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Topic: Siad Barre

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	History of Somalia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Siad Barre was also secretary general of the SRSP, as well as chairman of the Council of Ministers, which had replaced the CSS in 1981.
		Siad Barre's new Western friends, especially the United States, which had replaced the Soviet Union as the main user of the naval facilities at Berbera, turned out to be reluctant allies.
		Although the Siad Barre regime received some verbal support at the League of Arab States summit conference in September 1982, and Somali units participated in war games with the United States Rapid Deployment Force in Berbera, the revolutionary government's position continued to erode.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Somalia (9707 words)

	Siad Barre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali: Maxamed Siyaad Barre) (1919 – January 2, 1995) was the Head of State of Somalia from 1969 to 1991.
		Barre was born near Shilabo, Ethiopia, although he later claimed to have been born in Garbahaarreey in order to qualify for the Italian colonial police force.
		Siad Barre also championed the concept of a greater Somalia which aimed to unite Djibouti, the Ogaden (region of Ethiopia) and the Somali region of Kenya under a so called greater Somalia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siad_Barre (807 words)

	barre - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Barré, Isaac (1726-1802), British soldier and political leader, born in Dublin.
		Barre, city in Washington County, central Vermont; settled in the late 18th century, incorporated as a city in 1894.
		The son of a nomadic camel herder, Barre served with the Somali police...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /barre.html (163 words)

	Somalia - GOVERNMENT
		Siad Barre was determined to implement policies to benefit the country economically and socially and to diminish the political influence of the clans.
		Siad Barre's determination to limit the influence of the country's clans was reflected in sections of the code that abolished traditional clan and lineage rights over land, water resources, and grazing.
		During the final assault on Siad Barre's forces, in December 1990 and January 1991, guerrillas of the Abgaal faction of the USC infiltrated Mogadishu, whose population was approximately 80 percent Hawiye, and successfully fought without the assistance of either the SNM, the SPM, or the Habar Gidir faction of the USC.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/somalia/GOVERNMENT.html (8744 words)

	[No title]
		General Siad Barre's rule was marked by a war with Ethiopia, a flip-flop in political alliances from the Soviet Union to the United States, and growing allegations of human rights abuses.
		Siad Barre's regime, particularly when opposition appeared, was swift to reactivate clan links, and the alliance of his own Marehan, his uncle's Ogaden clan, and the Dolbuhunta clan of his son-in-law, formed the basis of his power.
		When Siad Barre came to power he found a capital city that was rundown and shabby; when he fled, 21 years later, he left a city still as shabby and rundown, but with the additional serious damage brought about by the artillery fire of his own troops.
	www.netnomad.com /barreobits.html (1593 words)

	NomadNet:Siyaad Barre Obituary
		On the evening of 26 January 1991 Mohamed Siad Barre was forced by opponents of his regime to flee Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, for his clan homelands.
		Siad was ''chosen'' to be General Secretary of the Party, as well as head of state, and chairman of both its politburo and central committee.
		Siad came to rely more and more on his wider family, including his in-laws, and those of his clansmen who were military men rather than politicians or skilled bureaucrats.
	www.netnomad.com /barregrnfldobit.html (2248 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Somalia
		Within Somalia, Siad Barre's regime confronted insurgencies in the northeast and northwest, whose aim was to overthrow his government.
		Siad Barre insisted that his version of socialism was compatible with Quranic principles, and he condemned atheism.
		Until the downfall of Siad Barre's regime, the NSS remained an elite organization staffed by men from the SNA and the police force who had been chosen for their loyalty to the president.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/somalia.html (13093 words)

	Somaliland Net:the defeat of Siad Barre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In January 1991, after a concentrated two-month assault on Mogadishu by insurgents, Somalia's President Mohammed Siad Barre and the remnants of his regime were forced to seek refuge in their traditional clan area in the southwestern corner of the country.
		Siad Barre, a southern Somali, had come to power on October 21, 1969 at the head of a military junta that overthrew a largely ineffectual civilian regime.
		Almost immediately after victory over the Siad Barre regime was achieved at the beginning of 1991, there was fighting in and around the town of Borama, in the middle of traditionally Gadabursi territory to the west of Hargeisa.
	www.somalilandnet.com /history.shtml (2759 words)

	Somalia: The Fallen Sub-Saharan African Country (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		One of Siad Barre first actions as head of state was to assume personal control of the government, and he introduced the policy of "scientific socialism".
		Siad Barres response to the political and economic difficult was to tighten his own control, although he allowed the introduction of a new constitution with an elected assembly, within a single party system, in 1977.
		In 1987, Siad Barre reluctantly agreed to the creation of the post of Prime Minister, which was first held by General Mohamed Ali Samatar (it seems all of Somalias leaders are Generals), formerly, the vice-president and defense minister.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/ice/SOMWAR.HTM (2965 words)

	Russian and East German Documents on Ethiopia
		According to Siad, he had to condemn such a point of view in his speech at the Khalan Military School in particular, he had to say that such statements should be considered anti-Somali propaganda aimed at subversion of the Somali revolution.
		Siad alleged that the struggle for power in the Ethiopian leadership was still going on, and that there were no positive changes in the state apparatus of that country.
		Siad said that the provision about development of those lands had not been included in the original agreement on Fanole project construction only because of the incompetence of the Somali representatives who signed that document.
	www.banadir.com /77/6.shtml (1292 words)

	Small Wars Journal
		By the end of Siad Barre’s rule, the Somali clans were reeling from the years of his terrible persecution.
		The consequence of Barre’s mandatory military training for Somali males and his reform and restructuring of the Somali Army was a significant number of clan militiamen with formal military instruction and combat experience.
		Throughout the conflict, Siad Barre’s forces had practiced a “scorched earth” policy on the areas they had occupied in an effort to deny their use to the rebel clans.
	www.smallwarsjournal.com /documents/norquist.htm (13238 words)

	Somalia:1988
		Moreover, in reaction of Barre’s counter measure, Issak elders believed that the massive arrest and killing vis-à-vis of Issak people, both in the north and south by the governmental force signify that the clan as whole was under threat.
		Siad Barre also used former Ogadeni refugees, now integrated into regular army and other non-Issak local clans to fight against SNM and Issak people with government supplied arms.
		Although at the end, the Barre’s regime regained the control of northern regions, yet SNM was able to maneuver in the countryside, and because weapon flu to local population, the north also became a lawless territory.
	www.empereur.com /somalia1988.html (1898 words)

	THE GEESKA AFRIKA ONLINE & HAN
		Once it became clear that Barre's rule was coming to an end in the early 1990's, he lost control of the nation's armed forces and on January 27, 1991, Siad Barre's dictatorship came to an end.
		He Barre was granted asylum by the Nigerian government and lived in Lagos until his death in January of 1995.
		When Siad Barre was overthrown in 1991, the opposition shattered into warring factions, some of which wanted to secede.
	www.geeskaafrika.com /igad2020_29july04.htm (1678 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A group of army officers unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the government in April 1978; in October 1980 Barre declared a state of emergency and reinstated the "Supreme Revolutionary Council" which ceased to function since 1976.
		In December 1986 Siad Barre was re-elected by 99% of the vote.
		A bloody conflict erupted between the two factions of the USC and the newly appointed president fled the capital Mogadishu in November 1991.
	www.arab.net /somalia/so_barre.htm (381 words)

	US Department of the Army: Analysis of Somalia, December 1993
		The most significant political consequence of Siad Barre's twenty- one-year rule was an intensified identification with parochial clans.
		However, his insensitive rhetoric and discriminatory appointment and promotion policies had the effect, by the mid- 1970s, of alienating the heads of the leading Majeerteen lineages, the very persons whose attitudes were decisive in determining the clan's political orientation.
		Nevertheless, the president was reluctant to take immediate action against the signatories because of the risks involved in antagonizing so many different clans and further straining diplomatic relations with donor countries that had become critical of his regime's human rights policies (see Foreign Policy, this ch.).
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Hornet/horn_sml.html (2827 words)

	Comments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Siad Barre was charged of genocide against the Isaaq clan in the northwestern Somalia in an attempt to control the livestock trade
		When Barre was deposed in January 1991, power was claimed and contested by heavily armed guerrilla movements and militias based on traditional ethnic and clan loyalties.
		Siad Barre was ousted in a coup in 1991, and while Somaliland went its own way, the rest of the country descended into years of anarchy.
	somalilandweb.blogdrive.com /comments?id=175 (2324 words)

	The Return of Siad Barre's Generals.
		He has notably named officers who served under the late President Siad Barre, some of whom fought in the war against the Issaq in the North of the country (later named Somaliland).
		The Somali army's new chief of staff, General Muse Hasan Sheykh, is of the Ogaden/Darod clan, a close relation to Mohamed Abdulle Hasan (whose nickname is the "mad mullah") and described as moderate and not overly clanic in his outlook.
		Defecting to the side of Ali Mahdi, he coordinated the forces rebelling against the president, while managing to marginalize General Mohamed Farah Aideed, whose rebel army were the largest and whose mortal enemy he was to remain until the latter's death in an August 1996 gun fight.
	www.somaliawatch.org /archivefeb01/010328101.htm (423 words)

	Allgedo Online
		Canadian investigators soon learned he was actually a long-serving official in the government of Siad Barre, the dictator responsible for widespread abuses.
		After the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, he moved to Toronto and disappeared.
		Guled Mohamed Siad: The son of Somali dictator Mohamed Siad Barre, he served as a diplomat in his father's regime and was vice-chairman of the Somali Petroleum Agency.
	www.allgedo.com /jubba/war_thugs.htm (404 words)

	Somalia: Missed Peace Opportunity in 1991
		In 1990, Siad Barre refused the pledge of Manifesto Group, which suggested replacing Barre with an interim committee.
		This is also important to notice that the fall of Siad Barre coincided with Gulf War then Balkans war, hence, disinterested by western peace bookers.
		Barre’s son, General Maslah and son in law "Morgan" went abroad through Kenya on an arms purchashing mission.
	www.empereur.com /somalia1991.html (1619 words)

	Press Action ::: Somalia and Iraq: Looking Back and Ahead
		Siad Barre, Somalia’s dictator, cultivated a relationship with the USSR due to U.S. support of Ethiopia Under the rule of the feudal emperor Haile Selassie, Ethiopia was a bitter rival of Somalia.
		“From the late 1970s until just before Siad Barre’s overthrow in early 1991, the U.S. sent hundreds of millions of dollars of arms to Somalia in return for the use of military facilities which had been originally constructed for the Soviets,”; Zunes declares.
		Siad Barre shifted to the United States, which was at the time looking for strategic insertions in the Persian Gulf area.
	www.pressaction.com /news/weblog/full_article/mickeyz03242004 (1145 words)

	News From the Courts - March 1, 2005
		Under the government of Siad Barre, the Migdan clan was allowed to assume political positions, and the Petitioner's husband was given a position within the government.
		Additionally, the fact that one of the militiamen was the Petitioner's neighbor and knew the Petitioner well enough to know that her husband worked for Siad Barre, further supported the conclusion that the militia were motivated by the Petitioner's political opinion.
		The government may satisfy this burden by showing that there has been a fundamental change in circumstances within the country, such that the Petitioner and her sons no longer have a well-founded fear of persecution or that they could avoid persecution by moving to another part of Somalia.
	www.visalaw.com /05mar1/5mar105.html (1271 words)

	Somaliland Forum
		In fact, the Italian government was the last government that tried to save Siad Barre from being overthrown by the popular revolt, thus working against the principle of democracy in the former Somali Democratic Republic.
		However, after the downfall of the dictatorship, Italian intervention continued and "[t]he minute Siyaad [Siad Barre] fled Mogadishu, Italian Ambassador Mario Sica is reported to have urged businessman Ali Mahdi, leader of a wing of the USC, to proclaim himself President before the entrance into Mogadishu of General Aideed and his armed volunteers...
		But the former Somali Republic, later renamed the Somali Democratic Republic, by dictator Siad Barre, was formed out of a union of two newly‑independent states‑‑‑‑namely, the State of Somaliland, formerly the British Protectorate of Somaliland, and Somalia, formerly Italian Somalia, in 1960.
	www.somalilandforum.com /slf/press_release/20001206_slf_ec_023_2000.htm (2889 words)

	Somalia Insurgency 1982-1988
		Three major cities are predominantly, if not exclusively, Isaaq: Hargeysa, the second largest city in Somalia until it was razed during disturbances in 1988; Burao in the interior, also destroyed by the military; and the port of Berbera.
		About 4,000 died in the fighting, but 1,000, including women and children, were alleged to have been bayoneted to death.
		Bitter cross-clan feuding fed by the inept and brutal one-party rule of Muhammad Siad Barre (Siyad Barrah) came to a head in the spring of 1988 when the Somali National Movement (SNM) began taking over towns and military installations in the north.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/sierra/somalia1982b.htm (2009 words)

	Bridges \| Safirka (III)
		Apparently Siad's Soviet advisers had "whispered in his ear" that Egal was plotting against him in New Delhi.
		Relations with Siad and his officials were seldom easy, though I grew fond of a few of them like Raqiya Haji Dualeh Abdalla, a woman deputy minister who published, in London, the first book on the horrid practice of female circumcision and infibulation.
		In October 1984 Siad Barre had ordered an amnesty to celebrate fifteen years in power, and it put a lot of thieves back on the street.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_7/bridges3.html (2982 words)

	Italy’s Myopic View of Somali Affairs Is Intolerable
		Somalia—For two decades (1970-1991), the government of Italy was the prime supporter of the regime of dictator Siad Barre, the very man who led the former Somali Democratic Republic down the road of ruin and civil war; it ceaselessly provided him with armaments and other forms of aid until the house fell upon him.
		[t]he minute Siyaad [Siad Barre] fled Mogadishu, Italian Ambassador Mario Sica is reported to have urged businessman Ali Mahdi, leader of a wing of the USC, to proclaim himself President before the entrance into Mogadishu of General Aideed and his armed volunteers.
		But the former Somali Republic, later renamed the Somali Democratic Republic, by the dictator Siad Barre, was formed out of a union of two newly- independent states----namely, the State of Somaliland, formerly the British Protectorate of Somaliland, and Somalia, formerly Italian Somalia, in 1960.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/33/110.html (1540 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Siad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Somalia comprises almost the entire African coast of the Gulf of Aden and a longer stretch on the Indian Ocean.
		Somali Rebel Forces Claim Victory; President Siad Barre, Loyalist Troops Said to Be Surrounded
		Somali Rebels Form Interim Regime; Longtime Ruler Siad Barre Said to Be Fleeing Toward Kenya
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Siad (208 words)

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