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Topic: Showa Emperor

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Emperor Hirohito

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	Shōwa period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was the longest reign of all Japanese emperors.
		Their mission was to assassinate the government and promote a "Showa Restoration." Prime Minister Okada survived the attempted coup by hiding in a storage shed in his house, but the coup only ended when Emperor Hirohito personally ordered an end to the bloodshed.
		From 1954 and beyond the death of the Showa Emperor, Japan rebuilt itself politically and economically.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Showa_period (2746 words)

	Japanese era name
		Showa is the longest era as of 2003.
		In the Japanese language, the current emperor on the throne is almost always referred to as Ten'no Heika or rarely and less formally as Kin'jyou Ten'no and even more rarely, if ever by his name Akihito.
		Also, his father the 124th emperor is called Hirohito throughout the world, but is always called the Showa Emperor in Japan.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ne/Nengou.html (406 words)

	Hirohito - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In early 1945, in the wake of the loss of Leyte, the Emperor began a series of individual meetings with senior government officials to consider the progress of the war.
		According to some sources, the Emperor privately approved of it and authorised Kido to circulate it discreetly amongst the less hawkish cabinet members; others suggest that the Emperor was indecisive, and that the delay cost many tens of thousands of Japanese and Allied lives.
		He was purposely vague, because the Emperor of Japan was not regarded merely as a human saying "We surrender to the Americans"; he was viewed as the holy leader of Japan, so when he said "accept the unacceptable", most people sitting by the radio didn't know what he meant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hirohito (4346 words)

	Japanese Emperor
		According to mythology, Japan's first Emperor Jimmu, a descendant of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu, was enthroned in the year 660 BC.
		Despite the fact that the effective power of the emperors was limited or purely symbolic throughout most of Japan's history, all actual rulers, from the Fujiwara and Hojo regents to the Minamoto, Ashikaga and Tokugawa shoguns respected the emperor and were keen in having the imperial legitimization for their position as rulers of Japan.
		With the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown, and Emperor Meiji became the head of state.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2135.html (257 words)

	Untitled Document
		Therefore the emperor was put in the paradoxical position of being a constitutional monarch and as the bestower of the constitution to the people.
		In his article "The Showa Era (1926-1989)," Masataka Kosaka explains the role of the emperor in the Meiji Constitution as the centre of politics (Article I) because the new government needed the traditional imperial authority to unify the nation (Gluck, 38).
		Emperor Hirohito, whose rule spanned more than half of the twentieth century (1926-89) and who witnessed Japan's military imperialism and post World War II economic expansion during his rule, was a good testimony to modern Japanese history: both its opportunities and its dilemmas.
	www.iun.edu /~hisdcl/G369_2002/gluck1.htm (2272 words)

	Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun
		Emperor Showa was born on 29 April 1901 at the Aoyama Detached Palace in Tokyo, the first son of Emperor Taisho.
		Accordingly, Emperor Showa performed his duties as stipulated in the Constitution on the advice and approval of the Cabinet, including receiving the credentials of foreign ambassadors, attesting the appointment of Ministers of State and other high officials, welcoming foreign Heads of State and other eminent foreign guests, and granting audiences.
		In September 1987 Emperor Showa was admitted to the Imperial Household Hospital and was operated on to remove an obstruction in the bowel tract.
	www.kunaicho.go.jp /esyouwa/esyouwa.html (788 words)

	The Japan Society of the UK
		Perhaps it is for that reason that most Japanese tend to equate the term 'Showa' with the latter two-thirds of the Showa Emperor's long reign, the period after 1945, when his nation embarked belatedly on the road to peaceful progress.
		Showa was when you ate dinner at low chabudai tables, seated on the tatami, and endured the summer heat in your starched cotton yukata with the help of electric or paper fans and shaved ice, while listening to the shrilling of the cicadas or the chirping of the crickets.
		But the Showa teacher's brief was not necessarily to help each child realise its own potential but rather to mould their charges into social particles able to function optimally in a group (for the boys) or in a family (for the girls).
	www.japansociety.org.uk /lectures/05brinckmann.html (3915 words)

	Japan - The Status of the Emperor
		In the Meiji Constitution, the emperor was sovereign and was the locus of the state's legitimacy.
		The emperor is neither head of state nor sovereign, as are many European constitutional monarchs, although in October 1988 Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs claimed, controversially, that the emperor is the country's sovereign in the context of its external relations.
		The "symbolic" role of the emperor after 1945, however, recalled feudal Japan, where political power was monopolized and exercised by the shoguns, and where the imperial court carried on a leisurely, apolitical existence in the ancient capital of Kyoto and served as patrons of culture and the arts.
	countrystudies.us /japan/111.htm (1305 words)

	Hirohito
		The "objectives" to be obtained were clearly defined: a free hand to continue with the conquest of China and South-east Asia, no increase in US or British military forces in the region, and cooperation by the West "in the aquisition of goods needed by our Empire".
		On the 5th September, Prime Minister Konoe informally submitted a draft of the decision to the Emperor, just one day in advance of the Imperial Conference at which it would be formally implemented.
		Hirohito was spared trial and retained the throne, but Hirohito was forced to explicitly reject the traditional claim that the Emperor of Japan was divine; a descendant of the Sun Goddess.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/Hirohito.html (1646 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		Thus, during the long and eventful reign of the Showa Emperor, Japan emerged from a period of military expansion, culminating in national tragedy, and entered a new period of international cooperation during which it became one of the world's three greatest economic powers.
		Emperor Hirohito was born in Tokyo on April 29, 1901.
		Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako had seven children--two sons and five daughters--the oldest of whom was born in 1925 and the youngest in 1939.
	www.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_hirohito.html (527 words)

	Obituary: Tenno Shôwa - Hirohito (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Since September, when the aging Emperor was first stricken with internal hemorrhaging, he had remained in a second-floor bedroom of his residence within the walled, moated and heavily wooded grounds of the Imperial Palace.
		Emperor Hirohito, once worshiped by the Japanese people as a living god, died at the age of 87.
		For the rest of his life, the Emperor treasured the Paris subway ticket that was his first purchase and a reminder of his first glimpse of freedom.
	vikingphoenix.com /public/rongstad/bio-obit/obithito.htm (1394 words)

	EAJS 05, History, Abstracts
		Since an emperor's reign constitutes a period in history for the Japanese, it is interesting to examine how strongly the two are felt to be the same thing.
		As the Emperor was felt to be a symbol of his age, should he not have automatically borne responsibility for the war in the eyes of the majority of Japanese people, or even served in an essential sense as the symbol of the whole nation's guilt with respect to the war?
		Up until the end of World War II, the position of the Japanese Emperor was based in Shintô: The Tennô was a direct descendant of the Sun Goddess, he was in possession of the Three Crown Juwels all of which are of mythological origins, and he conducted the most important national (Shintô) ceremonies.
	www.univie.ac.at /eajs/sections/abstracts/Section_7/7_7b.htm (1091 words)

	JPRI Working Paper No. 92
		The emperor of my four postwar chapters was an extraordinary survivor, determined to avoid attending the Tokyo Trials, and to do whatever was necessary to ensure the continuity of his dynasty and the imperial institution.
		To have explored the symbiotic relationship between the emperor and the people at different levels might have revealed something important about the willingness of the Japanese—the intended audience for the mendacious messages issued in the emperor’s name—to be duped into believing what their leaders’ told them.
		One was that in assessing evidence on the emperor’s political activities he had been guided by the belief that “truth lies in between the extremes;” the other claim was that he had “avoided value judgments and preconceptions and adopted the method of letting the facts speak for themselves” (p.
	www.jpri.org /publications/workingpapers/wp92.html (5957 words)

	1996 AAS Abstracts: Japan Session 57 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		References to the emperor as head of the national family can be found in local propaganda and in the letters of young Okinawans, many of them eager to prove their loyalty and true Japaneseness conscripted for the devastating Battle of 1945.
		Newsreel stories where the emperor was actually visible and stories when all that was shown was a symbol or a surrogate created a visual hierarchy of imperial involvement.
		As a direct descendant of the sun goddess, the emperor in a sense has a monopoly on sunlight which is then made to impart legitimacy and beauty to a military enterprise ostensibly willed by him.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1996abst/japan/j57.htm (1157 words)

	boys clothing: royalty -- Japan Akahito
		Emperor Akihito acceded the throne on January 7, 1989, upon the death of his father, the Emperor Hirohito (posthumously Emperor Showa).
		Emperor Akihito is the eldest son of Eperor Hirohito and Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Dowager Nagako.
		Emperor Akihito is the eldest son of Emperor Hirohito and Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Dowager Nagako.
	histclo.com /royal/jap/royal-japak.htm (1532 words)

	Session 84: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ken Ruoff traces how General Charles de Gaulle and the Showa Emperor were cast as referents for sanitized official memories of the war in France and Japan, and how these soothing memories crumbled in both these countries after de Gaulle died in 1970 and the Showa Emperor passed away in 1989.
		Both General Charles de Gaulle and the Showa Emperor (Hirohito) were cast as referents for sanitized official memories of the war in their respective countries, and in France and Japan these soothing memories crumbled only after the respective deaths of de Gaulle in 1970 and the Showa Emperor in 1989.
		The emperor’s decision was said not only to have saved the Japanese race from extinction, but to exemplify his true nature, that of a pacifist who had been victimized by the military establishment.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1998abst/japan/j84.htm (1054 words)

	The Emperor of Japan and Members of the Imperial Family
		Olav (Norway), the elder son of the late Emperor Shôwa (Hirohito) and Empress Kojun (Nagako), was born on 23 December 1933 at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo.
		As crown prince, the present emperor acted in matters of state on behalf of Emperor Showa, in accordance with the 1947 Constitution, during his visits abroad and from the time the emperor became seriously ill in September 1987.
		As Emperor and Empress, Their Imperial Majesties have paid state visits to Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand (1991), the Peoples' Republic of China (1992), Belgium, Germany and Italy (1992), the Holy See and the European Union (1993), the United States and Brazil (1994), the United Kingdom and Denmark (1998).
	www.geocities.com /jtaliaferro.geo/imphous.html (3737 words)

	Emperor Showa
		Emperor Meiji sent written instructions to Japanese diplomats in Korea, and made other attempts to achieve a peaceful settlement of the uprising.
		But in 1894, the emperor was forced to declare war on China in the interest of national security, when a Chinese battleship opened fire on a Japanese fleet.
		Emperor Meiji was reluctant to involve his subjects in another conflict, believing that they had suffered enough.
	www.twilighttimesbooks.com /EmperorShowa_ch1.html (1019 words)

	Emperor Hirohito
		Hirohito, the 124th emperor of Japan, was to become Japan’s longest reigning emperor.
		He chose the name of Showa, which means “Enlightened Peace” and was formally known as Showa Tenno, Tenno meaning “Heavenly Sovereign.” Hirohito’s choice of reign name was ironic for in his reign Japan experienced one of the most devastating wars that this world has known, World War II.
		On January 1, 1946 the Emperor once and for all gave up any claims to being a sacred monarch by issuing a rescript that denied his divinity as a descendant of the sun-goddess.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/bios/b3hirohito.htm (1129 words)

	JPRI Working Paper No. 61
		It is sometimes argued that General MacArthur's personal support for the Showa emperor derived from their first meeting (on September 27, 1945), at which the emperor impressed the general with his fine personal qualities and his willingness to take the burden of responsibility for the war upon himself.
		General MacArthur's third great intervention involving the emperor was, of course, the new postwar constitution, in which the formal concept of the "symbol emperor" was introduced--with all the previously mentioned ambiguity this entails.
		He said the Emperor had remarked to him several times that the name given his reign--Showa or Enlightened Peace--now seemed to be a cynical one but that he wished to retain that designation and hoped that he would live long enough to insure that it would indeed be a reign of "Splendid Peace".
	www.jpri.org /publications/workingpapers/wp61.html (3556 words)

	History: Causes of the Showa Restoration
		Sonno joi, "Restore the Emperor and expel the Barbarians," was the battle cry that ushered in the Showa Restoration in Japan during the 1930's.Footnote1 The Showa Restoration was a combination of Japanese nationalism, Japanese expansionism, and Japanese militarism all carried out in the name of the Showa Emperor, Hirohito.
		The Emperor was placed in the mystic position of demi-god by the leaders of the Meiji Restoration.
		During the Showa Restoration, ten years later, these agreements were often cited as examples of where the quasi-democratic Japanese government had gone astray.Footnote19 The time preceding the Showa Restoration appeared at first glance to be the image of a nation transforming itself into a full-fledged democracy.
	www.cyberessays.com /History/35.htm (3282 words)

	Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress
		Emperor Akihito was born in Tokyo on 23 December 1933, to the great joy of the entire nation, as the first son of Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun.
		Since the Enthronement in 1989, the Emperor, together with the Empress, has been discharging a wide variety of official duties in relation to his position as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people.
		Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko attend the Festival for the Cherished Sea in Kyoto Prefecture.
	www.kunaicho.go.jp /e03/ed03-01.html (3079 words)

	TIMEasia.com \| TIME 100: Emperor Hirohito \| 8/23/99-8/30/99
		To understand the Showa Emperor's goals and premises, we must examine his life, as he led it and as it was led for him by his multitudinous helpers.
		Born on April 29, 1901, the eldest son of the Emperor Yoshihito, he was enrolled at the age of seven in the Peers' School.
		At last, the Emperor cast a deciding vote for surrender and later made his memorable broadcast to Japan's people about "enduring the unendurable." It was the first unequivocal decision he had made since 1936.
	www.time.com /time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990823/hirohito1.html (2444 words)

	Decontextualization of Hirohito: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		But, as Sir William went on to point out, the Emperor was granted immunity and 'his immunity was no doubt decided upon in the best interests of the Allied Powers.' That put the question of his guilt or innocence outside the province of the Tribunal.
		To sum up, "[t]he conclusion we must draw from these documents is that Emperor Showa, during the years from his enthronement until the defeat in the war, was not necessarily a constitutional monarch or a pacifist, much less a puppet or a mere robot of the military" (Awaya, 1991, p.
		Unless the Japanese recognize that there is something else they should be discussing regarding the war period of over fifty years ago, their cultural artifacts will always contribute to the dissemination of the dominant ideology that capitalizes on the innocence and ignorance of younger generations in the world.
	www.utexas.edu /coc/journalism/Js363/hiroshima.htm (7484 words)

	NFB - SHOWA SHINZAN
		Showa Shinzan is the story of a man who devoted part of his life to surveying the land around him and recording what he saw.
		(Showa refers to the reign of the Showa Emperor, Hirohito.
		In 1947 Emperor Hirohito’s authority was taken away, and a new political structure was established.
	www.nfb.ca /webextension/showashinzan/guide.html (355 words)

	SHOWA
		On December 25, 1926, upon the death of his father Yoshihito, he succeeded to the throne and was entitled Showa (Enlightened Peace).
		In the immediate aftermath of the war, many believed that the Showa Emperor was an evil mastermind behind the war while others claimed that he was simply a powerless figurehead.
		The health of the new emperor was weak, which prompted the shift in political power from the old oligarchic clique of "elder statesmen" (genro) to the parliament and the democratic parties.
	my.core.com /~klee365/history.html (439 words)

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