Short-term memory - Factbites

Short-term memory - Factbites
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Topic: Short-term memory

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	Short-term memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The information held in short-term memory may be: recently processed sensory input; items recently retrieved from long-term memory; or the result of recent mental processing, although that is more generally related to the concept of working memory.
		Miller argued that the unit of measurement for short-term memory capacity is a chunk.
		Short--term memory, sometimes referred to as "primary" or "active" memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time (roughly 15-30 seconds).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Short-term_memory (861 words)

	Visual short term memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The introduction of stimuli which were hard to verbalize, and unlikely to be held in long-term memory, revolutionized the study of visual short-term memory (VSTM) in the early 1970s (Cermak, 1971; Phillips, 1974; Phillips and Baddeley, 1971).
		VSTM is a type of short-term memory, but one limited to information within the visual domain.
		Memory masking refers to an experimental technique in which the addition of a "masking" grating, placed between the reference and test stimuli in a psychophysical VSTM experiment (Bennett and Cortese, 1996; Magnussen and Greenlee, 1992; Magnussen et al., 1991), leads to an increase in psychophysical thresholds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Visual_short-term_memory (2942 words)

	Properties of the Short Term Memory Structure
		Properties of a short term memory structure are discovered in the data of Rubin, Hinton and Wenzel (1999): Cued-recall probability and search time are linearly related from 6 seconds to 666 seconds after stimulus presentation with a zero probability of cued-recall at 2.6 seconds and a 100% recall probability at 1.3 seconds.
		This linear relationship defines a short term memory structure which is a moving structure: the memory structure travels away from the starting point of the search (suggesting that the starting points of the search and storage are the same), decaying with a rate proportional to the time it takes to find the structure.
		The incorrect recall time saturates, giving an upper limit for the number of neurons involved in the short term memory structure of 300 million sing an interneuron transfer time or 4 msecs or 3 million using an neuron-neuron transfer time of 20 msecs.
	cognews.com /1120990820 (264 words)

	Short Term Memory
		Short Term Memory as a structure originated in memory studies which identified decay as a cause of forgetting over brief periods (Peterson and Peterson, 1959) as well as in attempts to explain Serial Position Effect.
		According to this model, working memory consists of three components: a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketch pad, and a central executive.
		Memory Span research supported the limitations found in other studies.
	www.fscwv.edu /users/ffidura/cogpsy/cpshrtrm.html (372 words)

	Short Term Memory
		Short term memory generally lasts a very short time hence the name Short Term Memory .
		If asked within a few minutes what the number was, you probably won't know because the information was stored in short-term memory.
		In order for LONG TERM memory to work efficiently, three elements must work together.
	www.addchoices.com /short_term_memory.htm (611 words)

	Short Term Memory - Defined
		Short term memory involves holding information for brief periods of time, and then forgetting it or deciding to process it further.
		Common examples of short term memory are numbers you look up in a phone book or names of people that you meet at parties.
		Cognitive researchers make a distinction between long term and short term memory.
	www.cognitive-aptitude-assessment-software.com /Glossary/ShortTermMemory.html (399 words)

	Memory II - Lecture Notes by E. Pritchard
		Working memory is constituted of an executive control that directs processing, so the executive control is similar to the idea of attention, a phonological (or articulatory) loop, which stores verbal or linguistic information (the executive does not have any storage capacity itself), and a visuo-spatial sketchpad, which stores images and spatial information.
		This task involved holding an item in memory (such as a number, or word) and counting backwards from a number by 3s (e.g., "405, 402, 399, 396....") at a rate of 2 numbers per second.
		Memory II - Lecture Notes by E. Pritchard
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~epritch1/stm98.htm (1038 words)

	STEP E-Prime Scripts: Memory: Short Term Memory
		Short-term memory describes items that are remembered for a short period of time (up to a couple of minutes).
		Short-term memory is usually investigated using simple items that only need to be remembered for a short period of time.
		The classic measure of the capacity of Short Term Memory is 7, plus or minus 2, which was first proposed by Miller and has held up well since.
	step.psy.cmu.edu /scripts/Memory/STM.html (134 words)

	Short-term memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Miller argued that the unit of measurement for short-term memory capacity is a chunk.
		The information held in short-term memory may be: recently processed sensory input; items recently retrieved from long-term memory; or the result of recent mental processing, although that is more generally related to the concept of working memory.
		Short--term memory, sometimes referred to as "primary" or "active" memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time (roughly 15-30 seconds).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Short_term_memory (859 words)

	EET Templates
		Hebb was not alone in his thinking, as many psychologists advanced the notion of two memory systems: long-term memory (LTM), and short-term memory (STM).
		Additionally, decay appears to be the primary mechanism of memory loss in STM (Kalat, 1998).
		Initially, it was thought that the transfer of information into LTM was a function of time; that is, the longer a memory stayed in STM, the more likely it was to be placed into LTM (Fleming and Levie, 1993).
	coe.sdsu.edu /eet/Articles/stmemory/start.htm (602 words)

	Forsyth's Memory and Cognition Page
		False Memory Syndrome Foundation When the memory is distorted, or confabulated, the result can be what has been called the False Memory Syndrome: a condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships are centered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes.
		Memory Techniques and MnemonicsThis page gives you access to powerful methods for significantly improving the power of your memory and here is the link to their "sales page."
		The Memory Exhibit at San Fransisco's Exploratory is an on-line exhibit of scientific information about memory, and includes research links, games, experiments, and other fascinating on-line learning activities.
	www.has.vcu.edu /psy/psy101/forsyth/zmemory.htm (536 words)

	Short Term Memory
		Since there is no effective way to simply cram thirteen bits of information into a short term memory system that can only handle seven plus or minus two, we need a method which will reduce the number of bits of information about the Double Fan down to a number short term memory can handle.
		These aspects of technique can be transferred from short to long term memory (in other words, learned) separately from any particular move, and thus should not make the Double Fan any more or less difficult to learn than any other step in the Tango.
		This information must be transferred to long term memory before new information can be added to short term memory.
	www.exploredance.com /shorttermmemory.html (944 words)

	Long Short-Term Memory
		The Long Short-Term Memory model [1] is an attempt to allow the unit activations to retain important information over a much longer period of time than the 10 to 12 time steps which is the limit of RTRL or BPTT models.
		The activations of the units are a function of the recent history of the model, and so form a short-term memory.
		The weights too form a memory, as they are modified based on experience, but the timescale of the weight change is much slower than that of the activations.
	www.willamette.edu /~gorr/classes/cs449/lstm.html (766 words)

	Memory, short-term definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		One test of short-term memory is memory span, the number of items, usually words or numbers, that a person can hold onto and recall.
		Short-term memory is involved in the selection, initiation, and termination of information-processing functions such as encoding, storing, and retrieving data.
		Memory, short-term definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7140 (253 words)

	LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY
		The fully self-connected hidden layer contains memory cells and corresponding gate units (for convenience, we refer to both memory cells and gate units as hidden units located in the hidden layer).
		Each memory cell is built around a central linear unit with a fixed self-connection (weight 1.0) and identity function as activation function (see definition of
		For instance, an input gate (output gate) may use inputs from other memory cells to decide whether to store (access) certain information in its memory cell.
	www.idsia.ch /~juergen/nipslstm/node2.html (581 words)

	SHORT-TERM MEMORY
		Sternberg (1966) proposed that short term memory can be scanned in one of two ways, either all at once, called parallel search, or one item at a time, called serial search.
		Baddeley (1992) has developed a model of short term memory which accounts for many of the experimental findings that the modal model cannot--i.e., modality effects.
		2.) Short Term Store: Lasts up to 1/2 minute, has a limited capacity of 7+/-2 chunks of information, begins to extract some meaning from input and forgetting is by either decay or interference.
	home.sandiego.edu /~taylor/stm.html (1910 words)

	Short-Term Memory
		A chunk is a cluster of items that have been previously stored as a unit in long- term memory.
		In their expt, they required S's to only hold one word in STM at a time, and they varied the amount of time the word was held in mind.
		Conclusion: Performing mental reasoning and language comprehension utilize the same mental resources as STM and should be thought of as involving many of the same processes.
	bama.ua.edu /~mklinger/Webcog/stm.htm (743 words)

	SparkNotes: Memory: Short-Term Memory
		Information in short-term memory can be manipulated and rehearsed before being transferred to long-term memory (or forgotten).
		Some cognitive psychologists see short-term memory as a very dynamic place, so it is sometimes called working memory.
		Well, information is short-term memory is lost quickly; it can only be held in the store for a short time.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/cognitive/memory/section1.html (1200 words)

	Memory loss - short term memory loss
		Memory loss- short term memory loss is not a quick fix problem.
		Help avoid memory loss, including short term memory loss and increase memory capacity with TriVita's B-12 memory enhancer.
		In fact, increasing our memory is something we should be doing now while it is still good.
	www.sublingualb12.com /memory_loss.html (208 words)

	EFFECTS OF SHORT TERM MEMORY. Free term papers for college, book reports and research papers. Welcome to Smart Essay
		In this experiment regarding short term memory it is important to recognize that people have an easier time remembering things as a result of being able to relate it to something, or if they find it interesting.
		Consideration with Short Term Memory should be looked at more efficiently to show students and people that try to memorize for a test, or trying to remember a past event should be done correctly.
		Short term memory has proven to be a worthless task in learning.
	www.smartessay.com /essay/005768.html (1614 words)

	Short-Term Memory - Mental Health Disorders on MedicineNet.com
		In a famous study, Saul Sternberg presented subjects with a list of one to six digits (thereby introducing the numbers into short-term memory) and then asked whether a particular digit was on the list.
		Forget those computer metaphors--short-term memory may operate more like a mental time-share system.
		They've devised a new theory that may transform how we think of short-term memory.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=35166 (451 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - STM
		Short term memory, is generally distinguished from long term memory (LTM) as that memory store accessed recent exposure to a stimulus to be recalled.
		STM seems to be more prone to phonological interference than LTM and is generally considered a temporary memory store.
		However, experiments that showed semantic interference in STM and phonological interference in LTM have lead some researchers to reject the distinction as meaningless.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/shorttermmem.html (104 words)

	STS
		But an object of primary memory is not thus brought back; it never was lost; its date was never cut off in consciousness from that of the immediately present moment.
		"An object which is recollected, in the proper sense of that term, is one which has been absent from consciousness altogether, and now revives anew.
		Phonological and Spatial Coding in Working Memory (PET research)
	www.mtsu.edu /~sschmidt/Cognitive/sts (160 words)

	Activity 3E: Short-Term Memory
		In particular, point out that short-term memory is highly vulnerable to distraction (Hopefully exercise #2 demonstrated this fact), and short-term memory has a limited capacity (the reason why most students could not remember all three phone numbers).
		Erase the number and instruct students to write the number down from memory.
		The students will recite this number three times as well but will be interrupted with distractions (you may assign some students to tap on the desk, drop their books on the floor, talk, you may have another teacher come and knock on your door at this time).
	teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu /pa/pa03/0303e.htm (441 words)

	Short Term (Working) Memory 3
		This is called "rote rehearsal" or "maintenance rehearsal." Rote rehearsal or maintenance rehearsal can help you to keep information in short term memory for more than 30 seconds.
		Notice that there is only a dotted line from working memory to long term memory when rote memorization is used.
		However, if you want to remember information for an exam some time in the future, or so you can use it in real life, the information has to make it into long term memory, and it has to get there in such a way that you can get it back out when you need it.
	www.gpc.edu /~mgriffin/PSYC1101Online/Memory/workingmemory3.htm (456 words)

	Experiment 2: Sternberg’s short-term memory model
		As the memories of the words are retrieved, they occupy short-term memory.
		Two memory systems are hypothesized, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
		Long-term memory is assumed to store information indefinitely, and is thought to have an indefinitely large storage capacity.
	www.techsuite.net /bonnet3/nsf/ili97/LAB02.htm (1147 words)

	Down Syndrome: Auditory and Visual Digit Spans in Down Syndrome
		Visual short term memory is improved by providing the individual with high intensity visual input frequently and with intensity.
		Short term memory represents the actual quantity of information the child takes in through his or her eyes and ears.
		Visual processing problems affect such things as awareness of what is happening around us, sight reading, mathematics, our ability to learn from books, as well as the ability to observe and react to changes in facial expressions which affect our ability to interact socially.
	www.einstein-syndrome.com /development/auditory_visual_digit_spans.htm (2221 words)

	Improve Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory, Visual Memory and Auditory Memory
		While visual memory deficiencies are inclined to affect reading and spelling, students with auditory memory deficiencies will often experience difficulty developing a good understanding of words, remembering terms and information that has been presented orally, for example, in history and science classes.
		From long-term memory you can recall general information about the world that you learned on previous occasions, memory for specific past experiences, specific rules previously learned, and the like.
		Visual memory is a person’s ability to remember what he has seen, while auditory memory is a person’s ability to remember what he has heard.
	www.audiblox2000.com /learning_disabilities/memory.htm (1162 words)

	Short-term Memory
		Short-term memory is of particular importance in the auditory modality, where the stimulus doesn't hang around very long.
		This would include at least three processes: Short-term memory; Long-term memory; and the conversion of information from Short-term to Long-term memory.
		NOTES: Still more information on Short-term memory and the differerence between Long-term memory.
	www.csun.edu /~vcoao0el/de361/de361s131_folder/tsld004.htm (126 words)

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In the News (Sat 26 Dec 09)