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	Sicily - LoveToKnow 1911
		That the Sicels spoke a tongue closely akin to Latin is plain from several Sicel words which crept into Sicilian Greek, and from the Siceliot system of weights and measures - utterly unlike anything in old Greece.
		Sicel Henna (Enna, Castrogiovanni) is the special seat of the worship of Demeter and her daughter.
		When the power of Hiero passed in 467 B.C. to his brother Thrasybulus the freedom of Syracuse was won by a combined movement of Greeks and Sicels, and the Greek cities gradually settled down as they had been before the tyrannies, only with a change to democracy in their constitutions.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Sicily (18600 words)

	Sicels - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Sicels have given Sicily the name it has held since antiquity, but they were rapidly absorbed into the culture of Magna Graecia.
		Of the Sicel language we know a little from glosses of ancient writers and from some inscriptions.
		In the temple to Adranus, father of the Palici, the Sicels kept an eternal fire.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Siceli (374 words)

	Sicels - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sicels (Latin: Siculi; Greek: Σικελοί) were one of the three main tribes who, before the arrival of Greek colonists, inhabited Sicily, according to the traditional ethnic division of Thucydides (vi:2).
		Of the Sicel language little is known from glosses of ancient writers and from some inscriptions.
		The connection of Demeter and Kore with Henna (the rape of Proserpine) and of the nymph Arethusa with Syracuse is due to Greek influence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sicels (668 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Sicels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The common assumption is that the Sicels were the more recent arrivals; they introduced the use of iron into Bronze Age Sicily and brought the domesticated horse.
		The Sicel necropolis of PantÃ lica, near Syracuse is the best known, but a Sicel necropolis has also been found at Noto; their elite tombs "a forno" or "oven-shaped" take the form of beehives.
		However, in the first middle of the fifth century BC a sicel leader, Ducetius, was able to create an organised sicel state as a unitary domain, including several cities in the central and south of the island.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Sicels (673 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Ducetius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ducetius (died 440 BC) was a Hellenized-leader of the Sicels and founder of a united Sicilian state and numerous cities.
		He founded the city of Cale Acte (near modern day Messina), supposedly on the instruction of an oracle, of both Sicel and Corinthian settlers, but in 440, while attempting to unite the people of northern Sicily, he died of illness.
		In Diodorus' account, he speaks of the sacking Piacus, a city taken by Ducetius around 442 BC, by Syracuse and its allies in the same line as his death, perhaps implying the two events were related.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Ducetius (587 words)

	f. Sicily and Magna Graecia. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Before the Greeks arrived, Sicans, Sicels, and Elymi, along with Phoenician colonists, inhabited Sicily.
		Sicels also lived in south Italy, along with other native peoples such as the Messapii and Apuli.
		Pithecusae (Ischia) was settled from Chalcis, Eretria, and Cyme on an island in the Bay of Naples.
	www.bartleby.com /67/184.html (288 words)

	Sicilian Peoples: The Sicels - Best of Sicily Magazine - Sicels, Sikels, Sikelia, Sikelian, Ducetius.
		The Sicels (or Sikels, from the Greek Sikeloi), though considered one of the three "indigenous" societies of Sicily (with the Sicanians and Elymians), were an Italic people who arrived several centuries before the Phoenicians and Greeks, probably between 1200 and 1000 BC (BCE), perhaps shortly after the arrival of the Elymians.
		Coincidentally, the Sicels were present in the first part of Sicily colonised by Greeks, whose initial, exploratory incursions began as early as 800 BC.
		It is generally accepted that the Sicels were related to various Italic peoples, such as the Italoi and Opicans, who were eventually assimilated by Oscan-speaking peoples, and this explains a degree of cultural affinity with the Italoi (of nearby Calabria).
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art147.htm (1133 words)

	Leontini - LoveToKnow 1911
		N.N.W. of Syracuse direct, founded by Chalcidians from Naxos in 729 B.C. It is almost the only Greek settlement not on the coast, from which it is 6 m.
		The site, originally held by the Sicels, was seized by the Greeks owing to its command of the fertile plain on the north.
		Excavations were made in 1899 in one of the ravines in a Sicel necropolis of the third period; explorations in the various Greek cemeteries resulted in the discovery of some fine bronzes, notably a fine bronze lebes, now in the Berlin museum.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Leontini (492 words)

	Sicilian Peoples: The Sicanians - Best of Sicily Magazine - Sikania, Sikelia, Thapsos, Castelluccio, Prehistoric Sicily.
		Of Sicily's three most ancient peoples (Sicanians, Sicels, Elymians), the indigenous Sicanians (or Sicans) of central and western Sicily were present at the earliest date, as the evidence suggests a more recent introduction of the Sicel ("Siculian") civilization in eastern Sicily and the Elymian one in the northwest.
		That said, the best (and most recent) scholarly position is that the Sicanians were indeed natives of Sicily, while the Sicels immigrated from mainland Italy (possibly from Liguria, Latium or even Alpine regions) and the Elymians from the Asian regions of the eastern Mediterranean, perhaps via northern Africa.
		Before the arrival of the Sicels, the Sicanians (or the prehistoric predecessor culture from which they emerged) probably occupied most of Sicily, though they were hardly isolated.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art141.htm (2219 words)

	HIP HOP Music: Siceli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Sicels have giveո Sicily the ոame it has held siոce aոtiquity, but they were rapidly absorbed iոto the culture of Magոa Graecia.
		Of the Sicel laոguage we kոow a little from glosses of aոcieոt writers aոd from some iոscriptioոs.
		Iո the temple to Adraոus, father of the Palici, the Sicels kept aո eterոal fire.
	it_chenaud.it.pacfic.info (384 words)

	THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR - THUCYDIDES - FULL TEXT - BOOK SEVEN - THE ATHENAEUM LIBRARY OF PHILOSOPHY - Book ...
		Agreeably to this request the Sicels laid a triple ambuscade for the Siceliots upon their march, and attacking them suddenly, while off their guard, killed about eight hundred of them and all the envoys, the Corinthian only excepted, by whom fifteen hundred who escaped were conducted to Syracuse.
		The safety and order of the march is for yourselves to look to; the one thought of each man being that the spot on which he may be forced to fight must be conquered and held as his country and stronghold.
		Arrived at the river, they found there also a Syracusan party engaged in barring the passage of the ford with a wall and a palisade, and forcing this guard, crossed the river and went on to another called the Erineus, according to the advice of their guides.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /thucydides07.htm (10635 words)

	THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR - THUCYDIDES - FULL TEXT - BOOK SIX - THE ATHENAEUM LIBRARY OF PHILOSOPHY
		They now sold their slaves for the sum of one hundred and twenty talents, and sailed round to their Sicel allies to urge them to send troops; and meanwhile went with half their own force to the hostile town of Hybla in the territory of Gela, but did not succeed in taking it.
		Agreeably to this resolution they answered that as both the contending parties happened to be allies of theirs, they thought it most consistent with their oaths at present to side with neither; with which answer the ambassadors of either party departed.
		They also sent round to the Sicels and to Egesta, desiring them to send them as many horses as possible, and meanwhile prepared bricks, iron, and all other things necessary for the work of circumvallation, intending by the spring to begin hostilities.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /thucydides06.htm (10206 words)

	[No title]
		It has come into great favour as a winter resort, especially with British and German visitors, chiefly on account of its fine situation and beautiful views.
		It lies on an abrupt hill 65o ft. above the railway station, and was founded by the Carthaginian Himilco in 397 B.C. for a friendly tribe of Sicels, after the destruction, by Dionysius the Elder of Syracuse, of the neighbouring city of Naxos.
		In 395 Dionysius failed to take it by assault on a winter's night, but in 392 he occupied it and settled his mercenaries there.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=64556 (574 words)

	... < G R E E C E >...
		Although there were already native Sicels at Tauromenium, they cannot have offered much opposition.
		The adoption of the name of Naxos, after the island in the Aegean Sea, may show that there were Naxians among its founders.
		In 403 it was destroyed by Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, and its territory given to the Sicels.
	www.grecian.net /GREECE/cyclades/naxos/naxos.htm (869 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.01.24
		The identity of the Sicels is treated by Federica Cordano's "Le identità dei Siculi in età archaica sulla base delle testimonianze epigrafiche," which reveals the extent to which a review of difficult and marginalized evidence can challenge commonly held but loosely constructed views of group identity.
		Toponyms and various types of contact (be they peaceful or hostile) known from the literary evidence define the zone of Sicel habitation as the eastern interior of Sicily from Aetna to Camarina (118).
		C.'s analysis concludes that there was no "top-down" adoption of the Greek alphabet for a single language, since individual Sicel communities adopted the Greek alphabet at various times for various purposes, often related to their particular modes of interaction with the Greek communities on their borders.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2004/2004-01-24.html (2468 words)

	Landscape in Sicily - free wallpapers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Drawings found in the Addaura Cavern, beneath the slopes of Mount Pellegrino near Palermo, have been dated to about 8000 BC and imply that the neolithic culture which eventually emerged was quite similar to those present in central and western Europe.
		The Sicanians are identified as the earliest "native" Sicilian civilisation, possibly direct descendants of the earliest humans present here, followed by the Sicels and Elymians.
		In the east, the Sicels (or Sikels), from whom the island takes its name, arrived from the Italian peninsula.
	www.flash-screen.com /free-wallpaper/landscape-in-sicily-14834.html (636 words)

	[No title]
		The earliest inhabitants spoken of in any part of the country are the Cyclopes and Laestrygones; but I cannot tell of what race they were, or whence they came or whither they went, and must leave my readers to what the poets have said of them and to what may be generally known concerning them.
		The Sicels crossed over to Sicily from their first home Italy, flying from the Opicans, as tradition says and as seems not unlikely, upon rafts, having watched till the wind set down the strait to effect the passage; although perhaps they may have sailed over in some other way.
		Meanwhile Thucles and the Chalcidians set out from Naxos in the fifth year after the foundation of Syracuse, and drove out the Sicels by arms and founded Leontini and afterwards Catana; the Catanians themselves choosing Evarchus as their founder.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Cities/SicilyThucydides.html (948 words)

	Welcome to Antinore.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		First, Sicels were slaves, surfs, and peasants, never allowed to fraternize with their vanquishers.
		Third, A fierce independence was foraged among the Sicels as a consequence of domination including a resolute distrust of those governing (and any outsiders).
		Revolts were common between Sicels and all foreign groups throughout history causing great stress' among the conquerors." For instance: An example was made to the French as several thousand Frenchmen were slain in protest over and improper advance by a Frenchman of one Sicilian woman.
	www.antinore.com /history.html (1227 words)

	The Classics Pages - Sicily: Tindari
		Although culturally the Sicels by this date were thoroughly Hellenized, they did not identify themselves politically with the Greeks.
		The Sicels joined Himilco in an attack on Syracuse which was soundly defeated.
		A treaty was concluded with Carthage, and Dionysius turned on the Sicel territories of central and north-west Sicily - including Enna, Cephaloedium (Cefalù) and Morgantina.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~loxias/sicily/tindari.htm (340 words)

	The History of the Peloponnesian War: Chapter XX
		They now sailed to Catana and took in provisions there, and going with their whole force against Centoripa, a town of the Sicels, acquired it by capitulation, and departed, after also burning the corn of the Inessaeans and Hybleans.
		Upon their return to Catana they found the horsemen arrived from Athens, to the number of two hundred and fifty (with their equipments, but without their horses which were to be procured upon the spot), and thirty mounted archers and three hundred talents of silver.
		Provisions were now brought in for the armament from all parts of Italy; and many of the Sicels, who had hitherto been looking to see how things went, came as allies to the Athenians: there also arrived three ships of fifty oars from Tyrrhenia.
	www.thucydides.co.uk /history_of_the_peloponnesian_war/xx.htm (4905 words)

	Ducetius of Sicily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ducetius is presented as a national leader of the native population of Sicily, the Sicels, and his career is seen as some sort of insurrection against the Greek settlers.
		The crowning achievement was another new city: Palikê, near the shrine of two geyser gods who were venerated by the Sicels.
		In 448/447, Ducetius escaped and returned, rose to power again, and started to pay attention to the north, understanding that Syracuse in the east and Acragas in the southwest were better left alone.
	www.livius.org /do-dz/ducetius/ducetius.html (570 words)

	Sicily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Sicels were aided by the Carthaginians in their settlement, under the leader Himilco.
		They realized the importance of the site, as well as prevented the Siculi a safe refuge in which to grow strong.
		The Naxians, Sicels, and other Greeks melded into essentially a Greek community.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /AncGreece/sicily.htm (1113 words)

	Viaggi in Sicilia
		Among the many traditions known about this island, there is one which narrates that the Elymians were descendants of the Trojans and that they founded Selinunte and Erice.
		In the bronze era, the Sicels or Siculi arrived here and lived in the eastern and central part of Sicily.
		During the VIII century B.C., the Greeks arrived, populated the eastern Sicilian coast and colonized the local population.
	www.iopitour.com /english/sicilia.htm (557 words)

	Elymians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Rahal AbbudThe Sicanians are the earliest native Sicilian civilization followed by the Sicels (from whom the island takes its name) and Elymians.
		The Sicels come from the Italian mainland peninsula, while the Elymians came from, via Africa,...
		KrapfenThe temple at Segesta, built in the 5th century BC by the lazy and ancient Elymians--the temple was never completed....
	www.demandtwinother.info /Elymians (746 words)

	Gutenkarte » The History of the Peloponnesian War » Himera
		The same winter the Athenians in Sicily made a descent from their ships upon the territory of Himera, in concert with the Sicels, who had invaded its borders from the interior, and also sailed to the islands of Aeolus.
		Upon their return to Rhegium they found the Athenian general, Pythodorus, son of Isolochus, come to supersede Laches in the command of the fleet.
		Meanwhile Nicias sailed straight from Hyccara along the coast and went to Egesta and, after transacting his other business and receiving thirty talents, rejoined the forces.
	www.gutenkarte.org /place/7142/13332 (607 words)

	Monte Polizzo: The Stanford project
		The dominant concept in the archaeology of Iron Age Sicily is "Hellenization." This is the theory that between the eighth century BC, when the first settlers from Aegean Greece arrived, and the later fourth century, when Timoleon of Corinth brought another major wave of immigrants from Aegean Greece, the native populations of Sicily became Greek.
		There are debates over the mechanisms involved: some scholars emphasize diffusion of ideas and institutions from Greeks to natives, while others see intermarriage and the gradual settlement of ethnic Greeks among Sicels, Sicans, and Elymians.
		But there is general agreement that what matters most about ancient Sicily is its position as the "crossroads of the Mediterranean" or the "stepping stone between East and West," and that our narratives should concentrate on the active agency of invaders.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/archaeology/MountPolizzo/objectives.htm (1413 words)

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