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Topic: Shona language

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	African Languages - MSN Encarta
		Languages in the Mande subgroup are spoken in Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
		Bambara, spoken in Mali, is the principal language in this subgroup.
		Languages of the Adamawa East subgroup are spoken in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), and the Central African Republic.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565449/African_Languages.html (1832 words)

	Shona » www.globat.es
		Shona (or ChiShona) is a native language of Zimbabwe and southern Zambia; the term is also used to identify those Kintu speaking peoples in Southern Africa who speak one of the Shona languages.The language was originally called Karanga.
		Shona is a written standard language with an orthography and grammar that was codified during the early 20th century and fixed in the 1950s.
		However, all Shona dialects are officially considered to be of equal significance and are taught in local schools.
	www.globat.es /Shona (541 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:sna
		Ndau and Manyika are partially intelligible with Shona.
		Shona is the dominant African language of Zimbabwe and is understood by a considerable number.
		Literacy rate in second language: 86% in English and Shona.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=sna (249 words)

	Shona Language
		Shona, or chiShona, is an African language spoken by nearly 80 percent of people in Zimbabwe.
		Shona language presented here has been limited to Shona words and sample sentences commonly used in the four major Shona dialects; Karanga, Zezuru, Manyika and Korekore.
		Unfortunately the language is deteriorating because of the tendency to assimilate foreign languages.
	www.mashumba.com (483 words)

	Shona Language, Culture and Society
		Although Shona identity is believed to be a modern nationalistic invention, the people who define this cultural cluster posses a number of undeniable commonalties such as a shared politico-geographic location.
		The majority of Shona speakers in southern-east Africa reside in the national republic of Zimbabwe, and within the north-western region of Mozambique, with a number of isolated scattered segments in South Africa, Malawi Botswana, and Zambia.
		The term Shona, is a nationalistic modern phenomena which is described as being an artificial ethno-linguistic category used to consolidate an amalgamation of mutually intelligible dialects.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~tonyat/language.html (357 words)

	Shona Tribe
		It was not until the late 19th century that the peoples speaking several mutually intelligible languages were united under the Shona name.
		Shona are linguistically related to the central Bantu and most likely moved into present day Zimbabwe during the great Bantu expansion.
		Vadzimu represent all that is ideal and moral about a Shona way of life and are usually associated with recent ancestors or with more remote culture heroes whose exact genealogy has been forgotten.
	www.gateway-africa.com /tribe/shona_tribe.html (468 words)

	Learn Shona - Shona Books, Courses, and Software
		Shona is one of the two principal languages of Zimbabwe, and its use extends also into adjacent areas of Mozambique.
		Shona is one of the two principal languages of Zimbabwe, and extends also into adjacent areas of Mozambique.
		This volume is intented to give the learner a start in Shona, providing you with dialogs that relate to some of the situations in which he or she is likely to use the language, as well as with systematic practice on all major points of grammar.
	www.multilingualbooks.com /shona.html (843 words)

	Shona People
		Shona are best known for their beautifully adorned wooden headrests.
		Traditionally, Shona peoples lived in dispersed settlements, usually consisting of one or more elder men and their extended families.
		Shave spirits are associated with populations living outside of Shona territory and may be connected to neighboring peoples, Europeans, or even animals.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/people/Shona.html (456 words)

	Shona language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Shona is a member of the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo language family.
		Shona is taught in schools, though isn't used as a medium of instruction.
		Shona is a tonal language with two tones: high and low.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/shona.php (198 words)

	SNA - Shona \| The Consortium For Language Teaching And Learning
		The purpose of this project is to develop curriculum materials to enhance the teaching of the Shona language at the University of Pennsylvania.
		The type of exercises assumes the student has little or no knowledge of the language, and focuses on general, but socially useful, conversations that are explored through dialogues.
		The project provides Shona vocabulary items that are usefulâ€Ž in different situations and is intended to provide students with a vocabulary and pronunciation guide.
	www.languageconsortium.org /taxonomy/term/105 (157 words)

	[No title]
		The term Shona is commonly referred to as a modern invention of post-colonial nationalism.
		The linguistic categorization Shona was first utilized by South African linguist Clemmons Doke in 1931 to consolidate and unify the diverse collection of languages spoken within the then Rhodesia.
		Shona Folklore can be generalized as manifesting itself in both material and non-material forms, which operate as complementary categories in a holistic analysis of Shona culture.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~tonyat/ChiShona2.html (436 words)

	Fortune N-S
		Tone languages; a technique for determining the number and type of pitch contrasts in a language, with studies in tonemic substitution and fusion.
		Language in relation to a unified theory of structure of human behavior.
		A cyclopaedic dictionary of the Mang'anja language Dictionary of the Nyanja language, being the encyclopaedic dictionary of the Mang'anja language.
	www.uflib.ufl.edu /cm/africana/fortune3.htm (3010 words)

	Shona Language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Shona, or chiShona, is an African language spoken by nearly 80 percent of people in Zimbabwe.
		Shona language presented here has been limited to Shona words and sample sentences commonly used in the four major Shona dialects; Karanga, Zezuru, Manyika and Korekore.
		Unfortunately the language is deteriorating because of the tendency to assimilate foreign languages.
	www14.brinkster.com /mshumba (486 words)

	Shona people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shona (IPA: [ʃəonə]) is the name collectively given to several groups of people in Zimbabwe and western Mozambique.
		However, many fl Zimbabweans do not self-identify as Shona, preferring instead to describe their origin in terms of their specific language/dialect group (e.g., Zezuru) or ancestry group (e.g., Rozvi).
		Ancestors of today's Shona groups are believed to have been the first permanent inhabitants of the region where the Great Zimbabwe site was later established, with archaeological evidence of Iron Age occupation in the 5th century AD.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shona_people (255 words)

	Shona language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shona (or ChiShona) is a native language of Zimbabwe; the term is also used to identify those Kintu speaking peoples in Southern Africa who speak one of the Shona languages.
		Shona proper is an official language of Zimbabwe, along with Ndebele and English.
		Shona is a written standard language with an orthography and grammar that was codified during the early 20th century and fixed in the 1950s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shona_language (412 words)

	Shona - Ethnos - Books about the Shona People
		Shona is a native language of Zimbabwe and the term is also used to identify those Bantu tribes in Southern Africa who spoke the Shona language.
		It is an official language of Zimbabwe (together with Ndebele and English).
		Shona is also a written standard language with a codified orthography and grammar.
	www.almudo.com /ethnos/Shona.htm (280 words)

	Shona
		Shona belongs to the Bantu group of African languages, spoken in Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
		As a first language Shona is spoken by about 9 million people, or 80% of the people in Zimbabwe, and it is also spoken in western-central provinces of Mozambique.
		Shona has a rich body of written literature dating back to the advent of colonialism, and reflects Shona's historical use in Africa's contact with Europeans and Christianity.
	aaas.osu.edu /languages/shona.cfm (227 words)

	Artist Profiles - Ephat Mujuru (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unity is a constant theme in his life as well: Ephat has worked to unify Africans and non-Africans, the rivalrous Shona and Ndebele, the rich and poor, traditional and pop musicians, his wife and seven children, squabbling band members, and now with the new recording of Shona Spirit, Dumisani Maraire and himself.
		Says Ephat, "I think Shona Spirit has to be one of the best mbira recordings ever, since Dumi and myself have contributed so much in Zimbabwe as well as in North America." Dumi sums up the project like this, "Music, like culture, language and art, is not fixed; it changes and evolves with time.
		Shona Spirit, the musical document of an unique collaboration between these two accomplished masters of mbira, was conceived and produced by Bob Haddad.
	www.rootsworld.com /rw/motw/profile_ephat.html (1144 words)

	Shona People, their history :::: Bulawayo1872.com
		Shona people are internationally known for two art forms: stone sculpture and mbira music (mbira: an instrument made of a hollow gourd with metal reeds that the player plucks).
		The Shona are a cluster of peoples who have lived for about 2,000 years in a region of the southern Africa Plateau that includes most of ZIMBABWE and part of MOZAMBIQUE.
		The Shona people as they are today are a fragmented horde of tribes with very tenuous bonds of unity between them.
	www.bulawayo1872.com /history/shona.htm (1493 words)

	gairola
		This question is further problematized when education and language are mixed into the complexity of identities and their constructed hierarchies as channeled and/or policed by colonial discourse, which transforms into the norm and thus generates stereotypes, alliances and biases within the native community.
		Hence, education and the English language are popular reflective themes in fictions in English written by Third World women, partly since this knowledge of English has become a vehicle for narrating personal histories, be they through memoir, poetry, or fiction, to a world whose ears are already pricked up and familiar with the English language.
		To demonstrate the intense influence that knowledge of the English language had on her, Alexander metaphorically speaks of her learning of English to the erasing of a flboard - a mental tabula rasa (clean slate) -- in which hegemony via language and culture is inscribed in her psyche.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /jouvert/v4i2/gairol.htm (5006 words)

	African American Registry -- Your Source for African American History
		Located in Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique, their tribal language is also called Shona (Bantu) and their population is around 9 million.
		Traditionally, Shona people live in isolated settlements, usually consisting of one or more elder men and their extended families.
		It was not until the late 19th century that the peoples of this area speaking several mutually intelligible languages were united under the Shona name.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/2557/The_Shona_people_a_soul_in_Africa (525 words)

	allAfrica.com: Africa: Use Indigenous Languages in Science (Page 1 of 2)
		In this Shona biomedical dictionary compiled by Dr Herbert Chimhundu, Nomalanga Mpofu, Esau Mangoya and Emmanuel Chabata of the African Languages Research Institute, the writers engage the imagination of the majority of people with an aim to help improve communication between the caregivers and the patient.
		The Shona biomedical dictionary offers scope and opportunities for reclaiming African languages as media of learning and academic expression and as a medium for the majority of the people to learn within the familiar habits of thought, experience and expression held in their traditional culture.
		Languages are not static, they are dynamic and over time change adopting and modifying terms borrowed from other languages.
	allafrica.com /stories/200801070713.html (988 words)

	Desmond Dale, S.J. - Books - Dandemutande Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		”Shona is one of the Bantu family of languages, which are spoken as far north as Zaire and Kenya and as far south as the Republic of South Africa.
		A characteristic of the Bantu languages, and of Shona itself, is its noun class system, according to which singulars and plurals are distinguished by Class behaviour and corresponding changes to other parts of speech.
		In case the teachers of Shona find fault with it, I should like them to know that I am open to positive criticism, and would welcome their advice and intervention.
	www.dandemutande.org /Catalog?cat=Books&subcat=Language&artist=DaleDesmond (342 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile
		Shona is known by a variety of names: Chi-shona, Chi-vanhu, and Swina, the later of which is considered derogatory.
		Shona also has depressor consonants that cannot be pronounced with high pitch and whose presence lowers the pitch of neighboring tones, both high and low.
		Shona verbs always consist of at least a root, subject prefix, and final vowel (The imperative lacks a subject prefix.).
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=16 (732 words)

	Fortune A-G
		Anderson, W. An introductory grammar of the Sena language; spoken on the lower Zambesi.
		A preliminary investigation into the state of the native languages of South Africa with suggestions as to research and the development of literature.
		Ideophones in Shona; an inaugural lecture given in the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland on 28 April 1961.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /cm/africana/fortune1.htm (5025 words)

	Shona language training course, speak Shona, language courses
		Shona language training is available seven days a week, 365 days a year.
		Suitable tailored and published Shona course materials will be used throughout your course, with recommendations on self-study material and extra reading made at the beginning and throughout the duration of your course.
		Shona belongs to the Bantu group of the Niger-Congo family of languages.
	www.communicaid.com /language-courses/shona/index.php (719 words)

	Shona language resources
		Shona Sindhi Sinhalese Slovak Slovenian Somali Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Turkish Turkmen Twi Uighur Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Vietnamese Warlpiri Welsh Wolof Xhosa Yakut Yiddish Yoruba Zulu...
		Shona The Shona and their ancestors have lived and died on the land of Southeastern Africa for more than 1000 years.
		Shona (or ChiShona) is a native language of Zimbabwe; the term is also used to identify those Kintu speaking peoples in Southern Africa who speak one of the Shona languages.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Shona.html (1440 words)

	Learn Shona Online - Write or Speak in Shona Language Exchange
		A language exchange complements other forms of learning such as classroom, cultural immersion and multimedia, because you get to practice all that you have learned with native speakers in a safe and supportive environment.
		Language exchange learning is also inexpensive because we provide free tips and conversation lesson plans that allow you to do a language exchange on your own.
		Practice your Shona by writing emails (pen pals).
	www.mylanguageexchange.com /Learn/Shona.asp (898 words)

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