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	Shona People
		Shona are best known for their beautifully adorned wooden headrests.
		Shona are linguistically related to the central Bantu and most likely moved into present day Zimbabwe during the great Bantu expansion.
		Vadzimu represent all that is ideal and moral about a Shona way of life and are usually associated with recent ancestors or with more remote culture heroes whose exact genealogy has been forgotten.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/people/Shona.html (456 words)

	Shona music - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shona music is the music of the Shona people of Zimbabwe.
		In Shona music, there is little distinction between the performer and the audience, both are often actively involved in the music-making, and both are important in the religious ceremonies where Shona Music is often heard.
		Shona music is often accompanied by the hosho, a hollowed-out maranka gourd containing hota seeds or other objects that is shaken to generate a sound.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shona_music (553 words)

	Rhythm Walk for Zimbabwe - A 2650 mile benefit hike along the Pacific Crest Trail, raising awareness and support to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mbira (the name of both the instrument and the music) is mystical music which has been played for over a thousand years by certain tribes of the Shona people, a group which forms the vast majority of the population of Zimbabwe, and extends into Mozambique.
		The Shona mbira is also rapidly becoming known around the world, due to tours by both traditional musicians and Zimbabwean electric bands which include the instrument.
		Shona traditional belief is that mbira singing, and well as mbira playing and mbira dancing are inspired in the individual directly from the spirits.
	www.zimwalk.org /shona/index.htm (1582 words)

	Peek article
		Shona musical traditions are an extension of the Shona culture, folklore, wisdom and spirituality.
		Shona therapeutics are an integral part of politics, kinship relations, religion, trade, farming, and sexual life, which reflect not only Shona beliefs and values, but also illuminates power relations around illness and the management of misfortune.
		The Shona traditional healer (n'anga), is not only a medical practitioner, s/he is also as "a religious consultant, a legal and political adviser, a police detective, a marriage counselor and a social worker." In addition, the n'anga in recent history has also played the role of nationalist heroes, activists, and revolutionaries.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~tonyat/Folklore.html (2147 words)

	Mbira: Constraint and Mobility in Shona Society
		Considering that mbira music is the music of the ancestors and that it is of central importance in traditional religious ritual, the Shona belief that the spirits play an important role in the process of learning the mbira is not surprising.
		Shona have persisted through a millennium, and it is still possible to find traces of their ancient society in the music.
		The indirectness of Shona behavior and Shona music further breaks the chains of "Shona as constrained." Shona society is not constraining and rigid; their thinking is not forced to be done in definitive and restricting terms.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Projects/Ottenhoff/paper.htm (5721 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Features
		The Shona people of Zimbabwe live almost exactly on the opposite side of the world from Hawaii, but their approach to music sounds very local kine.
		She is also conducting one-time workshops on Zimbabwean drumming patterns and basic Shona musical concepts utilizing the marimba this weekend.
		She discovered Zimbabwean music in 1970 while she attended the University of Washington and studied African dance, as well as Shona music, with the late Dr. Dumisani Maraire.
	starbulletin.com /2002/11/29/features/story6.html (847 words)

	Artist Profiles - Ephat Mujuru
		Shona music, with it's multi-part texture, is especially conducive to sharing".
		Says Ephat, "I think Shona Spirit has to be one of the best mbira recordings ever, since Dumi and myself have contributed so much in Zimbabwe as well as in North America." Dumi sums up the project like this, "Music, like culture, language and art, is not fixed; it changes and evolves with time.
		Shona Spirit, the musical document of an unique collaboration between these two accomplished masters of mbira, was conceived and produced by Bob Haddad.
	www.musicoftheworld.com /profile_ephat.html (1144 words)

	Zimbabwe: Chimurenga & Tuku Music
		Shona music traditionally serves as a medium for social and spiritual awareness, manifested in part by its striking trance-like quality and interlocking rhythms.
		Mapfumo's music has been termed “chimurenga,” from the Shona word for “struggle.” He spent prison time for political crimes in the '70s, but his first concert after his release was as critical as ever of the regime.
		Mapfumo represented a return to roots for popular music in Zimbabwe, as expressed through his use of the Shona language (though not exclusively), constant reinvention of the mbira (thumb piano), and regular use of rhythms derived from the hosho (shaker).
	www.allaboutjazz.com /php/article.php?id=849 (1936 words)

	CDFreedom: Artist Page
		Shona culture, as with many old cultures, is laden with meaning and symbolism.
		The music can be a springboard for personal reflection and spiritual realization, speaking through a silent voice whose poetry and meaning are individualized to the listener’s feelings and experiences in life.
		As music whose voices (notes) articulate syllables in the vocabulary of its native Shona language, and drawing from age-old traditions of symbolism, ceremony and meaning, we present this music in Shona liturgical format as experienced by this author.
	www.cdfreedom.com /artists/solomonmurungu (414 words)

	Welcome to Marimba Magic
		Some characteristics of traditional Shona music include call and response form, interlocking melodies that repeat in circular fashion, double metric patterns and rhythmic cross patterns played by shakers, drums, and buzzing sounds which are produced on the marimba by cellophane covered holes on the resonators.
		There is music for hunting, drinking, mourning, work, war, and events or festivals significant in the cycle of life: birth, coming of age ceremonies, weddings and death.
		The music we share and the community the music creates are medicine for me. They bring joy to my heart and lightness to my spirit.
	www.marimbamagic.com /music.html (274 words)

	About Shona Music
		Independence in 1980 from British colonization allowed traditional music that had been suppressed to reemerge so that today, traditional and contemporary Shona music is once again an open and vibrant part of Zimbabwean society and is spreading throughout the world.
		Because traditional culture is highly regarded by the Shona, the significance of the mbira musical heritage is recognized by many Zimbabweans.
		The instrument is similar to the kalimba from Zambia that was introduced into jazz music in the U.S. in the early 1970s and is often improperly referred to as a thumb piano.
	www.anzanga.com /shonamusic.html (546 words)

	N. Scott Robinson-World Music and Percussion, Frame Drums, Riq, Tambourines
		Urban musics in Africa are the result of the combining of local traditional elements with Western influences, such as the radio, the microphone, and music business, and instruments like the electric guitar, saxophone, trumpet, electric bass, keyboards and drumset.
		All of these recorded examples of African uses of lamellaphones in urban music are from the past 50 years, but one of the earliest examples of the use of these instruments in recorded popular music is from the African Diaspora.
		In his autobiography (1989), Davis states that, having been inspired by African lamellaphone music, he was trying to limit the scales and chords of his compositions on this recording in an effort to work in a restricted melodic/harmonic framework as a lamellaphone does.
	www.nscottrobinson.com /mbira.php (4333 words)

	Turner Music & Events - Live music booking: SHONA LE MOTTEE BAND
		Shona was also part of the du Maurier Concert Series, the Huron Carol Concert Series, and the MuchMusic Canadian benefit tour for AIDS.
		Shona also recorded two music videos with The Paperboys which were broadcast across the country on "CMT" and "MuchMusic".
		Allan's first exposure to music was in the form of accordion lessons, which he took for seven years in his hometown of Regina, Saskatchewan.
	www.turnerme.com /shona.shtml (1166 words)

	World Music Central - Your connection to World Music
		She was born and raised in Olympia, Washington, where her famous father Dumisani Maraire lived and taught traditional Shona music between 1972 and 1990, and was a renowned stage performer along with her mother, Linda Nemarundwe Maraire.
		As a vocalist, Chi’s musical gift developed and matured with The Storm over the years, and led her to the recording of her first solo CD, Ancient Voices, for which she received the Decouverte Afrique 98 award presented by R.F.I. (Radio France International) and the French Foreign Office.
		Of note was Chiwoniso’s ability to flawlessly interweave English and Shona, an ability that has become a strong signature in her work.
	www.worldmusiccentral.org /artists/artist_page.php?id=1164 (945 words)

	World Music Central - Your connection to World Music
		Ephat Mujuru was born in 1950 in the small Mujuru Village in Rusape, in the province of Manicaland in eastern Zimbabwe, near Zimbabwe's border with Mozambique.
		Ephat had formal studies in Shona music every day after supper, when his grandfather would teach him mbira.
		Sekuru Muchatera Mujuru, was one of the most important Shona spirit mediums of twentieth century Zimbabwe, and a master mbira player.
	www.worldmusiccentral.org /artists/artist_page.php?id=1166 (470 words)

	Zimbabwe: Shona Mbira Music
		In the Shona tradition of Zimbabwe, mbira musicians represent the wise men of the culture; their performance often serves as a catalyst for spiritual awakening.
		And as a broad general introduction to the variety of styles and approaches of mbira music, this record is exceptional.
		The melodies of her songs are inviting and accessible (read: World Music), but the underpinnings retain the interlocking patterns that have long defined mbira music.
	www.allaboutjazz.com /php/article.php?id=44 (1985 words)

	mandara: the performance ensemble
		Mandara is a fascinating assemblage of instrumentalists and vocalists from diverse ethnic and musical backgrounds.
		Included in the presentation will be Dagari music of Upper-West Ghana utilizing traditional xylophone, hand drum and voices, contemporary Shona music for marimba ensemble, and original works that include such styles as South African Mbqanga and Liberian Jibo.
		In the spirit of music as a unifying force for the world's peoples, Mandara's original music combines marimba, vibes, piano, bass, keyboards trombone, drum-set and vocals with traditional instruments from Ghana, Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast, South Africa and the Caribbean.
	www.mandaramusic.com /mandara.html (523 words)

	Music by W. A. Mathieu
		The vitality of the Sufi Choir was to a large extent a response to his death; its demonstrative, often ecstatic music was a transmission of Murshid’s clear-eyed universalism.
		Musical duets can be like fine marriages in high art, replete with intimacy, ongoing trust, passionate joining, the cool trick of hearing the sound of another emanating from yourself, the being in another, but via the music.
		A tamboura is a long-necked instrument with a large gourd resonator, strung with four strings and used for the ever-present drone of Indian music.
	coldmountainmusic.com /music.html (2411 words)

	What Is Chimurenga?
		Thomas Mapfumo coined the phrase chimurenga music to describe his revolutionary music which evolved during Zimbabwe's struggle to gain independence in the early seventies.
		The war of liberation which was dubbed Chimurenga Chechipiri or the second revolution was a fulfilment of the prophesy of a great Shona spirit, Mbuya Nehanda, sister of the great Shona prophet Chaminuka.
		Unlike western music where a few musicians perform for a large audience, the Shona concept is one of every member participating in their own capacity.
	www.zambuko.com /mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/music/chimurenga.html (1824 words)

	HumanSongs.com - Chris Berry and Rujeko Dumbutshena
		Chris speaks fluent Shona and is respected as a drummer, vocalist, and mbira player, with songs that have gone to #1 on the Zimbabwean charts.
		All of the songs on this recording are based upon and inspired by the ancient songs of the Mbira Dzavadzimu, a sacred instrument of the Shona people of Zimbabwe.
		The Music was arranged and composed for the all-acoustic Marimba Orchestra by combining the melodic structure of the ancient Mbira songs with central and west African rhythmical elements.
	www.humansongs.com /chrisberry.htm (424 words)

	Plattsburgh State - Dr. Drew Waters
		In musical terms, song forms are vaired but follow 3 basic principles encountered in Shona Mbira music: there is an emphasis on ostinato, interlocking parts (using hocket technique in which singers alternate short melodic fragments to create a melody), and call-and-response forms.
		Although mbira music is the basis of chimurenga, the traditional ostinato patterns are split between electric and bass guitar.
		The narrative tradition in Japanese music stretches back to the blind biwa players (A type of lute originating in the 13th century, and used to accompany extended narrative.) of the Nara period (7th and 8th centuries).
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /andrew.waters/world_master_list.htm (7745 words)

	World Music Options from Michel Smolens and Second Sight Music
		Shona mbira music is known to have originated in Zimbabwe over 700 years ago.
		The music of Brazil often incorporates the classical guitar sound.
		They have since inspired an entire musical genre, and are now manufactured.
	www.secondsightmusic.com /worldoptions.html (345 words)

	R'R and Shona music
		At that fire, drumming in that circle, Rosalie decided that as she brought improvisational music making back to her community, she would also study the way another community used music in their lives; to learn, to survive, to strengthen and preserve community, to persevere through difficulty, for spiritual health, and to celebrate happiness.
		Although Dumisani did not play mbira dzavadzimu, as he taught about the music using marimbas, song, drum and the smaller kalimba, people in the area became very interested in the music and culture through his teachings.
		Erica Azim has been playing and studying the music for over 20 years; more about her and her organization can be found at www.mbira.org.
	www.rhythmround.com /mbira.html (397 words)

	Zimbabwean Music Festival: 1997 Overview
		The Zimbabwean Music Festival was held in Canada for the first time, May 16 to 18, 1997, on the campus of the University of Victoria.
		Dumisani taught and performed Shona marimba music, nyunga nyunga mbira, singing, drumming, and dance in Seattle from 1968 to 1982 and from 1986 to 1990.
		His presence and activities have attracted numerous fans and students to Shona music; he is the founder of the ever-increasing community of North Americans playing Zimbabwean music in the Western US and Canada.
	www.zimfest.org /97overview.html (1611 words)

	The Kutandara Center - Colorado's Zimbabwean Music Community for Marimba and Mbira
		He is a fluent Shona speaker and gwenyambira ("one whose music calls the spirits"), a distinction reserved only for those who have achieved the highest fusion of the technical and the magical in music.
		David Gweshe is a true pioneer of Zimbabwean music, constantly expanding the boundaries of traditional Shona music.
		Music is used in African communities for ritual ceremonies like weddings and births, as well as for the everyday celebration of life and social engagements.
	www.kutandara.com /learn/visitingartist.htm (1222 words)

	Mbira.org - Shona mbira music of Zimbabwe
		MBIRA is a non-profit organization whose purpose is to educate the public regarding traditional Shona music of Zimbabwe, including mbira music, and to develop a library of recordings to preserve that music.
		One of the primary objectives of MBIRA is to ensure that Shona music activities outside Zimbabwe benefit Zimbabwean musicians and instrument makers.
		A Shona mbira piece consists of a basic cyclical pattern which includes numerous intertwined melodies, often with contrasting rhythms.
	www.mbira.org (276 words)

	Welcome to Shona.ca - The Official Site of Shona Le Mottée
		The music of this album focuses on the driving rhythms and groove typical of Celtic music.
		Shona was born in Jersey and her father now lives in the beautiful beach / countryside setting of Grouville.
		Lyrics and Music (Shona Le Mottee and Tim Readman)/ Mrs.
	www.shona.ca /discography.html (174 words)

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