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Topic: Shrinking generator

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Stream cipher

RC4 (cipher)

Cryptography

	Kryptographie FAQ: Frage 91: What are the Shrinking and Self-Shrinking Generators? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The shrinking generator was developed by Coppersmith, Krawczyk, and Mansour [CKM94].
		One drawback of the shrinking generator is that the output rate of the keystream will not be constant unless precautions are taken.
		A variant of the shrinking generator is the self-shrinking generator [MS95], where instead of using one output from one LFSR to "shrink" the output of another (as in the shrinking generator), the output of a single LFSR is used to extract bits from the same output.
	www.iks-jena.de /mitarb/lutz/security/cryptfaq/q91.html (159 words)

	US patent appl. no. 08/853,455, filed on 1997/05/07
		Indeed, the present invention may use ten independent pseudo-random number generators (a stream cipher uses only one), in which case the variance in the key stream is implemented by changes in the designation of the key stream to use for a given bit in the message.
		The Frogbit cipher may be implemented with ten completely unrelated pseudo-random generators, either with a single secret key and a seed derivation specification for each generator, or with ten secret seeds.
		The ten independent pseudo-random sources need only to meet the generic requirements to have ten independent pseudo-random sequences securely derived from a secret key (without knowledge of the secret key, it is computationally infeasible to guess any portion of any sequence, or any correlation between any two sequences).
	www.connotech.com /FGBSPECI.HTM (3712 words)

	Improved Cryptanalysis of the Self-Shrinking Generator - Zenner, Krause, Lucks (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We propose a new attack on the self-shrinking generator [8].
		0.4: On Fibonacci Keystream Generators - Anderson (1994)
		10 The self-shrinking generator (context) - Meier, Sta - 1995 DBLP
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /zenner01improved.html (421 words)

	MidNyte 'Complete Re-write Engine' (VX heavens) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Any bugs in a later generation must be traced back to their creation, but this may be through a buggy routine produced by a buggy routine etc.
		Each piece of this new code will be replaced in the next generation by an equivalent of at least the same length, probably more in the generation after that, and so on.
		Code shrinking is the replacement of a long set of instructions with a shorter set of an equivalent function.
	www.vx.netlux.org /lib?id=vmn03 (1787 words)

	World Signal Sources Market
		Shrinking demand for test equipment in the signal generator market has resulted in escalating competition among major test equipment vendors.
		MW signal generators are primarily required for developing, testing, and troubleshooting microwave-based systems such as satellite systems, radars, communications systems, and electronic warfare equipment.
		The adoption of 2.5G services such as GPRS and CDMA2000 that require signal generators with greater modulation capabilities, coupled with the progressive introduction of 3G services is expected to drive demand for a new breed of signal generators in the wireless market.
	www.frost.com /prod/servlet/report-brochure.pag?id=A411-01-00-00-00 (1126 words)

	Shrinking generator -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In (Act of writing in code or cipher) cryptography, the shrinking generator is a form of (Click link for more info and facts about pseudorandom number generator) pseudorandom number generator intended to be used in a (Click link for more info and facts about stream cipher) stream cipher.
		It was published in 1993 by (Click link for more info and facts about Don Coppersmith) Don Coppersmith, Hugo Krawczyk and Yishay Mansour.
		The shrinking generator uses two (Click link for more info and facts about linear feedback shift register) linear feedback shift registers.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sh/shrinking_generator.htm (187 words)

	Use Radiofrequency tissue Reduction for shrinking redundant tissue to treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea and other Sleep ...
		Radiofrequency tissue reduction is a procedure for shrinking redundant tissue.
		It is used to reduce the volume of an enlarged soft palate and uvula as a treatment for habitual snoring.
		The radiofrequency system consists of a programmable radiofrequency generator with temperature and impedance monitoring and a disposable surgical handpiece containing a needle electrode which delivers radiofrequency energy to selected areas.
	www.sleepsurgery.com /Palate.html (542 words)

	Stefan Lucks--some papers
		Our attack for all generic key sizes of Twofish (i.e., for 128-bit, 192-bit and 256-bit keys) improves on exhaustive key search for seven rounds of Twofish with full whitening, and for eight rounds of Twofish without whitening at the end.
		A set F of Boolean functions is called a pseudorandom function generator (PRFG) if communication with a randomly chosen secret function from F cannot be efficiently distinguished from communicating with a truly random function.
		This paper deals with a generalization of Luby's and Rackoff's results (Luby and Rackoff, 1988) on the construction of block ciphers and their consequences for block cipher implementations.
	th.informatik.uni-mannheim.de /people/lucks/papers.html (1939 words)

	Trouble shrinking menu in wave - Subdreamer
		Im having a problem shrinking the spacing between the menu categories.
		Ive gone through the wave1 php file and categories file and cant see a way to shrink the spacing between them.
		The spacing IS in the categories.php, but it is created by using a spacer gif.
	www.subdreamer.com /forum/showthread.php?t=974 (320 words)

	Glossary Page 7
		shrinking generator - A stream cipher built around the interaction of the outputs of two LFSRs.
		sub key - A value generated during the key scheduling of the key used during a round in a block cipher.
		synchronous - A property of a stream cipher, stating that the keystream is generated independently of the plaintext and ciphertext.
	www.lexias.com /html/glossary7.html (579 words)

	IssueIV
		This new generation of phosphine application equipment is "Made in the USA" using state of the art electronics and heavy duty parts.
		The Degesch Generator uses a 100 cfm internal recirculation fan to draw air from inside the structure, mix it with phosphine and return it to the structure.
		The Degesch Generator is designed to produce high levels of hydrogen phosphide (PH in a short period of time from outside of the structure to be fumigated.
	www.degeschamerica.com /news/IssueIV.htm (1543 words)

	Crypto - The Premiere For Cryptography
		However, the sequences generated by single LFSRs are not secure because a powerful mathematical framework has been developed over the years which allows for their straightforward analysis.
		A variant of the Shrinking Generator is the Self-Shrinking Generator, where instead of using one output from one LFSR to “shrink”
		Here the aim is to ensure that the cipher is resistant to any practical amount of cryptanalytic work rather than being secure against an unlimited amount of work, as was the aim with Shannon’s information-theoretic approach.
	www.freewebs.com /cryptology/Tech/StreamCipher.htm (991 words)

	More on Algorithms
		Many problems (such as the maximum flow for directed graphs) can be stated in a linear programming way, and then be solved by a 'generic' algorithm such as the Simplex algorithm.
		heuristic algorithms, whose general purpose is not to find a optimal solution, but an approximate solution where the time or resources to find a perfect solution are not practical.
		An example of this would be local search, taboo search, or simulated annealing algorithms, a class of heuristic probabilistic algorithms that vary the solution of a problem by a random amount.
	www.artilifes.com /algorithms.htm (2232 words)

	Shrinking Product Development Time
		A few years ago, if you asked an auto maker about shrinking the amount of time it takes to bring a new product to market, you were treated to a demonstration of dazzling new digital technologies.
		There were tours of virtual-reality studios that allow computer-generated designs of new cars and trucks to be viewed life-size and in 3-D with the aid of special glasses.
		If you went back a couple of generations, you would have done that by iterating hardware: I build a prototype vehicle and I drive it and play with shocks and springs, all that stuff.
	www.wardsauto.com /ar/auto_shrinking_product_development (2107 words)

	BITNET - Because It's Time NETwork
		BITNET machines are usually mainframes running the VMS operating system, and the network is probably the only international network that is shrinking.
		This network is probably the only international network that is shrinking.
		BITNET machines are IBM VM machines, and the network is probably the only international network that is shrinking.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/BITNET.asp (1492 words)

	On the Efficiency of the Clock Control Guessing Attack (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A widespread technique for the cryptanalysis of those generators is the linear consistency test (LCT).
		In this paper, we consider an application of the LCT in cryptanalysis of clock-controlled bitstream generators, called clock control guessing.
		We give a general and very simple method for estimating the eciency of clock control guessing, yielding an upper bound on the e ective key length of a whole group of bitstream...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /526628.html (345 words)

	Security Group Seminar, 22nd October 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There have been a number of recent developments in the design of clock-controlled shift registers, where feedback shift registers are stepped irregularly in an attempt to break up their linearity while maintaining good statistical properties.
		Among recent developments are the shrinking generator, and the "alleged A5" cipher.
		I shall talk about basic generators such as the step-1/2 and shrinking generators and the attacks proposed by Zivkovic ("embedding") and Golic ("linearisation").
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /Research/Security/seminars/1996/96-10-22.html (208 words)

	Fun with surges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I recently picked up this Biccotest T219 surge generator very cheaply (£15) at an auction.
		I tried some experiments shrinking rings of different sized conductors by placing them inside a 70mm coil of 7 turns.
		There are some images and AVI movies of stuff being exploded with the capacitors from this surge generator on the UK Winter 99 Teslathon page.
	www.redremote.co.uk /electricstuff/surge.html (923 words)

	ECCC Report TR01-078 and related Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Abstract: Many of the keystream generators which are used in practice are LFSR-based in the sense that they produce the keystream according to a rule $y=C(L(x))$, where $L(x)$ denotes an internal linear bitstream, produced by a small number of parallel linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs), and $C$ denotes some nonlinear compression function.
		We present an $n^{O(1)} 2^{(1-alpha)/(1+alpha)n}$ time bounded attack, the FBDD-attack, against LFSR-based generators, which computes the secret initial state $xinbooln$ from $cn$ consecutive keystream bits, where $alpha$ denotes the rate of information, which $C$ reveals about the internal bitstream, and $c$ denotes some small constant.
		The algorithm uses Free Binary Decision Diagrams (FBDDs), a data structure for minimizing and manipulating Boolean functions.
	www.eccc.uni-trier.de /eccc-reports/2001/TR01-078 (157 words)

	Professional Hot Air Heat Shrinking / Welding Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hot-air welding and heat shrinking is increasingly a major factor in modern industrial processes.
		A professional Hot-Air welding or heat shrinking process requires reliable, versatile, and easy-to-operate tools and equipment to simplify the job.
		Our Swiss-made line of hot-air application tools are the professionals preferred choice for heating, curing, melting, shrinking, welding, sterilization, drying, or warming.
	cableorganizer.com /hot-air-tools (551 words)

	Seminar, 6th March 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I shall describe a number of attacks proposed recently on simple binary clock-controlled sequence generators, where one linear-feedback shift register determines the clocking of another shift register which produces the output.
		(The connection polynomials are assumed known.) In particular I shall consider the step[1..D] generator, the shrinking generator, and the closely related alternating-step generator.
		The basic idea is to find out where and with what frequency or probability the output binary sequence can be embedded in the sequence produced by the clock-controlled shift register.
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /Research/Security/seminars/2001/2001-03-06.html (124 words)

	Lund University, Doctoral Dissertation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The clock generator is designed and fabricated using a 350 nm technology and delivers up to 1.15 GHz at 3.3 V supply voltage.
		A free-running ring oscillator is used as internal clock and the output clock is generated using two counters.
		The clock generator is described in synthesizable VHDL-code and can therefore easily be implemented from standard cells found in any commercial CMOS standard cell library.
	www.lub.lu.se /cgi-bin/show_diss.pl?db=global&fname=tec_767.html (493 words)

	High Voltage Sparks and Arcs
		The rate of rise of the pulse from the Marx generator was adjusted to maximize the efficiency of spark propagation.
		Although initial reports of huge 100+ meter sparks were met with some skepticism by scientists and high voltage engineers, a number of power engineers and scientists have subsequently witnessed similar events at this facility.
		Normally, high voltage fuses are designed to either rapidly generate large volumes of internal gas to literally "blow out" the arc (as in an expulsion fuse), or to vaporize a silver wire within quartz sand, creating a high resistance "fulgurite" that quietly opens the circuit (as in a current limiting fuse or CLF).
	teslamania.delete.org /frames/longarc.htm (3189 words)

	Linear feedback shift register (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		LFSR's can be implemented in hardware, and this makes them useful in applications that require very fast generation of a pseudo-random sequence, such as direct-sequence spread spectrum radio.
		LFSRs have long been used as a pseudo-random number generator for use in stream ciphers (especially in military cryptography), due to the ease of construction from simple electromechanical or electronic circuits, long periods, and very uniformly distributed outputs.
		Important LFSR-based stream ciphers include A5/1, A5/2, and the shrinking generator.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Linear-feedback-shift-register.htm (376 words)

	The (a, b)-Shrinking Generator (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Abstract: A new construction of a pseudorandom generator based on a simple combination of two LFSRs is introduced.
		This construction allows users to generate a large family of sequences using the same initial states and the same characteristic feedback polynomials of the two combined LFSRs.
		The construction is related to the so-called shrinking generator that is a special case of this construction.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /kanso02bshrinking.html (172 words)

	Linear Models for Keystream Generators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is shown that an arbitrary binary keystream generator with M bits of memory can be linearly modeled as a non-autonomous linear feedback shift register of length at most M with an additive input sequence of nonbalanced identically distributed binary random variables.
		Several examples including the basic summation generator, the clock-controlled cascade, and the shrinking generator are presented.
		Linear models are the basis for a general structure-dependent and initial-state-independent statistical test.
	csdl2.computer.org /persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/trans/tc/&toc=comp/trans/tc/1996/01/t1toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/12.481485 (750 words)

	Market Shrinking for PCs - Search Engine Optimization, Google Optimization
		Especially the new generation, bred with an idea of monthly bills from the cradle.
		Continuous profits, steady customer base and more people to target in terms of advertising and various plugs throughout their symbiotic relationship with your brand's PC.
		I haven't seen a lot of change yet in general in the market for thin clients.
	www.seochat.com /showblog/1894/Market-Shrinking-for-PCs (1859 words)

	NewsBlog by Aidan O'Rourke photographer writer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Staying at Generator Hostel in the east of the city.
		Yesterday Shrinking Cities Hacienda Memorabilia prints were despatched direct from Fotobox in London to the exhibition office in Berlin.
		Photos will be shown in the Shrinking Cities exhibition opening September in Berlin.
	www.aidan.co.uk /news.php?&startrow=211&newendrow=214&totalrows=214&totalrows=214 (15537 words)

	FISH (cryptography)
		The FISH stream cipher is a fast software based stream cipher using Lagged Fibonacci generators, plus a concept from the shrinking generator cipher.
		The name is an acronym for "Fibonacci Shrinking".
		FISH is quite fast in software and has a huge key length.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fi/fish__cryptography_.html (194 words)

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