; his plan was to introduce a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than current transisors.
		In one famous incident Shockley's secretary cut her finger and he became convinced it was a plot to injure him; and ordered everyone in the company to take a lie detector test.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/f/fa/fairchild_semiconductor.html (667 words)

	Shockley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Shockley returned to the idea of the field effect transistor, in which an externally applied electric field should, according to his calculations, modulate the current in a germanium filament, much as the grid in a vacuum tube controls the anode current.
		Shockley was both proud of their accomplishment and furious that they had succeeded where he had failed.
		Shockley was head of their team and it seemed unseemly that he not get credit, especially since he had produced an even better device.
	www.geocities.com /bioelectrochemistry/shockley.htm (3802 words)

	William Bradford Shockley
		Shockley joined the technical staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 and there began experiments that led to the invention and development of the junction transistor.
		John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and Shockley applied for a patent in 1948 [2]; this device which was described as a germanium "transfer resistance" unit, from which the name "transistor" was derived.
		Shockley continued his research on the device to create the germanium junction transfer transistor, which was much more reliable than the first unit.
	courses.cs.vt.edu /~cs1104/BuildingBlocks/Shockley.html (570 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		William Bradford Shockley, inventor of the transistor, was born in London on February 13, 1910 to American parents.
		While Shockley was a toddler, the family returned to their home in Palo Alto, California, where Shockley spent the majority of his early life.
		Shockley, who holds some 90 patents, died of cancer in 1989 at the age of 79.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/shockley.html (501 words)

	William Shockley: Still controversial, after all these years: 10/02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		About 30 colleagues of William Shockley, who came to Stanford in 1963 as a professor of electrical engineering and died in 1989, met Friday at the Center for Integrated Systems (CIS) to honor the co-inventor of the transistor.
		Shockley was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for that accomplishment in 1956, but later in his career publicized views on race, intelligence and eugenics that made him a leper among laureates.
		Shockley left Bell Labs in Murray Hill, N.J., in 1955 and headed west, convinced that germanium was not the material of choice for making miniature electrical switches.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/02/shockley1023.html (470 words)

	Mountain View Voice: Silicon chip sprouted at this vegetable market (February 24, 2006)
		The goal of Shockley Labs was to "engage promptly and vigorously in activities related to semiconductors," according to the agreement Shockley had with Beckman.
		Shockley called this bunch the "Traitorous Eight," but they were known in other circles as the "Fairchild Eight." (One of them, Jay Last, joins three other former Shockley researchers at the Computer History Museum this Monday).
		Shockley had a vision that silicon technology and transistors would be a massive industry.
	www.mv-voice.com /story.php?story_id=1062 (668 words)

	Shockley Semiconductor
		Shockley man aged to hire eight of the best scientists from the East Coast, who were attracted by his scientific reputation.
		But however brilliant Shockley was, who was called a "marvellous intuitive problem solver" and a "tremendous generator of ideas" by Robert Noyce, it soon turned out that he was "hard as hell to work with", as his style was "oppressive" and he "didn't have trust and faith in other individuals."
		When Shockley refused the suggestions of his eight engineers who wanted to concentrate on silicon transistors, while their boss pursued research on four-layer diodes, they decided to quit and start their own firm in 1957.
	www.silicon-valley-story.de /sv/shockley.html (825 words)

	City commemorates Shockley Lab site (December 15, 2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The laboratory, founded in 1956, was the training ground for a group of ambitious young scientists who later dispersed to form many of Silicon Valley's major companies.
		Emmy Shockley said her husband "had a feeling his work was important, but he had more of an interest in just getting work done." He may have seen the potential of his work to grow, but foreseeing such a pervasive influence was impossible, she said.
		Shockley, who died in 1989, became a controversial figure toward the end of his life for advancing a theory of the intellectual inferiority of African-Americans.
	www.mv-voice.com /morgue/2000/2000_12_15.shockley.html (455 words)

	Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory was the first company to work on silicon semiconductor devices in what came to be known as Silicon Valley.
		In 1956 William Shockley opened Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory as a division of Beckman Instruments in Mountain View; his plan was to develop a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than current transistors.
		In one famous incident Shockley's secretary accidentally cut her finger and he became convinced it was a plot against him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory (403 words)

	John Bardeen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bardeen is also responsible for a theory of superconductivity, the property of some metals to lose all electrical resistance at very low temperatures, and for a theory explaining certain properties of semiconductors.
		He joined the technical staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 and there began experiments that led to the invention and development of the junction transistor.
		His chief field of research involved investigations into the surface properties of solids, particularly the atomic structure of a material at the surface, which usually differs from its atomic structure in the interior.
	www.thiel.edu /digitalelectronics/people/shockley/SBB.htm (375 words)

	Chapter Excerpt: How Would You Move Mount Fuji? by William Poundstone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In August 1957 William Shockley was recruiting staff for his Palo Alto, California, start-up, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory.
		Shockley had been part of the Bell Labs team that invented the transistor.
		Shockley, seething at the previous answer, now relaxed like a man sinking into a hot bath.
	www.twbookmark.com /books/36/0316919160/chapter_excerpt16790.html (5171 words)

	TIME 100: William Shockley
		In what was probably the final straw, he decided the entire laboratory staff should undergo polygraph tests to determine who was responsible for a minor injury experienced by one of the office workers.
		Shockley survived our insurrection, and when it failed, we felt we had to look elsewhere for jobs.
		Nearly all the scores of companies that are or have been active in semiconductor technology can trace the technical lineage of their founders back through Fairchild to the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory.
	www.time.com /time/time100/scientist/profile/shockley03.html (634 words)

	Shockley Semiconductor
		Founded in 1955, Shockley Semiconductor was the brainchild of William Shockley.
		Shockley pulled together a team of talented young men who have been referred to as the greatest collection of electronic geniuses ever assembled.
		Shockley Semiconductor was the first semiconductor company to arrive in that area of California -- it gave birth to Silicon Valley.
	www.pbs.org /transistor/background1/corgs/shocksemi.html (162 words)

	William Bradford Shockley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Shockley studied physics at the California Institute of Technology (B.S., 1932) and at Harvard University (Ph.D., 1936).
		He joined the technical staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 and there began experiments with semiconductors that ultimately led to the invention and development of the transistor.
		Shockley was deputy director of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the Department of Defense in 1954-55.
	www.nobel-winners.com /Physics/william_bradford_shockley.html (349 words)

	William Shockley Moves to California
		Shockley shared his dream of starting a company to build cutting edge semiconductor devices.
		Shockley was lured to the Palo Alto area by Stanford's provost, Fred Terman who thought that a solid research institution in the area would benefit Stanford.
		Shockley's was the first company of its kind to settle in the Palo Alto area, but over the years more and more semiconductor labs -- and the computer industries they initiated -- flocked to the area.
	www.pbs.org /transistor/background1/events/shockleymove.html (389 words)

	Silicon Valley pioneer Kleiner dies at 80
		Shockley, a native of Palo Alto, was working at Bell Labs, in New Jersey, when he recruited Kleiner and other scientists and engineers to work for Shockley Semiconductor.
		Shockley returned to California after his business plan was rebuffed by Raytheon Co. (Lexington, Mass.).
		Fairchild invested $1.5 million in Fairchild Semiconductor, and within a few months the company was operating in the fl.
	www.commsdesign.com /printableArticle/?articleID=19202820 (322 words)

	VIAS Encyclopedia: William Bradford Shockley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		William Bradford Shockley was born on February 13, 1910, as the son of a mining engineer in London.
		Afterwards, he became director of the Shockley semiconductor laboratory at Beckman Instruments, Inc.
		In 1956, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics together with Bardeen and Brattain.
	www.vias.org /encyclopedia/bio_shockley.html (111 words)

	Shockley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Born in London and raised in Palo Alto, Shockley received his Ph.D. in solid-state physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1932 and joined the staff of Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, in 1936.
		Dr. Shockley left Bell Labs in 1955 to establish Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory (part of Beckman Instruments, Inc.), an effort that was instrumental in the birth of Silicon Valley and the electronics industry.
		Shockley later became a distinguished professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University.
	www.lucent.com /minds/transistor/inventors3.html (158 words)

	William Shockley (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.dartmouth.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Notably, the title of his doctoral thesis was "Calculation of Electron Wave Functions in Sodium Chloride Crystals." After receiving his doctorate, he immediately joined a research group headed by Dr. C.J. Davisson at Bell Labs in New Jersey, and began moving up the management ladder.
		During the late 1960s Shockley made statements about the intellectual differences between races.
		Shockley, William Shockley, William Shockley, William Shockley, William Shockley, William Shockley, William de:William B. Shockley es:William Bradford Shockley nl:William Shockley ja:&12454;&12451;&12522;&12450;&12512;&12539;&12471;&12519;&12483;&12463;&12524;&12540;
	william-shockley.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (936 words)

	Silicon Valley Pioneer Kleiner Dies At 80 - Technology News by TechWeb (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.dartmouth.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Kleiner and his seven partners--who Shockley called "the traitorous eight"--left the Shockley facilities in Mountain View, Calif., to establish the Fairchild Semiconductor Co. in Palo Alto.
		Shockley, a native of Palo Alto, was working at Bell Labs, in New Jersey, when he recruited Kleiner and some other scientists and engineers to work for Shockley Semiconductor.
		Shockley returned to California after his business plan was rebuffed by Raytheon, in Lexington, Mass.
	www.techweb.com.cob-web.org:8888 /wire/story/TWB20031125S0002 (356 words)

	William Shockley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Several of them met with Sherman Fairchild and described the situation, and the eight started Fairchild Semiconductor after being given seed capital from Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation to form a semiconductor division.
		Shockley, William Electrons and holes in semiconductors, with applications to transistor electronics, Krieger (1956) ISBN 0882753827.
		A Shockley website (shockleytransistor.com) has been established, using the company name, to honor Shockley and those who first processed silicon in Silicon Valley.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley (2324 words)

	hofame_feb04
		American physicist William Bradford Shockley was born in London on February 13, 1910.
		Shockley joined the technical staff of the Bell Telephone Labs in 1936 and there began experiments that led to the invention and development of the junction transistor.
		He established the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1955 and three years later, became a lecturer at Stanford University.
	www.dreammerchant.net /hofame_feb04.htm (415 words)

	EEProductCenter.com :: Press Release :: Commemorative Display Marks Shockley Labs Building as the Birthplace of Silicon ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In February 1956, William Bradford Shockley, inventor of the junction transistor and Nobel Prize winner, joined Arnold O. Beckman, founder and CEO of Beckman Instruments, to formally announce the establishment of the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View, California.
		To mark the 50th anniversary of Shockley Labs, a commemorative display was unveiled today by Stanley Myers, president and CEO of SEMI, and Nick Galiotto, the Mayor of the City of Mountain View.
		In September 1957, a group of eight Shockley employees, led by Robert Noyce and later referred to as the "traitorous eight," resigned to form Fairchild Semiconductor.
	www.eeproductcenter.com /showPressRelease.jhtml?articleID=X439098 (535 words)

	:: ROBERT NOYCE :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Robert and Noyce, co-founder of Intel Corp., was one of the pioneers of semiconductor development.
		As research director of Fairchild semiconductor, he was responsible for initial development of transistors for mass production.
		On April 25, 1960, Dr. Noyce was granted a patent for his invention of a " Semiconductor Device-and-Lead Structure." This discovery made the microchip possible and launched a modern electronics revolution with the development of his Integrated Circuit.
	a.parsons.edu /~sachiko/hCw/002/noyce.html (249 words)

	Mister Transistor's Historic Semiconductors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		William Shockley left Bell Labs in 1955 because he felt frustrated by the lack of challenge in the work there.
		However, the venture did not go well, partly because of Shockley's managerial style, and partly because he diverted resources away from transistor technology and into the creation of a 4-layer switching diode, a device which he had conceived whilst still at Bell.
		Fairchild Semiconductor, as it became, rapidly advanced transistor technology and developed the monolithic integrated circuit, (although it was Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments who had the original idea and who built the first IC, using germanium).
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/Andrew_Wylie/shock.HTM (275 words)

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