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	Shvetambaras
		Though Mahavira and his monks were naked, the Shvetambaras believe that at his renunciation he put on a deva-dusya, divine cloth, given by Sakra, king of the gods, which he wore for thirteen months, after which it caught on a thorn bush and pulled off.
		The Shvetambara canon is not recognised by Digambaras.
		Shvetambaras are concentrated in north west India, in the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/jainism/shvet.html (1988 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Jainism
		Their names reflect what became the chief point at issue between them: Digambara monks go naked because, unlike Shvetambara ascetics, who wear white robes, they regard clothing as a possession, and the renunciation of all possessions is a prerequisite for the monastic life, and so ultimately liberation.
		Closely related to their division over clothing and possessions, Digambaras deny the Shvetambara claim that it is possible to attain liberation from a woman's body, a view which, during the medieval period, provoked a unique debate about the salvation of women.
		Acarya Tulsi, the current leader of the Shvetambara Terapanth sect (which broke away from the Sthanakavasis in the 18th century), began the Anuvrata movement in 1949 with the intention of making Jain values accessible to the whole of society.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761579000___7/Jainism.html (644 words)

	Sthanakavasi -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		a modern subsect of the Shvetambara (“White-robed”) sect of Jainism, a religion of India.
		By the middle of the 19th century, image-worshiping Shvetambara monks had virtually disappeared, and control of temples and ritual passed into the hands of quasi-monastic clerics known as yati.
		Shvetambara monks are allowed to retain a few possessions such as a robe, an alms bowl, a whisk broom, and a mukhavastrika (a piece of cloth held over the mouth to protect against the ingestion of small insects), which are presented by a senior monk at the time of initiation.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9069682?tocId=9069682 (284 words)

	Solitary Path of the Jain Digambara - Articles - House of Hermits - Hermitary
		Shvetambara means white-clad, and refers to the color of the plain cotton garment worn by members of this order, both male and female.
		The usual historical explanation for the chief difference between Shvetambara and Digambara is one of geography, that the ascetics of northern India could not tolerate cold or were not as isolated from other people, while those of southern India were mostly forest recluses and wanderers.
		But the fact that both the Shvetambara and the Digambara accept the belief that Mahavira, the great Jain sage-founder of the sixth century BCE was naked does suggest a later pragmatism that split the monks and created the white-clad order.
	www.hermitary.com /articles/digambara.html (1646 words)

	WELCOME: WWW.JAINSAMAJ.ORG
		While the Shvetambaras call the mythologies caryias or caritas the Digambara term for a mythology is purana.
		But if an unistructed Shvetambara does ask a gift his prayer would be answered not by the thirthankara (who as a matter of fact does not even hear it), but by the yaksha in attendance of the tirthankara.
		Another name of this group is Battisi (the 32-ists) for though they call themselves Shvetambaras, they repudiate 13 of the 45 Shvetambara texts, including the Mahanisiha, for their attitude towards the images, Sthanakavasis are also called Dhundhiya or Dhundhak, meaning the frtile "seekers" in the script.
	jainsamaj.org /literature/shvetam.htm (5088 words)

	WELCOME : www.jainsamaj.org
		The aniconic Shvetambaras are mainly known as Sthanakavasins and Terapanthins (the two branches).
		Shvetambara Jinas are clearly clothed (dhoti) when standing, and depicted with their private parts invisible when seated.
		Shvetambara monks (and, naturally, nuns) were also shown as completely clothed.
	jainsamaj.org /literature/miniature-250904.htm (3575 words)

	Shevtambara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This is the older and less austere of Jainism, a heterodox, ancient Indian philosophy propounded by saints known as Tirthankaras.
		Sthulahadra was a Shvetambara Jain who opposed Bhadrabahu, the noted Digambar Jain, got the history and canons of Jainism recorded (in Prakrit) for the first time by calling a council of monks at Pataliputra.
		The Shvetambaras have gone on adding to their scriptures and some of them are : Anga, Upanga, Prakirnaka, Mulasutra, Nandidut Anuyogadvara and Tattvadhigama Sutra.
	www.goindiago.com /religion/jain/sh_ambar.htm (117 words)

	Shvetambara - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Shvetambara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Svetambaras, unlike Digambaras, neither believe that ascetics must practice nudity, nor do they believe that women are unable to obtain moksha -- Shvetambara women are allowed to become ascetics.
		Shvetambara saints and nuns cover their mouth with a white cloth to practise ahimsa even when they talk.
		Shvetambaras are less strict and believe that through change one can follow ahimsa on a larger scale.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Shvetambara.html (128 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Jainism
		The nuns (nearly all Shvetambara) outnumber the monks by four to one, and this imbalance seems to have been the case throughout Jain history.
		During the rainy season it is not possible to make harm-free progress on India's roads, because of the proliferation of wildlife, and for that period monks and nuns take up residence in lay-maintained lodging houses (upashraya), sometimes situated in temple precincts.
		During this retreat the major Shvetambara festival of Paryushan takes place (over eight days in September), when ascetics recite and comment publicly on canonical passages dealing with the life of Mahavira.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761579000__1/Jainism.html (2215 words)

	Jain theory on clothing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The disagreement is that the Shvetambaras believe that for the monks today sthavira-kalpa is applicable, (that being as the monks) where as the Digambaras insist that the monks must follow the Jina-kalpa.
		The Shvetambara monks are in the line of Sthulabhadra, whereas the Digambara monks are in the line of Vishakhacharya.
		According to some Shvetambara accounts the split occured in A.D. 83 and according to some Digambara accounts it occured in A.D. Archaeological and other evidence indicates that there was no clear separation until about 5th century A.D. That is the reason many authors before this time are accepted by both sects.
	www.dd-b.net /~raphael/jain-list/msg00684.html (335 words)

	Siddhanta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For Jainism, the religion's canon varies between the three primary sects, with Sthanakavasis believing in no scripture.
		Both the Digambara and Shvetambara believe that the "purest" Jainist teachinges were contained within the Purvas, which have been mostly lost.
		Of the surviving Jain scriptures, the Digambara tend to focus upon the Prakaranas; while the Shvetambara focus upon the Angas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siddhanta (119 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Among the Shvetambaras also there rose a new group in the 15th century who believed that image worship was not mentioned in the canon.
		The other sect, the Shvetambaras assert that the oral traditions of the time of Mahavira were actually put down in the written form in the fifth century AD, i.e., a thousand years after Mahavira.
		The list of the successors of Mahavira in the pontificate, as known to the Shvetambaras, is given in the Kalpasutra in the chapter known as Theravali (or Sthaviravali), and also in two of their canonical works.
	www.cs.colostate.edu /~malaiya/jainhist.html (18057 words)

	JAIN HERITAGE CENTRES - ARTICLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is worth outlining the part played by the Jain acharyas and literati of the Kharatara gachcha, viz, Jinachandra (the third), Jinakushal, Jinasagar, Jinaharsha and Jinachandra (the fourth) of the Kharatara gachcha; Suri Jaikalyan, Jaichandra, Ratnashekhar of the Tapa gachcha, Kakka Suri of the Upakesha gachcha, and Merutunga, Jaikirti and Jaikesari of the Anchala gachcha.
		It was due to the unswerving efforts and zeal of the Jain acharyas, suris, authors and propagators/propagandists that the staunch Muslim rulers had to issue permits for carrying out sangha-yatras and pilgrimages.
		Its sadhus, whether Digambara or Shvetambara have been the paradigms of non-accumulation or non-possession (aparigraha), restraint (sanyam) and church-dis cipline (sangha-anushashan).
	www.jainheritagecentres.com /articles/jainisminmedievalindia.htm (14119 words)

	Shri Sirohi Tirth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		From 1405 onward, after the devastation of Chandravati at the south- eastern foot of Mount Abu by Muslim forces, it was the capital of Sirohi State, up to Independence in 1947 when it was incorporated into Rajasthan.
		To illustrate the view of Sirohi being a suitable place for undertaking short excursions, there is, to start with, seven kilometres from Sirohi Road towards Abu Road a prominent hill with a large complex of temples called Bamanvad.
		It is sacred to Mahavira and a popular destination for Shvetambara pilgrims.
	www.jaintirths.com /rajasthan/sirohi.htm (514 words)

	Svetambaras (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Kalpa Sutra in the present form is also the first text of the Shvetambara Church, not accepted by the Digmabaras.
		But if an uninstructed Shvetambara does ask a gift, his prayer would be answered not by the Tirthankara (who as a matter of fact does not even hear it), but by the yaksha in attendance of the Tirthankara.
		Haribhadra Suri laid the foundation of the Shvetambara intellectual movement, which culminated with Hemacandra Suri in the 12th century.
	www.jainworld.com /jainbooks/images/18/Svetambaras.htm (6006 words)

	Digambara -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ascetics of neither sect bathe because personal cleanliness is a feature of the world they have abandoned and because they believe that bathing would destroy organisms living in the water.
		The Digambaras also reject the Shvetambara canon of religious texts and believe that the early literature was gradually forgotten and lost completely by the 2nd century
		The Digambara influence in southern India from the 5th to 14th century was considerable, but it diminished as Hindu devotional Shaivism and Vaishnavism grew.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9030423 (432 words)

	gaccha -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		among the image-worshipping Shvetambara sect of the Indian religion Jainism, a group of monks and their lay followers who claim descent from eminent monastic teachers.
		Although some 84 separate gacchas have appeared since the 7th–8th century, only a few have survived, such as the Kharatara (located mainly in Rajasthan), the Tapa, and the Ancala.
		The most obvious Islamic influence is in the repudiation of image worship by...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9035770?tocId=9035770 (333 words)

	Pilgrimage Tours of India : The Jain Tirthas
		Nearby Ayodhya is connected with a variety of Jain saints, and is said to be the ancient capital of Bharata, the first Jain Monarch.
		There are five mountains sacred to Jain Shvetambara sect : Abu, Girnar, Shatrunjaya, Samneta and the legendary Mount Ashtapada.
		The largest Shvetambara temple city in India, it has over 1000 thousand jain shrines and 800 temples.
	nri.indif.com /nri/pilgrimage/jaintirthas.asp (215 words)

	Was the impact of Early Indian Christianity on Jainism the cause of the split into Digambara and Svetambara?
		This is in contrast to the practice followed by the parallel sect, the Digambara, which does not admit women into the ascetic order and whose monks are always nude.
		Since the northern and southern branches lived at a distance from one another, however, variations in their ritual, mythology, and literature did arise.
		The most serious issue, the question of whether it was possible for a monk who owned property (e.g., wore clothes) to achieve moksha (spiritual release), led to the division into two sects in AD 80 (according to the Shvetambaras, AD 83).
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/2104/jainism.html (878 words)

	German News - Feb'05 - Jain Studies in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The first translator of four old and basic texts of the Shvetambaras in the `Sacred Books of the East' series was Hermann Jacobi (1850-1937), whom the Jains called "the sun of the Jain Doctrine" (Jaina-darshana-divâkara).
		Some 500 of these, many of which are Shvetambara, found their way to Berlin.
		With the help of film material which Alsdorf had made in India, Gustav Roth, a student of Helmuth Hoffmann (Munich), was able to get his PhD in 1952 with a thesis on Mallî-jñâta, chapter 8 of the canonical Nâyâdhammakahâo, for which he also referred to the Digambara versions.
	www.germanembassy-india.org /en/germannews05/feb/pg22.html (963 words)

	Untitled
		The scriptures according to the Shvetambara Jains are composed of twelve limbs (angas) and 34 subsidiary texts (angabahya).
		Among the angabahya the best known is the Uttaradhyayana Sutra, an anthology of dialogues and teachings believed to be the last sermon of the Mahavira, and the Kalpa Sutra, containing biographies of the Jinas.
		The Tattvarthasutra of Umasvati (2nd century a.d.) is a systematization of Jain doctrine into concise aphorisms in the style of the Hindu Vedanta Sutras; its Digambara commentaries include the Sarvarthasiddhi of Pujyapada, the Tattvartharajavartika of Akalanka (8th century a.d.), and the Tattvarthaslokavartika of Vidyanandi (9th century a.d.).
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/duchamp/122/jainism.html (774 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Shvetambara Acharyas say that Mahavir was married to a charming princess, Yashoda and lead a life of a householder for 30 years.
		Both Digambara and the Shvetambaras assert that Mahavir led a life of Shravat, a layman up to the age of 30.
		His parents died when he was 28 and he stayed for two years with his elder brother before he renounced the world.
	www.jainspirit.org /books/academic.htm (1038 words)

	Welcome to Multifaithnet - Jainism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Angas are traditionally held by the Digambaras to have twelve books, based on the teachings of Mahavira, but which are no longer available in their original form.
		The Shvetambara and the Digambara are the names of the two main monastic traditions in Jainism which are also used in respect of their lay followers.
		The Shvetambara include groups such as the Sthanakvasis, as well as the Terapanthis who are a sub-group of the Sthanakvasis, and are characterised by the wearing of a muhpatti (piece of cloth) over their mouths to avoid harming even with the tiniest living beings in the air.
	www.multifaithnet.org /religions/jainism/index.asp (980 words)

	Welcome to Jain Spirit Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Digambara sect of Jainism vehemently insists that women cannot attain moksha (emancipation of a soul from the cycle of birth and death, also known as samsara), whilst the Shvetambara sect steadfastly refuses to claim exclusively male access to the liberated state (Arhat or Siddha).
		The legend of the 19th Tirthankara Malli/Mallinath is found in the 6th Anga of the Shvetambara canon, Nayadhammakahao, which was committed to writing approximately 980 years after the Nirvana of Mahavir.
		The Shvetambara tradition maintains that Malli was a female.
	www.jainspirit.com /js1/viewindex.asp?currency=&article_id=LatestIssueFeatures&customer_id=par1821743WFYKYADN738 (881 words)

	Kundakunda: APTAMIMAMSA (Sanskrit - English)
		In the 9th century, Acarya Vidyanandi the great polemician wrote a comprehensive 8000 karika commentary on Akalanka's `Ashtashati' known as the 'Ashtasahasri'.
		Upadhyaya Yashovijaya, the Shvetambara thinker composed the massive 16000 karika masterpiece `Ashtasahasritatparyavivarana' based on the `Aptamimamsa'.
		In Eastern philosophy, doctrine is based on the statements of the authority.
	kundakunda.blogspot.com /2005/09/aptamimamsa-sanskrit-english.html (574 words)

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