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Topic: Siberian Traps

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	Siberian Traps - Introduction
		The Siberian Traps are the remnants of widepread volcanic activity that occurred in northern Pangea, about 250 m.y.
		The Siberian Traps have attracted considerable study, not least around the region of the Noril'sk Ni sulfide deposit, the largest in the world, where the Traps gain their maximum known thickness.
		Similar 'coincidences' exist between the Deccan Traps and the end-Cretaceous extinction (at 65 Ma), and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province and the end-Triassic extinction (at 200 Ma).
	www.le.ac.uk /gl/ads/SiberianTraps/Introduction.html (337 words)

	USATODAY.com - Lava floods could have cleared way for dinosaurs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The research team expanded the size of the volcanic footprint, known as the Siberian Traps flood basalt province, by comparing the age and chemistry of the ancient lava in different parts of the region.
		Because the Siberian Traps were formed from cooling lava during a period of flood volcanism, expanding the range of the Siberian Traps necessarily increases in the volume of lava that erupted on earth.
		The Siberian Traps were formed from lava flowing from thousands of small volcanoes and cracks in the earth erupting consistently for one to three million years.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/aaas/2002-06-06-lava.htm (583 words)

	The Siberian Traps
		The Siberian Traps were the largest volcanic eruption in Earth history and they occured right at the same time as the largest extinction event in Earth history.
		The Siberian Traps are a large igneous province were a result of a mantle plume.
		The Siberian Traps is recognised as having a large proportion of pyroclastic deposits relative to other flood basalts.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Permian/SiberianTraps.html (776 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - The Day The Earth Nearly Died
		The Siberian Traps were experiencing a 'flood basalt eruption', the biggest volcanic effect on Earth.
		Courtillon extrapolated the climatic impact of the Siberian Trap eruption from the records of the Icelandic event.
		The Siberian Traps did erupt, contributing first to a nuclear winter cooling effect (caused by dust) and and then to global warming (due to greenhouse gases).
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/horizon/2002/dayearthdied.shtml (1475 words)

	Previous Mass Extinctions-it Came from Below
		Siberian "traps", the researchers theorize that it was enough to tip the atmospheric balance into the "unsustainable" range for most life at the time and help bring about the extinction event.
		One possibility is that the gases released by volcanic activity lead to a prolonged volcanic winter induced by sulphur-rich aerosols, followed by a period of CO -induced warming.
		He explained: “If we can show, for example, that the full extent of the Siberian Traps was erupted at the same time, we can be confident that their environmental effects were powerful.
	technocrat.net /d/2006/3/29/1787 (895 words)

	Dog Owner's Guide Profile: The Siberian Husky
		The Siberian Husky's ancestor was developed by the Chukchi, a tribe of native people in the eastern Siberian Arctic, a continent away from the Samoyed people who created their own working breed for the cold, harsh climate in which they lived.
		The Siberian's thick, luxurious double coat, pleasant personality, and love of action make him well-suited for the climate of deep, penetrating cold and perpetual night of Arctic winters and for his labor as draft dog, guardian, and family companion.
		The Siberian makes a fine family pet as long as the buyer is patient, has the time to devote to training and exercise, and can deal with a dog that has a mind of its own.
	www.canismajor.com /dog/siberian.html (1711 words)

	I've read (I can't remember where) that the Siberian traps ejected enough lava to cover the earth in a layer 10 feet ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Siberian Traps are flood basalts that erupted 250 million years ago.
		The Siberian traps eruption is close in time to the greatest mass extinction in earth history.
		Traps or flood basalts are a type of volcano.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/frequent_questions/grp9/question2299.html (219 words)

	Siberia
		Siberian flood-volcanic rocks are underlain almost everywhere by terrigenous, coal-bearing sedimentary rocks of the Tungusskaya Series, which is Middle Carboniferous to Upper Permian in age and commonly ranges in thickness from 100 - 150 m to 1400 m.
		Siberian kimberlites and alkaline-ultramafic rocks have a close relation to the Anabar-Olenyok anteclise and the Anabar shield.
		Tanton, L.T.E., and Hager, B.H., 2000, Melt intrusion as a trigger for lithospheric foundering and the eruption of the Siberian flood basalts, Geophys.
	www.mantleplumes.org /Siberia.html (5884 words)

	Spero News: Mass extinctions: A threat from outer space? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One possibility is that the gases released by volcanic activity lead to a prolonged volcanic winter induced by sulphur-rich aerosols, followed by a period of CO2-induced warming.
		The Siberian Traps are the largest known continental flood basalt province.
		A major debate is underway concerning the origin of these provinces —including the Siberian Traps - and their environmental impact.
	www.speroforum.com /site/print.asp?idarticle=2845 (700 words)

	Geotimes - August 2002 - Siberian Volcanism
		Our discovery that the Siberian Traps are much larger than previously realized fits in with this scenario very well — double the size of the Traps and you double the volcanic carbon dioxide output,” says Andrew Saunders, co-author and also of the University of Leicester.
		Although this basin lies adjacent to and west of the previously known extent of the Siberian Traps, it lacks basalt exposures, which is why it was not considered part of the province.
		Some had speculations that these basalts were related to those of the Siberian Traps, but without accurate age dating, researchers could not confirm a connection.
	www.geotimes.org /aug02/NN_volcanism.html (965 words)

	BlurtIt: Where are the Siberian Traps?
		The Siberian traps are a formation of flood basalt and was caused because of the massive eruptive events through the Permian-Triassic realm.
		Permian-Triassic Extinction Event is known as one of the largest volcanic events that have occurred in the last 500 million years of the geological history of the earth and causing the Siberian Traps.
		The source of the basalt of the Siberian traps is believed to be mantle plume, which had the impact on the base of the crust and extruding through the Siberian Craton.
	www.blurtit.com /q317417.html (211 words)

	WCS Recruits Chinese Volunteers to Clear Traps for Siberian Tigers
		More than 100 Chinese volunteers will clear traps set by illegal poachers to ensure that endangered Siberian tigers are not threatened during the winter in their home territory in northeast China.
		According to a WCS source, the volunteers, aged between 20 and 45, should be animal protectionists, in excellent health condition, have experience of fieldwork and have the mental strength to deal with the harsh environment.
		Siberian tigers, also known as Amur or Manchurian tigers and among the world's 10 most endangered species, live in northeast China and the Far East area of Russia.
	english.cri.cn /2946/2006/12/06/167@171280.htm (494 words)

	Deep impacts versus mega (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Recent work by geologists from Britain and Russia have led them to suggest that the Siberian Traps are at least 2 times (and possibly more than 3 times) as extensive as previously thought, and also that their timing appears to perfectly overlap the P-Tr boundary (Reichow et al., 2002).
		The apparent huge extent of the Siberia Traps would make them the largest of the continental basalt-flood deposits on earth, and the coincidence with the P-Tr boundary is consistent with them being the primary cause of the extinction.
		This new evidence of the massive size of the Siberian Traps provides support for the theory that the extinction at the end of the Permian was caused by intense and sustained basaltic volcanism.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~earles/siberian-traps-ptr-jun02.htm (654 words)

	Siberian Traps - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The massive eruptive event spans the Permian-Triassic boundary and was essentially co-incident with the Permian-Triassic extinction event in what was one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of Earth's geological history.
		The source of the Siberian Traps basalt is considered to be a mantle plume which impacted the base of the crust and erupted through the Siberian Craton.
		The Siberian Traps are considered to have erupted via a vent at Norilsk in Siberia, and the giant Norilsk-Talnakh nickel-copper-palladium deposit formed within the magma conduits which formed the eruptive centre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siberian_Traps (280 words)

	Astromart News - Killer Asteroids May Not Have Been the Cause of Mass Extinctions After All
		The largest flood basalts on Earth (known as the Siberian Traps and the Deccan Traps) coincide with the largest extinctions (at the end of the Permian and the end of the Cretaceous periods).
		The Siberian Traps are the largest known continental flood basalts.
		According to Professor Saunders, “If we can show, for example, that the full extent of the Siberian Traps was erupted at the same time, we can be confident that their environmental effects were powerful.
	www.astromart.com /news/news.asp?news_id=492 (1159 words)

	Wipeout: the end-Permian mass extinction
		The gases were trapped inside the fullerenes or buckyballs that are often associated with impact debris.
		The remains of these are preserved in the Siberian Traps, a vast accumulation of basalt lavas some 3 million cubic kilometres in volume and covering 3.9 million square kilometres of what is now eastern Russia.
		The cause of the burp was probably global warming triggered by huge releases of CO from the Siberian Traps.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Essays/wipeout/default.html (2325 words)

	Volcanic Gases, Not Meteors, May Have Caused Mass Extinctions
		The Siberian Traps correspond with the end of the Permian era some 251 million years ago when around 95 percent of all living species died out.
		The Deccan Traps in India correspond with the end of the Cretaceous era, some 65 million years ago when the dinosaurs disappeared, leaving only fossils.
		"The recent dating of the Siberian trap volcanoes to be contemporaneous with the end-Permian extinction suggests that they were the trigger for the environmental events that caused the extinctions," wrote Kump in 2005.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/mar2006/2006-03-13-05.asp (1348 words)

	5. Ultimate volcano
		The Deccan traps coincided with the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction, the die-off about 66 million years ago that dumped the dinosaurs in the dust bin of history.
		The zircons came from Shangsi; the Siberian flood volcanism is marked in red.
		Those dates (see "Age and Timing..." in the bibliography) also placed the extinction at precisely the time of the Siberian Traps, 252.6 million years ago (give or take 200,000 years).
	whyfiles.org /031volcano/5.html (1070 words)

	Volcanism
		If old estimates that the Deccan Traps were erupted over 5 million years or so are correct, then the effects of these gases is minimized.
		If this were the case, then the amount of greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere in the form of CO and sulfur aerosols, plus the amount of acid rain generated would have had severe impacts on the environment.
		The exact length of time it took for the Siberian Traps to be extruded is still debated, but it did occur in conjunction with the great mass extinction at the end of the Permian.
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /thomas.wolosz/volcanism.htm (904 words)

	The Permian-Triassic Boundary
		Siberian Traps volcanism itself, however, was undoubtedly greatly involved in the end-Permian catastrophe.
		The vast area covered by Traps ash and basalt flows, together with the difficulties involved in dating particular eruptive episodes, probably makes disentangling the exact sequence of activity impossible, though the patterns of pyroclastic and basalt flow intervals may provide some insight into the course of the eruption.
		As the great blob of magma that was to become the Traps eruption moved upwards toward the Siberian surface, it would have caused an enormous bulge, perhaps half a kilometer (three-tenths of a mile) or more in height in the middle, over an area possibly 2000 kilometers (1200 miles) across.
	www.killerinourmidst.com /P-T%20boundary.html (13315 words)

	IngentaConnect Palaeomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology from the South Taimyr... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The palaeomagnetic pole determined from the sills (47°N, 122°E, dp/dm= 5/5) plots on the 230–220 Ma portion of the apparent polar wander path for Euramerica, and is statistically different from the mean 250 Ma Siberian Traps pole.
		The Taimyr igneous rocks are folded together with Carboniferous to Lower Triassic continental sedimentary rocks of the northern Siberia margin and are unconformably overlain by Early Jurassic sedimentary units that place an upper limit on the cessation of the Late Triassic folding event.
		The intrusive rocks in the South Taimyr igneous complex post-date eruption of the Siberian Traps flood basalts by about 20–25 Myr and are contemporaneous with reported ages from granitic rocks on Novaya Zemlya and late intrusive and pyroclastic rocks from the margins of the Siberian Traps igneous province.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/gji/2005/00000163/00000002/art00006 (417 words)

	Reporter 447, 21 February 2000
		It is clear that the Siberian volcanism of the time contributed to the event, and that it was probably a primary cause.
		Rather than plate tectonic volcanism, the Siberian Traps were formed as a result of plume tectonics - a much rarer and more powerful form of volcanism.
		Only eight large plume eruptions have taken place since the Palaeozoic (one forming the Decan Traps near the end of the Cretaceous period, possibly contributing to the extinction of the dinosaurs), the largest of which being the Siberian episode at the end of the Permian.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /reporter/447/letters.htm (851 words)

	ScienceDaily: Magma's Makeup Yields New Clues To Catastrophic Eruptions
		The team analyzed rocks culled from the Siberian flood basalt for compounds that are rare on the Earth's surface but common in parts of the lower mantle that originated soon after the birth of our solar system.
		They found that the Siberian flood basalt arose from super-heated, buoyant rock that rose in a narrow column from a depth of 1,800 miles into a huge mushroom-shaped mass of hot rock just 40 to 50 miles below present-day Siberia.
		In fact, the one million cubic kilometers of molten volcanic rock that bubbled up to the surface -- now a Siberian plateau the size of California -- would be enough lava to cover the entire Earth to a depth of 10 feet.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1998/07/980724080426.htm (2221 words)

	Geological Society of America - New Window into Ancient Ozone Holes
		That boundary marks the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history and also coincides with the largest known eruption of lava and potentially ozone-destroying gases - the Siberian Traps.
		The heating of rocks near volcanic flows of the Siberian Traps may also release a wide range of organohalogens thought to be harmful to ozone, he said.
		The Siberian Traps, Stratospheric Ozone, UV-B Flux, and Mutagenesis
	www.geosociety.org /news/pr/05-26.htm (476 words)

	Siberia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The area was conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century and eventually became the autonomous Siberian Khanate.
		The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits and is extraordinarily low-lying, so much so that a rise of fifty metres in sea level would cause all land between the Arctic Ocean and Novosibirsk to be inundated.
		Much of the area includes the Siberian Traps which is a large igneous province.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siberia (1564 words)

	Subject: Permo/Triassic quandary O.K. I went back to the library and read the article (fro
		According to the article, the Siberian Trap volcanism occurred for approximately 600,000 years.
		"Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic Boundary", I.H. Campbell, G.K. amanske, V.A. Fedorenko, R.I. Hill, and V. Stepanov, _Science_ Vol.
		Czamanske also presented at the AGU and has an abstract in _EOS_, entitled "The Siberian Traps: A Flip of the Dynamo and 600,000 Years of Hell on Earth".
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/sibertrp.htm (577 words)

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