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	TWINSTUFF.COM--Conjoined Twins
		The overall survival rate of conjoined twins is somewhere between 5-25% and historical records over the past 500 years detail about 600 surviving sets of conjoined twins with more than 70% of those surviving pairs resulting in female twins.
		Twins are united from the waist to the lower breastbone, probably accounting for about 34% of conjoined cases.
		While they were able to successfully separate the skulls of this craniopagus set of twins, tragically they were not able to successfully separate the blood stems from their two separate brains and both ladies died on the operating table on July 8th, 2003.
	www.twinstuff.com /conjoined.htm (1057 words)

	Siamese twins. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Siamese twins remain attached at the abdomen, chest, back, or top of the head, depending on where the division of the ovum has failed.
		In some instances the individuals are joined only by a band of musculofibrous tissue and can be separated surgically, but in other instances they share vital organs and separation may not be possible.
		The name Siamese twins derives from the most famous of conjoined male twins, Chang and Eng, born in Siam of Chinese parents in 1811.
	www.bartleby.com /65/si/Siameset.html (246 words)

	TWINSTUFF.COM--Twinstuff Conjoined Twins Timeline, 2002
		The surviving twin is reported to be in good health following the removal of the fetus twin from her body.
		The Siamese Twins (born in Thailand, once Siam--it's certainly appropriate that the twins can be called Siamese Twins) shared parts of the heart and liver.
		The twins, Mim and Alif, briefly survive the separation surgery to become the first twins in their country to survive that type of surgery but each twin dies within 10 hours of the operation.
	www.twinstuff.com /conj-2002.htm (772 words)

	Blue Ridge Country
		Another theory held that the five-inch-long and three-inch-wide band that connected the twins was a lifeline which, barring immediate surgical intervention, would pass death from one to the other.
		From this, you may learn that the twins were born near Bangkok, in the isolated kingdom of Siam (which became Thailand in 1939), to Chinese parents; they were named "right" and "left," later married sisters from Wilkes County, N.C., and fathered 22 children between them (no pun intended).
		When the twins were born, none of the midwives would touch them for fear of becoming cursed.
	blueridgecountry.com /newtwins/twins.html (3275 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - Conjoined Twins
		Conjoined twins are among the rarest of human beings.
		Separating conjoined twins is not only technically challenging; it can involves life and death decisions about whether one twin should be sacrificed in the hope of saving the other.
		When one twin dies, the heart of the other twin keeps pumping until he or she is drained of blood.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/horizon/2000/conjoined_twins.shtml (634 words)

	Types of Conjoined Twins
		Once called "monstrosities", conjoined twins are increasingly accepted into our everyday lives as we grow to understand their unusual physical and emotional bonds and learn more about the science behind their development.
		Conjoined twins can be artificially generated in amphibians by constricting the embryo so that two embryos form, one on each side of the constriction.
		Conjoined twins are usually classified by the point at which they are joined (the Greek word pagos, meaning "that which is fixed.") There have been as many as three dozen separate types identified in the last century.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /cleave4a.html (448 words)

	Newswise
		When conjoined twins, or what's commonly known as "Siamese twins," are born, it's automatically assumed they should be separated.
		Resisting urging by doctors to have the twins institutionalized, their mother took them home and raised them in what would be considered a "normal" setting.
		When the twins are very young and the separation surgery is simple enough that it doesn't result in the death or long-term disability of one of the twins, that is quite acceptable, she says.
	www.newswise.com /articles/1998/4/TWINS.MSU.html (650 words)

	Indiainfo.com -> News -> World -> Operated Siamese twins remain stable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Singapore: The Nepali Siamese twin sisters, who were earlier joined at the head, are in stable condition after 90 hours of successful operation carried out to separate their heads.
		The twins are kept asleep to allow their vital signs to stabilise and to relieve the pain.
		The twins, who were there in Singapore since October along with their poor grandfather, got operated after doctors volunteered the operation with the help of funds covered by public donations.
	newsarchives.indiainfo.com /2001/04/11/11siam.html (284 words)

	Conjoined Twins: the cutting edge
		The motives driving this argument may be exemplary – twins may be separated in order to enjoy a conventional life and to avoid discrimination against their difference (although in Mary's case, separation merely made her fit a conventional coffin) – but we are unconvinced that fears for twins' welfare justify such a step.
		The case of the conjoined twins is one such instance of moral controversy, because of the inevitable death of Mary resulting from separation, and the inevitable (yet preventable) proximate death of Jodie without separation.
		The case of conjoined twins is more complex than usual conflicts between ostensible agent and partial agent, or even partial agent and partial agent, because the nature of the conjunction between twins may render choices made in respect of one twin a violation of the precautionary rights of the other.
	webjcli.ncl.ac.uk /2002/issue5/clucas5.html (17196 words)

	US Facts and Figures about Twins
		Fraternal twins (dizygotic) result when two eggs are released by the mother at the same time and each egg is fertilized by a different sperm.
		The term Siamese twins was coined as a reference to Eng and Chang, who achieved international fame shortly after leaving Siam as teenagers.
		One of the best-known cases of conjoined twins is that of Eng and Chang Bunker, who are born in Siam (now Thailand) -- hence the phrase "Siamese twins." They are joined at the waist by a tubular band of tissue about 3.25 inches long and about 1.5 inches in diameter.
	twinsworld.com /stats.html (2128 words)

	SignOn San Diego Strange But True -- Siamese twins find it hard to lead separate lives
		Twins Masha and Dasha of the 1960s were surgically inseparable, each with two arms but only three legs between them--two good ones and a vestigial third.
		Nowadays, separation is usually attempted, depending on the organs shared, though often one of the twins dies.
		In bizarre cases, one twin will be complete while the other appears as an extra arm or head, reports "Twins: Nature's Amazing Mystery." The " parasite" may even be totally within the other, like a cyst or tumor ranging from a complete fetus to a tennis-ball-sized growth containing teeth and hair.
	www.sosdmail.com /news/diversions/strange/20010228-0228strange39.html (590 words)

	US expert to examine India’s Siamese twins -DAWN - International; October 4, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Twins joined at the head, known in medical terms as craniopagus twins, are rare, occurring once in every two million live births, according to Johns Hopkins hospital, and among the most difficult to separate.
		The specialist was also a member of at least three other attempts to separate conjoined twins, including the unsuccessful 2003 operation on the 29-year-old Bijani twins from Iran.
		Twins who are physically joined are often called “Siamese twins” after the performing brothers Chang and Eng, who were born in 1811 in Thailand, then called Siam, and often shown at public exhibitions.—AFP
	www.dawn.com /2005/10/04/int11.htm (322 words)

	Siamese Twins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The twin may be discharged within ten days and their rehabilitation will begin at their housing accommodations in Riyadh.
		The twin will now be exposed to an intensive physiotherapy and rehabilitation program for the coming two (2) weeks, and thereafter, they may be ready for discharge home.
		Today, both twin are breathing normally, opening their eyes, smiling, and interacting with their parents.
	www.conjoinedtwins.med.sa /previous/egyptian/report.html (837 words)

	BBC News \| HEALTH \| Siamese twins to be separated
		Siamese twins Jodie and Mary should have an operation to separate them, even though one will certainly die, the Court of Appeal has ruled.
		The cost of the twins' treatment is being funded by the NHS in a reciprocal agreement between the British and Maltese governments.
		The twins were born at St Mary's Hospital in Manchester six weeks ago.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/health/newsid_937000/937449.stm (758 words)

	HOPKINS NEUROSURGEON SEPARATES ZAMBIAN SIAMESE TWINS, PRACTICED WITH 3-D "WORKBENCH"
		When Carson later operated on the Banda twins, he found that their skulls were like one long tube, with no separation between one brain and the other.
		The 7-month-old twins, who also were joined at the head, died within hours of the surgery because they were symbiotic, sharing heart and kidney functions.
		The Binder twins were joined at the backs of their heads and shared the sagittal superior sinus, the major blood drainage system of the brain.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /press/1998/JANUARY/980115.HTM (669 words)

	Social History fo Conjoined Twins
		These early theories were reflected in those of scientists two centuries later who suggested that conjoined twins resulted from the blending of two initially independent twin embryos or from the fertilization of one egg by two sperm.
		Chang and Eng introduced the term "Siamese Twins" into our language, and introduced the world to a side of nature that was usually hidden away, ignored, or feared.
		The twin's bond was seen as an argument for union and the fusion of the states, while the alternative explanation was that such a connection was "monstrous" and unnatural.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /cleave4b.html (2609 words)

	CNN.com - Factfile: Conjoined twins - September 22, 2000
		Conjoined twins have existed for centuries, with the first recorded pair being born in Armenia in 945.
		The overall survival rate of conjoined twins is between five percent and 25 percent with about 75 percent of the surgical operations since 1950 resulting in one or both of the twins surviving.
		Conjoined twins originate from a single fertilised egg dictating that they are always the same sex and race.
	www.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/UK/09/15/siamese.facts (352 words)

	The Hensel Twins.
		Abigail and Brittany Hensel are conjoined twin - products of a single egg that for some unknown reason failed to divide fully into identical twins.
		Each of the Hensel twins has her own heart and stomach but together they rely on three lungs.
		The paradoxes of the twins' lives are metaphysical as well as medical.
	members.tripod.com /%7emidnightwill/twins.html (802 words)

	Siamese twins on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		TOGETHER BY CHOICE More than a century after the deaths of the original Siamese twins, their descendants rediscover the strength of family bonds that are a little less literal
		Qld: Siamese twin dies in emergency separation surgery
		Surival of twin rests with death of her sister, parents told; SIAMESE BIRTH: Mother's agony at ordeal ahead.(News)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Siameset.asp (568 words)

	Pediatric Pathology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is an uncommon complication of monozygous twinning in which there is fusion of the twins.
		The scientific term applicable in the case shown here is craniothoracopagus, or twins joined at the head and chest.
		There is only one brain, and the hearts and gastrointestinal tracts are fused as well.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /WebPath/PEDHTML/PED023.html (58 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| More about \| Jodie and Mary, the conjoined twins
		The fate of the conjoined twins Jodie and Mary hung in the balance last night after the court of appeal gave the go-ahead for them to be separated but also agreed that the girls' parents could take their objections to the operation to the House of Lords.
		I say that reluctantly, because another part of me is not entirely convinced that a courtroom is the right place for such agonising issues to be determined anyway.
		8 September, leader: The case of the conjoined twins, Jodie and Mary, is a parent's worst nightmare.
	www.guardian.co.uk /more_about/0,5167,393496,00.html (664 words)

	Joined Siamese Twins Pose Dilemma for Catholic Parents, UK Court -- 09/05/2000
		The parents of the three week-old twins, named Jodie and Mary by the court to preserve the family's anonymity, rejected the verdict that would result in the death of the weaker one, and appealed the ruling.
		Doctors have warned that a failure to separate the twins, who are joined at the abdomen and share one heart and set of lungs, will result in both of them dying in 3-6 months.
		The twins' parents said in a statement to an earlier court hearing that they did not believe it was "God's will" to allow one child to die in order to save the other.
	www.cnsnews.com /ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=\ForeignBureaus\archive\200009\For20000905f.html (936 words)

	Pediatric Pathology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These twins shared a heart and liver and several other organs were partially fused.
		Attempts at separation of such twins can either be viewed as heroic new technology or expensive futility.
		The survival rate with significant fusion of organs is essentially nil.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /WebPath/PEDHTML/PED024.html (55 words)

	Chang and Eng - The Siamese Twins
		They were the first, the original Siamese Twins, a term used to describe any two humans being joined at birth by living tissue.
		Unfortunately, times were hard for area residents and the twins gave up their store and decided to take up farming and built a house in Traphill, a community in northern Wilkes County.
		After many childhood illnesses and a stroke suffered by Chang, the twins shared their lives until the end when on a cold morning, January 17, 1874, Eng woke to find his brother cold.
	www.wilkesnc.org /history/twins (758 words)

	CNN.com - Judges rule Siamese twins can be separated - September 22, 2000
		The conjoined twins, identified only as Mary and Jodie, are joined at the abdomen and share just one heart and one pair of lungs.
		The twins were born at St Mary's Hospital, in Manchester, north England, on August 8.
		The Vatican said it was wrong to separate the twins against their parents' wishes and offered a "safe haven" for the family at one of two specialist medical centres in Italy.
	www.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/09/22/britain.twins.02/index.html (750 words)

	Cats, Cats, and More Cats
		Siamese kittens are born with a white coat but as they grow there coat turns into a cream color with darker points like the adults.
		The Siamese was introduced to the west in 1885 when a few of Siamese cats were given to England.
		The temperament of the Balinese is similar to the Siamese.
	www.kynd.com /~comeaufa/cassyapb.htm (2447 words)

	CNN.com - Judges to reveal Siamese twins ruling - September 22, 2000
		The conjoined twins, known as Mary and Jodie, are joined at the abdomen and share just one heart and one pair of lungs.
		After the birth, at a hospital in Manchester, northern England, on August 8, the UK's High Court ruled that the twins should be separated against their parents' wishes, but an appeal was launched to fight that decision.
		Central to the court's decision is whether each twin should be legally considered as an individual living human being, or whether the fact that Jodie, the stronger baby, has a heart and lungs gives her more right to life.
	europe.cnn.com /2000/LAW/law.and.health/09/22/britain.twins/index.html (633 words)

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		Born on May 11, 1811 in a tiny village along the Mekong river, the brothers were xiphopagus twins, joined by only a small band of cartilage at the sternum.
		In 1874 Chang, the stronger and more stubborn of the twins and a heavy drinker, contracted pneumonia, which was worsened by the carriage trip in the rain between the two farms.
		The twins' fused liver - the only organ the twins shared - is still preserved in formalin at the Mutter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is exhibited alongside a plaster death-cast of the twins.
	phreeque.tripod.com /chang_eng.html (470 words)

	BBC News \| HEALTH \| Ethics expert: twin decision wrong
		The Court of Appeal decision to allow the operation to separate the Siamese twins is unethical and wrong, according to an expert.
		The judges were told that if the operation went ahead, Jodie the stronger twin would be expected to survive while Mary the weaker twin would almost certainly die.
		But he said the Court of Appeal judges were wrong to decide in favour of the doctors who want to separate the twins.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/health/newsid_937000/937057.stm (585 words)

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