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	Shoshone Indian Language (Shoshoni, Gosiute, Goshute, Newe)
		Shoshone is a Uto-Aztecan language of the Western Plateau.
		Like Cree and Ojibway, Shoshone is spoken across such a broad geographical region that it forms a 'dialect chain'--speakers of one Shoshone dialect can always understand the dialects of their neighbors, but not necessarily a more distant dialect.
		Panamint Shoshone, or Koso, is considered a separate language by most linguists, because other Shoshone speakers cannot easily understand it.
	www.native-languages.org /shoshone.htm (147 words)

	Shoshone language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shoshone is northernmost member of the large Uto-Aztecan language family, which includes over thirty languages whose speakers originally inhabited a vast territory stretching from the Salmon River in central Idaho down into northern and central Mexico.
		Shoshone belongs to the Numic subbranch of Uto-Aztecan.
		It is an agglutinating language, in which words, especially verbs, tend to be quite complex with several morphemes (meaningful elements of sound) strung together.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shoshone_language (277 words)

	Shoshone and Bannock Culture - Who's Who
		Shoshone people lived in extended family bands, gleaning a living from a mixed diet in a relatively harsh country.
		The Shoshones were the most northerly tribe of this huge language family.
		The Shoshone in Wyoming tell about the Bannocks that visited Salmon River, calling them Northern Bannocks, while those who lived on the lower sections of Snake River are called Southern Bannocks.
	www.trailtribes.org /lemhi/whos-who.htm (2121 words)

	New Page 1
		Language is also organic: it has a life of its own apart from its speakers, and is continually changing, just as culture is continually changing, and language mirrors those changes.
		Such a tremendous loss of languages is also a tremendous loss of knowledge about ourselves as humans, and that is why it is so important for speakers of minority and small languages to take action now to protect a very precious part of their (and all humanity’s) heritage.
		Shoshoni and related languages are classified by linguists as belonging to the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan Language Family.
	www.isu.edu /~loetchri/ronedmo.htm (1105 words)

	Nevada Kids Page - Know Your Nevada Indians
		Students of language have taken basic word lists including words describing parts of the body, simple objects of nature, bodily actions and movements and some simple notions about quantity and quality and have compared them to see if words are the same, or nearly the same in different languages.
		Beginning with the Stock of "Indian" languages, all languages in Nevada are of the Uto-Aztecan or (sometimes called) Utonahuan Stock with the exception of the Washoe, who, together with the Uma are Hokan speakers.
		There are about thirty-one languages belonging to the Utonahuan Stock, including Northern Pauite (Monachi) which includes the Monos; Shoshone, which was Shoshoni-Comanche until the Comanche, having acquired the horse went east about 400 years ago; Ute (several branches), and the Southern Paiute both of which are dialects of Ute-Chemehuevi.
	dmla.clan.lib.nv.us /docs/kids/in-language.htm (694 words)

	Shoshone
		The Shoshone's ancestors are thought to have inhabited areas of present-day Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Oregon more than 10,000 years ago.
		When this photograph was taken in 1906, some Shoshone had begun wearing western clothes, although the Shoshone continued to follow many of their ancient traditions.
		In the mountains of western Wyoming roamed the Shoshone and Bannock.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/shoshone.htm (646 words)

	Shoshone Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Lemhi Shoshones were a division of the Northern Shoshones of the Rocky Mountains, known to the Great Plains tribes as "Snakes." The history of the name "Shoshone," historically the name of one of the bands of that tribe, is unknown.
		Unlike the Western Shoshones of the Great Basin, the Northern Shoshones had acquired horses in the years after 1700 and had become buffalo hunters on the plains; hence, they were strongly influenced by plains culture.
		The robe worn by the Shoshones is the same in both sexes and is loosely thrown about their shoulders, and the sides at pleasure either hanging loose or drawn together with the hands.
	www.nps.gov /jeff/LewisClark2/TheJourney/NativeAmericans/Shoshone.htm (14666 words)

	Blue Earth Alliance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Shoshone is a Numic language and part of the larger Uto-Aztecan language family, which once encompassed Native American cultures extending from the Great Basin to Central Mexico.
		The preservation of their native language is essential for the Shoshone tribe to sustain its cultural values.
		The Shoshone Cultural Center is attempting to identify nearly forgotten vocabulary with the help of the remaining elders.
	www.blueearth.org /projects/shoshone (278 words)

	American Indians - Shoshone
		They watched as Shoshone women were prostituted by their own husbands, made to do all the work of the camp, while the males engaged solely in the excitement of hunting and war (Lewis, 1969).
		They found that the Shoshone males enjoyed a privileged status, while Shoshone females were given a life of drudgery, as indicated by Meriwether Lewis in his log for August 19, 1805: "They seldom correct their children particularly the boys who soon become masters of their own acts" (Lewis, 1969).
		Shoshone Tribal history, and a burial plot marker on the Shoshone Wind River Reservation in Wyoming proclaims that she died at age 78, on April 9, 1884.
	www.americanindians.com /Shoshone.htm (5207 words)

	PBI, Western Shoshone Situation
		According to the Shoshone, when the treaty was signed they did not imagine that so many people were going to come and live on their lands.
		They were heavily criticized by other Shoshone tribes because the Western Shoshone had never ceded their land, either through a treaty or through losing a war.
		The Shoshone appealed this action, but the court ruled that the transfer of money represented payment and therefore, the Western Shoshone had lost their rights to the land.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/41/018.html (2483 words)

	Language Preservation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At this time there are no language classes but we are working to bring back the language classes.
		The community needs to revival, restoration and preservation of the Paiute and Shoshone languages as a permanent element of the living culture of Native Nevadans.
		This is why use of native languages in the home is so important and strongly encouraged.
	www.fpst.org /programs/langpres.htm (186 words)

	Shoshone - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Shoshone or Shoshoni, Native North Americans whose language belongs to the Shoshonean group of the Uto-Aztecan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock (see Native American languages).
		Today the Shoshone live on reservations in California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming.
		In 1990 there were some 9,500 Shoshone in the United States.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-shoshone.html (303 words)

	Noteworthy People 1
		In the Shoshone culture, children are raised not only by the mother, but also by any of their mother’s sisters.
		Their language does not distinguish between mother and aunt, leading to confusion at school when a child is picked up by more than one “mother” on different days.
		Since the younger generation had little schooling in the Shoshone language and therefore didn’t speak it perfectly, they were encouraged (albeit indirectly) to not speak it at all.
	www.idbsu.edu /history/issuesonline/fall2004_issues/p1_notepeople.html (984 words)

	The Shoshone Native American Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Their language belongs to the Numic group of the Uto-Aztecan family.
		The Shoshone are closely related to the Ute, Paiute, Gosiute, and Bannock.
		Shoshone pipe ceremony and peacemaking observed by Meriwether Lewis.
	shoshone.us (611 words)

	Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone
		The 250 Shoshones of Elko were forcibly moved once more before receiving their present parcel of land in 1931.
		The tribe is also passing the Shoshone language on to younger generations.
		The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 allowed the Elko band of Shoshone to organize a government "on a reservation basis only." The Elko Colony is a member of the Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians, with tribal headquarters in Elko.
	www.temoaktribe.com /elko.shtml (716 words)

	Wind River Tribal College Employment Opportunities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Establish and implement short and long-range objectives and operative procedures in the area of Shoshone language and culture.
		Develop and implement new courses in Shoshone language and culture with the goal of establishing an Associate Arts Degree in Shoshone Language and Culture.
		Monitor and evaluate all adjunct instructors in the area of Shoshone language and culture.
	www.wrtribalcollege.com /instructors.htm (523 words)

	Ely Shoshone Reservation
		As the towns were built, the Shoshone were pushed off their lands.
		A language preservation program is taught twice a week and there is a youth intervention recreation program that includes both cultural and sports activities.
		The Ely Shoshone Tribe is constructing a new truck stop on tribal lands south of Ely to help support the tribe.
	www.greatbasinheritage.org /elyshoshone.htm (535 words)

	Shoshone - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Shoshone, Native American tribe of the Uto-Aztecan language family (Native American Languages).
		Shoshone Falls, waterfall, southern Idaho, on the Snake River.
		- Shoshone language: the group of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken by the Shoshone people.
	encarta.msn.com /Shoshone.html (129 words)

	Traditions of Mexico - Indigenous Languages
		The Shoshone Indian people traditionally lived on lands in the east-central area of California to the east of the Sierra Nevada range, including Owens Valley and the lands south of it, which includes Death Valley.
		The Shoshone language is very closely related to the Paiute language, and some Shoshone tribes today live as far north as Idaho and Montana, representing the northernmost stretches of the Uto-Aztecans.
		As you might expect, a family is a group of languages that are genetically and culturally related to one another.
	www.houstonculture.org /mexico/aztec.html (2341 words)

	Canku Ota - August 24, 2002 - In North Dakota, Spell her Name 'Sakakawea'
		When the foreign language of English came to this country, it quickly became the dominant language as more speakers poured into Indian country.
		The "Sacagawea" spelling, which is closer to the Lemhi Shoshone spelling of Sacajawea, may imply a stand on the issue of whether the woman in question was Hidatsa or Lemhi Shoshone.
		But in the Shoshone language, "Sacajawea" means Carrying Burden, according to her descendents.
	www.turtletrack.org /Issues02/Co08242002/CO_08242002_Sakakawea.htm (958 words)

	Newcomb: A farewell tribute to Mary Dann : ICT [2005/05/12] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		She, her sister Carrie, and other Western Shoshones vehemently opposed and continue to oppose efforts by the United States to force a monetary payment upon them for Western Shoshone lands described in the 1863 Treaty of Ruby Valley.
		Western Shoshones, such as the Danns; the Western Shoshone National Council; and the Te-Moak Tribal Council say the disputed lands still rightfully belong to the Western Shoshones as recognized in the Ruby Valley Treaty.
		Western Shoshone elder Mary McCloud, who was unable to attend the gathering, said of the Dann sisters: ''Shame on the United States for trying to strip them of their land'' and for taking their livestock.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096410909 (1044 words)

	Shoshone reunion celebrates culture
		Saving the Uto-Aztecan Shoshonean languages and cultures of Western tribes is serious business, involving classes in schools and coordinating a series of annual cultural reunions.
		Teaching is a full-time job for Standford "Butch" Devinney, 50, a Shoshonean language and culture instructor for Wyoming Indian Schools District 14 in nearby Ethete.
		Devinney said his daily reward in teaching is the feedback from students in the Shoshone language.
	www.casperstartribune.net /articles/2003/07/01/news/wyoming/8de50a0c301978120f4fcd1a40982fcf.txt (1034 words)

	Grand Teton NP: A Place Called Jackson Hole (Chapter 2)
		[36] It is not certain where the Shoshone got their name, but the earlier-used term "Snake" was likely a misinterpretation of the serpentine hand gesture used to describe the in-and-out motion by which they wove their grass-and-brush shelters.
		All were one tribe and spoke one language, and their names did not separate individual political or social groups.
		For the Shoshone, all of life—including religion, politics, daily subsistence, the natural environment and the spiritual world—are interrelated and connected by the life sustaining energy or "puha" that flows through all things.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/grte2/hrs2b.htm (2773 words)

	How To Kill A Nation
		Therefore: it is the solemn duty of the Western Shoshone to protect Mother Earth from all forms of environmental destruction exemplified by open pit mining, atomic testing, storage of nuclear waste, all forms of military testing and the pollution of the ground, air and water.
		The home of the Western Shoshone Nation is primarily in the Great Basin area of Western North America and includes portions of the states of Idaho, Utah, Oregon, Nevada, and California.
		The Western Shoshone Nation argues that this principle, which has carried forward through case law as the foundation for federal power over native peoples of this continent, is nowhere sanctioned in the United States Constitution and is wholly contradictory to basic principles of human rights declared by international law.
	www.nativeweb.org /pages/legal/shoshone/pamphlet.html (1558 words)

	Lemhi-Shoshone Tribes, Sacagwaea, Sacajawea, Lemhi, Shoshoni
		* Shoshone speaking tribes are loosely held clans and groups...similar to the pueblos of the Southwest...each tribe occupied specific territorial lands.
		Sacajawea gives birth to Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, a little boy who the members of the expedition called Pompey...in the Shoshone language means hair.
		Just ahead are the three forks of Missouri where her people were attacked by the Mandans and the place that she was enslaved along a number of childhood friends as well as the place her mother and others were killed trying to protect the children.
	www.lemhi-shoshone.com /sacajawea.html (1455 words)

	Steward's Interpretation of Shoshone/Bannock Subsistence
		Shoshone cultural distinctiveness at the east and west ends of the Snake River Plain, especially in terms of subsistence strategies, was the result of environmental differences.
		The Shoshone and Bannock of the Fort Hall area, historically and to some extent prehistorically, wintered together in the vicinity of Fort Hall.
		Although they were socio-politically similar, they were and are linguistically distinct groups: the Shoshone language is more closely related to Ute and Gosiute; Bannock stems from Northern Paiute.
	www.stoller-eser.com /Flora/steward.htm (588 words)

	University of Wyoming
		The Shoshone culture is tied to specific lessons in subjects such as language arts and mathematics, Atnip says.
		Working in collaboration with the Shoshone Culture Center (SCC), her goal is to teach students about American Indian culture by integrating Shoshone topics and cultural items into the Wyoming kindergarten standards.
		Antell notes that Atnip intends to reinforce Shoshone language and traditions using the trunk's items, including the flash cards she made with guidance from Teran, who recently completed the first Shoshone dictionary.
	www.uwyo.edu /news/showrelease.asp?id=295 (569 words)

	Las Vegas-Clark County Library District
		The Southern Paiute's language is similar to that of the Pima and Papago cultures.
		All Shoshones have long and complicated artistic traditions, as well as a longstanding commitment to the written word.
		Sacajawea, Shoshone for "Boat Launcher," is best known for her indispensable role on the Lewis and Clark expedition, as a translator, negotiator and guide.
	www.lvccld.org /library/info_guides/nahm/nvtribes.html (1237 words)

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